Cardiovascular — Flashcards

Flashcard 1051: COX-_____ is expressed in vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells

Answer: 2

Flashcard 1052: What unique antibodies in plasma do patients with the Rh- blood type have?_____

Answer: None naturally (Anti-D antibodies only develop after exposure to Rh+ blood)

Extra: Unlike the ABO system where antibodies are naturally occurring, Rh-negative individuals do not have anti-D antibodies unless they have been sensitized by Rh-positive blood (e.g., via transfusion or pregnancy).

Flashcard 1053: Human placental lactogen increases maternal _____

Answer: lipolysis and insulin resistance

Extra: Human placental lactogen (hPL), also known as human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast. Its primary role is to ensure nutrient availability for the fetus by: 1. Increasing maternal lipolysis (to provide fatty acids as energy for the mother). 2. Inducing maternal insulin resistance (to decrease maternal glucose uptake, sparing glucose for the fetus).

Flashcard 1054: Which phase of the cell cycle are secondary oocytes arrested in until fertilization?_____

Answer: Metaphase II (of meiosis II)

Flashcard 1055: T-cells and B-cells become _____ when exposed to their antigen without a costimulatory signal

Answer: anergic

Flashcard 1056: Activation of which adrenergic receptor increases insulin secretion?

Answer: Beta-2 (β2) receptors

Extra: Sympathetic influence on insulin secretion: • α2 receptors: Decrease insulin secretion (dominant effect) • β2 receptors: Increase insulin secretion

Flashcard 1057: What is the effect of estrogen on levels of HDL? _____

Answer: Increased

Flashcard 1058: How does hyperthyroidism cause increased sympathetic nervous system activity?_____

Answer: Increased expression of beta1-adrenergic receptors

Flashcard 1059: Decreased activity of the Ca2+-Na+ exchanger (e.g. due to cardiac glycosides) causes _____ intracellular Ca2+ concentration

Answer: increased

Flashcard 1060: Which immune cell has the cell surface protein CD19, CD20, and CD21? _____

Answer: B cells