Protozoa/Helminths — Flashcards

Protozoa/Helminths US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards

Master Protozoa/Helminths with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.

Protozoa/Helminths Flashcard Deck - 288 Cards

Flashcard 1: Trichomonas vaginalis

Answer:

Extra: wet mountvaginitissexual

Flashcard 2: trichomonas vaginitis

Answer:

Extra: foul-smelling, greenish vaginal discharge, itching and burningmobile, pear-shaped trophozoites on wet mountmetronidazole

Flashcard 3: Trypanasoma cruzi

Answer:

Extra: blood smearChagas diseaseReduviid big (aka kissing or assassin bug)Central/South America

Flashcard 4: Chagas disease

Answer: Trypanasoma cruzi

Extra: dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagusnifurtimox

Flashcard 5: Trypanasoma brucei/gambiense/rhodesiense

Answer:

Extra: blood smearAfrican sleeping sicknesstsetse fly

Flashcard 6: Naegleria fowleri

Answer:

Extra: ameobas in CSFrapidly fatal meningoencephalitisamphotericin Bswimming in freshwater lakes

Flashcard 7: Giardia lamblia

Answer:

Extra: cysts in water

Flashcard 8: Entamoeba histolytica

Answer:

Extra: cysts in water

Flashcard 9: Giemsa

Answer: Chlaymidia, Borrelia, Rickettsiae, Trypanasoma, Plasmodia mnemonic: Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

Flashcard 10: What class of helper T cell recruits eosinophils for parasite defense? _____

Answer: Th2

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 11: Which trematode (fluke) presents with RUQ pain? _____

Answer: Clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke)

Extra: Watch Trematodes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-helminths-trematodes-and-cestodes-trematodes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 12: What tests (3) are used to diagnose Entamoeba histolytica? ___; _; ___

Answer: Stool O&P (ova and parasites)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 13: Schistosoma _____ has a(n) large terminal spine

Answer: haematobium

Flashcard 14: What transmission is Entamoeba histolytica associated with? _____

Answer: Anal-oral transmission

Extra: Watch Entamoeba histolytica [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-intestinal-tract-entamoeba-histolytica?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 15: Which protozoa causes visceral leishmaniasis? _____

Answer: Leishmania donovani

Flashcard 16: Which helminth can cause transient angioedema? _____

Answer: Loa loa

Extra: Watch Dracunculus medinensis, Wuchereria bancrofti, Onchocerca volvulus, Toxocara canis, Loa loa (tissue nematodes) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-helminths-nematodes-dracunculus-medinensis-wuchereria-bancrofti-onchocerca-volvulus-toxocara-canis-loa-loa-tissue-nematodes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 17: What is the cause of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis? _____

Answer: Acanthamoeba spp.

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 18: Trophozoites that contain endocytosed RBCs are diagnostic of _____

Answer: Entamoeba histolytica

Flashcard 19: The _____ mosquitoes carry sporozoites of Plasmodium spp. in their saliva

Answer: anopheles

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 20: What class of helper T cell promotes humoral immunity? _____

Answer: Th2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 21: Does the trophozoite form of Giardia invade the intestinal wall? _____

Answer: No, just attaches

Extra: Watch Giardia lamblia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-intestinal-tract-giardia-lamblia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 22: What is the presentation of intestinal Taenia solium and saginata infection? _____

Answer: Generally asymptomatic

Extra: Watch Cestodes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-helminths-trematodes-and-cestodes-cestodes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 23: What tests are used to diagnose Entamoeba histolytica? _____; ELISA stool+serum antigen test; Serology to detect Entamoeba antibodies

Answer: Stool O&P (ova and parasites)

Flashcard 24: Acanthamoeba spp. is associated with granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and _ in _ wearers

Answer: keratitis

Extra: Watch Naegleria fowleri [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-cns-naegleria-fowleri?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 25: What three parasitic infections are most commonly associated with myocarditis (TCTGTC)? _____

Answer: Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, Toxocara Canis

Extra: Watch Myocarditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-myocarditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 26: What other infectious organism causes symptoms similar to malaria (fever, hemolytic anemia)? _____

Answer: Babesia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 27: Trichinella spiralis is a helminth commonly found in _____

Answer: undercooked meat (e.g. pork)

Extra: Watch Enterobius vermicularis, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichinella spiralis (intestinal nematodes) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-helminths-nematodes-enterobius-vermicularis-ancylostoma-duodenale-necator-americanus-ascaris-lumbricoides-strongyloides-stercoralis-trichinella-spiralis-intestinal-nematodes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 28: Which trematode (fluke) is ingested in undercooked fish? _____

Answer: Clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke)

Flashcard 29: The gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum are _____

Answer: banana-like

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 30: Which strain of Leishmaniasis can present with skin hyperpigmentation? _____

Answer: Leishmania donovani

Flashcard 31: What is the host of Leishmania braziliensis? _____

Answer: Vertebrates

Flashcard 32: How is Wuchereria bancrofti diagnosed? _____

Answer: Blood smear

Flashcard 33: Which helminth causes perianal itchiness? _____

Answer: Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

Flashcard 34: Which form of Plasmodium spp. is seen here? _____

Answer: Trophozoite (ring form)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 35: The motile trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis are said to have '_____' motility

Answer: corkscrew

Extra: Watch Trichomonas vaginalis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-other-tissue-trichomonas-vaginalis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 36: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium follow a tertian fever cycle? _____

Answer: Plasmodium vivax and ovale

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 37: Which stain is used to visualize Plasmodium? _____

Answer: Giemsa

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 38: The larvae of Trichinella spiralis enter the blood and lay cysts in _____

Answer: striated muscle

Flashcard 39: Clonorchis sinensis tends to inhabit the _ and _

Answer: liver

Flashcard 40: Ingestion of Taenia _____ in contaminated water/food can result in Taeniasis (intestinal infection)

Answer: cysts

Flashcard 41: How is Loa loa transmitted? _____

Answer: Deer flies

Flashcard 42: Cryptosporidium is highly resistant to chlorination, therefore _____ is used to remove the parasite from water

Answer: filtration

Extra: Watch Cryptosporidium spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-intestinal-tract-cryptosporidium-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 43: The vector for transmission of Trypanosoma brucei is a(n) _____

Answer: tsetse fly

Extra: Watch Trypanosoma brucei [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-cns-trypanosoma-brucei?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 44: Which helminth causes autoinfection via laying eggs in the intestinal wall? _____

Answer: Strongyloides stercoralis

Flashcard 45: What is the flagellated (motile) form of Leishmania? _____

Answer: Promastigote

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 46: Which helminth is transmitted by the female black fly? _____

Answer: Onchocerca volvulus

Flashcard 47: Outside of macrophages, Leishmania spp. are _____

Answer: flagellated

Flashcard 48: Which helminth can result in hyper and hypo-pigmented cutaneous spots? _____

Answer: Onchocerca volvulus

Flashcard 49: _____ is a visceral protozoal infection that is diagnosed by the visualization of Trypanosoma cruzi on a peripheral blood smear

Answer: Chagas Disease

Extra: Watch Trypanosoma cruzi [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-blood-trypanosoma-cruzi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 50: Hematological complications of hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus) include iron deficiency anemia and _____

Answer: eosinophilia

Flashcard 51: Giardia is a parasite commonly transmitted through consumption of poorly purified _____

Answer: water

Flashcard 52: G. lamblia trophozoites (active state) have _ nuclei and _ pairs of flagella (#) and resemble a face looking back at the viewer

Answer: 2

Flashcard 53: Giardia (parasite) is transmitted through passage of the _____ form in the intestinal tract and out as stool

Answer: cyst

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 54: _ in _ is diagnostic of Giardia infection

Answer: Trophozoites

Extra: Watch Giardia lamblia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-intestinal-tract-giardia-lamblia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 55: Echinococcus granulosus is transmitted via _____ feces

Answer: dog

Flashcard 56: Taenia _____ has a circle of hooklets on its scolex (head)

Answer: solium

Flashcard 57: Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite commonly transmitted as oocysts in _____

Answer: cat feces

Extra: Watch Toxoplasma gondii [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-cns-toxoplasma-gondii?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 58: What is the cause of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis? _____

Answer: Naegleria fowleri

Flashcard 59: Wuchereria bancrofti is a helminth that can cause _ due to longstanding _

Answer: elephantiasis

Flashcard 60: Hypnozoites of Plasmodium vivax and ovale are found in _____

Answer: hepatocytes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 61: Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke) is a helminth that presents with '_____' eggs on stool O&P

Answer: operculated

Flashcard 62: _____ is a dog (and sheep) tapeworm

Answer: Echinococcus granulosus

Flashcard 63: How many life-cycle stages does Entamoeba histolytica have? _____

Answer: 2

Flashcard 64: The _ stage of E. histolytica exhibits _, which allow the organism to move along the intestinal wall and take up nutrients

Answer: trophozoite

Flashcard 65: The most common result of E. histolytica infection is a(n) _____ state where the organism is released as cysts in the stool

Answer: asymptomatic (silent) carrier

Flashcard 66: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium infects reticulocytes only? _____

Answer: Plasmodium vivax/ovale

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 67: What is the route of transmission of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)? _____

Answer: Fecal-oral

Flashcard 68: _____ of cryptosporidium attach to the intestinal wall, causing diarrhea and small intestine damage

Answer: Sporozoites

Flashcard 69: Does the trophozoite form of Giardia present with bloody diarrhea? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 70: What diagnostic tests are run to test for Giardia? _____

Answer: Stool O&P (ova and parasites); ELISA stool antigen

Flashcard 71: Opportunistic infections with Cryptosporidium are seen with _____ syndrome, most commonly caused by a defective CD40L

Answer: Hyper-IgM

Extra: Watch Cryptosporidium spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-intestinal-tract-cryptosporidium-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [Immunology] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 72: Hookworms, a helminth, enter the _ through the _, making their way to the lungs; mucociliary escalator eventually causes them to be swallowed into the GI tract

Answer: blood

Flashcard 73: The motile trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis are said to be '_____-shaped'

Answer: pear

Flashcard 74: Where (geographically) does Chagas Disease predominantly occur? _____

Answer: South America

Extra: Watch Trypanosoma cruzi [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-blood-trypanosoma-cruzi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 75: Ascaris lumbricoides is a helminth that can result in _ syndrome (_ pneumonitis)

Answer: Loeffler's

Flashcard 76: Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium occurs via microscopy of stool samples, with visualization of _____ oocysts

Answer: acid-fast

Flashcard 77: How is Chagas Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) transmitted? _____

Answer: Reduviid bug (aka the "kissing bug") feces

Extra: Watch Trypanosoma cruzi [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-blood-trypanosoma-cruzi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 78: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium produce dormant hypnozoites in the liver? _____

Answer: Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium ovale

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 79: Which protozoa is often associated with water-sports? _____

Answer: Naegleria fowleri

Flashcard 80: How is Babesiosis (Babesia spp.) transmitted? _____

Answer: Ixodes tick

Extra: Watch Babesia spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-blood-babesia-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki Ixodes scapularis this tick also spreads Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (human granulocytic anaplasmosis)

Flashcard 81: What is the main immune defense against Giardia? _____ produced by Peyer's Patches in the GI

Answer: IgA

Flashcard 82: _____ that stain acid-fast on Stool O&P are indicative of Cryptosporidium

Answer: Oocysts

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 83: Compared to Cryptosporidium causing watery diarrhea, _____ causes floating, fatty, foul-smelling steatorrhea

Answer: Giardia lamblia

Flashcard 84: Cryptosporidium oocysts can be visualized with a(n) _____ stain

Answer: Acid-Fast (Ziehl-Neelsen)

Flashcard 85: Protozoa are _____

Answer: eukaryotes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 86: Which form of Plasmodium spp. is seen here? _____

Answer: Schizont (with merozoites)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 87: Female pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis) lay eggs at the _____

Answer: anus

Flashcard 88: What is the predominant geographic distribution of Babesia spp.? _____

Answer: Northeast U.S.

Flashcard 89: Fever from Plasmodium malariae occurs every _____ hrs

Answer: 72

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 90: Achalasia may be idiopathic or secondary to a known insult, such as _____ disease and extraesophageal malignancies

Answer: Chagas

Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 91: Taenia _____ has no circle of hooklets on its scolex (head)

Answer: saginata

Flashcard 92: Which protozoa causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis? _____

Answer: Leishmania braziliensis

Extra: Watch Leishmania braziliensis & donovani [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-of-the-blood-leishmania-braziliensis-and-donovani?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Mucosal leishmaniasis Nasal and oral region of a boy with mucosal leishmaniasis Mucosal leishmaniasis usually results in infestation and destruction of the skin and mucosa. If left untreated, progressive ulceration can occur on the nasal soft tissue. Mucosal leishmaniasis Face of a male patient with mucosal leishmaniasis Mucosal leishmaniasis usually results in infestation and destruction of the skin and mucosa. If left untreated, progressive ulceration can occur on the nasal soft tissue. The nasal septum is affected in the patient shown here.

Flashcard 93: Merozoites of Plasmodium from the ruptured hepatocytes go on to infect _____ cells

Answer: red blood

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 94: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium can present with Schüffner dots in RBCs? _____

Answer: Plasmodium vivax/ovale

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 95: The Giardia trophozoites in stool turn into _____, thereby allowing them to infect other people

Answer: cysts

Flashcard 96: Which stain is used to visualize Trypanosomes? _____

Answer: Giemsa

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 97: Schistosoma haematobium tends to inhabit the _____

Answer: bladder

Flashcard 98: G. lamblia cysts are found in contaminated resources like _ centers, contaminated water from mountain streams during _, etc.

Answer: day care

Flashcard 99: Which helminth can result in cobalamin deficiency? _____

Answer: Diphyllobothrium latum

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 100: The gametocytes of Plasmodium malariae are _____

Answer: round

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 101: _____ is a liver fluke that infects the biliary tract, increasing the risk for gallstones, cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma

Answer: Clonorchis sinensis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 102: What microbe can increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma? _____

Answer: Liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/helminths/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 103: What is the vector of Leishmania spp.? _____

Answer: Sandfly

Flashcard 104: _____ is a(n) flagella-ted intestinal non-invasive parasite responsible for most flagellated protozoan small intestine colonizations in the U.S.

Answer: Giardia lamblia

Flashcard 105: Paragonimus westermani is a helminth that can cause chronic _ with _

Answer: cough

Flashcard 106: Diagnosis of Plasmodium spp. includes blood smear and _____ stain

Answer: giemsa

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 107: Trypanosoma brucei has two subspecies; either _____ or T. rhodesiense

Answer: T. gambiense

Flashcard 108: Toxoplasma gondii has a sexual _____ (gametocyte) phase and asexual bradyzoite or tachyzoite phase

Answer: oocyst

Flashcard 109: Motile, flagellated trypanosomes on blood smear are indicative of _____

Answer: Trypanosoma brucei

Flashcard 110: _____ is a common roundworm that infects the biliary tract, increasing the risk for gallstones

Answer: Ascaris lumbricoides

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 111: Which protozoa is considered an STI? _____

Answer: Trichomonas vaginalis

Flashcard 112: Which helminth has a mature form that emerges from painful skin ulcers? _____

Answer: Dracunculus medinensis

Flashcard 113: Which form of protozoa is found in feces of animals, penetrating the water supply and allowing for new infection? _____

Answer: Cyst

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/protozoa/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 114: Is Giardia lamblia an invasive organism? _____

Answer: No, therefore no dysentery

Flashcard 115: Schistosoma spp. mature in the _____ and then disseminate

Answer: liver

Flashcard 116: Flukes are officially known as _____

Answer: trematodes

Flashcard 117: Which hematologic complication arises from Echinococcus granulosus infection? _____

Answer: Eosinophilia

Flashcard 118: Plasmodium merozoite infection of red blood cells can result in _____ formation

Answer: gametocyte

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 119: Are cysts of Entamoeba Histolytica able to survive outside of the host? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 120: _____ is due to infection of RBCs and the liver with Plasmodium species

Answer: Malaria

Flashcard 121: Cyclospora, Isospora belli and C. Parvum are all _____

Answer: parasites

Flashcard 122: _____ is a cattle (beef) tapeworm

Answer: Taenia saginata

Flashcard 123: Cryptosporidia are _-cellular, partially _ staining organisms

Answer: uni

Flashcard 124: What cause of infectious, nonbloody diarrhea (w/o WBC in the stool) is associated with camping/hiking and unfiltered fresh water? _____

Answer: Giardia lamblia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 125: Motile trophozoites on wet mount = _____

Answer: Trichomonas vaginalis

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Flashcard 126: Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis infection in suspected pregnant women is done via _____

Answer: antibody testing

Extra:

Flashcard 127: Trichomonas vaginalis infection occurs in a pH of _____

Answer: >4.5

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Flashcard 128: Cryptosporidium oocysts can be visualized with a(n) _____ stain

Answer: Acid-Fast

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Flashcard 129: Pulmonary eosinophilia and productive cough is suggestive of _____

Answer: Loeffler's syndrome

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Flashcard 130: Diagnosis of the helminth Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is made via the _____ test

Answer: scotch tape

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Flashcard 131: Which intestinal cestode is most associated with anaphylaxis? _____

Answer: Echinococcus granulosus (∴ Surgeons give epinephrine prior to surgical removal)

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Flashcard 132: Ascaris lumbricoides is a helminth that can cause _ obstruction at the _ valve

Answer: intestinal

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Flashcard 133: How do humans typically contract an Echinococcus granulosus infection? _____

Answer: Consumption of food or water contaminated with dog feces

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Flashcard 134: _____ are species of plasmodium that produce dormant hypnozoites (latent form)

Answer: P. vivax and ovale

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Flashcard 135: Brain cysts and seizures = ingestion of _____

Answer: taenia solium eggs (cestode)

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Flashcard 136: Motile trophozoites on wet mount = _____

Answer: Trichomonas vaginalis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 137: Which immune cell(s) secretes IL-5?_____

Answer: Th2 cells

Flashcard 138: Which immune cell(s) secretes IL-4?_____

Answer: Th2 cells

Flashcard 139: Which protozoa can be found in nasal irrigation systems and contact lens solutions?_____

Answer: Naegleria fowleri

Flashcard 140: Entamoeba histolytica is most common in _____ countries

Answer: developing (developed or developing)

Flashcard 141: The trophozoites of Plasmodium _____ are large, irregular rings

Answer: vivax/ovale

Flashcard 142: Babesia is a group of protozoa that reside in _____

Answer: RBCs (intraerythrocytic)

Flashcard 143: High carrier frequency of the mutant G6PD allele is likely due to its protective role against _____ malaria

Answer: Plasmodium falciparum

Flashcard 144: Which protozoa causes visceral leishmaniasis?_____

Answer: Leishmania donovani

Flashcard 145: What is the predominant geographic distrubution of Babesia spp.?_____

Answer: Northeast U.S.

Flashcard 146: Which helminth is also known as whipworm?_____

Answer: Trichuris trichiura

Flashcard 147: Protozoa are _____

Answer: eukaryotes (prokaryotes or eukaryotes)

Flashcard 148: Cryptosporidium is passed via infectious _____ present in stool

Answer: cysts

Flashcard 149: Which form of protozoa develops inside the body, is known as the "feeding form"?_____

Answer: Trophozoite

Flashcard 150: How many life-cycle stages does Entamoeba histolytica have?_____

Answer: 2

Flashcard 151: Are cysts of Entamoeba Histolytica able to survive outside of the host?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 152: What is the route of giardia transmission?_____

Answer: Fecal-oral

Flashcard 153: Which parasite causes amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery)?_____

Answer: Entamoeba Histolytica

Flashcard 154: What parasite is associated with vitamin B12 deficiency? _____

Answer: Diphyllobothrium latum

Flashcard 155: Which helminth is treated by wrapping the emerging worm around a stick?_____

Answer: Dracunculus medinensis

Flashcard 156: Which protozoa is often associated with water-sports?_____

Answer: Naegleria fowleri

Flashcard 157: Inside of macrophages, Leishmania spp. are _____

Answer: non-flagellated (flagellated or non-flagellated)

Flashcard 158: Which strain of Leishmaniasis can present with skin hyperpigmentation?_____

Answer: Leishmania donovani

Flashcard 159: Which helminth can cause transient angioedema?_____

Answer: Loa loa

Flashcard 160: How is Wuchereria bancrofti diagnosed?_____

Answer: blood smear

Flashcard 161: Hookworm larvae penetrate the skin on _____

Answer: soles of feet

Flashcard 162: Does the trophozoite form of Giardia invade the intestinal wall?_____

Answer: No, just attaches

Flashcard 163: Which subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei is from East Africa?_____

Answer: Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Flashcard 164: The gametocytes of Plasmodium vivax/ovale are _____ (shape)

Answer: round

Flashcard 165: _____ is a liver fluke that infects the biliary tract, increasing the risk for gallstones, cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma

Answer: Clonorchis sinensis

Flashcard 166: Which helminth causes visceral and ocular larva migrans?_____

Answer: Toxocara canis

Flashcard 167: _____ is a dog (and sheep) tapeworm

Answer: Echinococcus granulosus

Flashcard 168: What demographic is at risk of Schistosoma spp. infection?_____

Answer: Swimmers

Flashcard 169: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate _____ parasitic protozoa that causes toxoplasmosis

Answer: intracellular

Flashcard 170: Schistosoma mansoni and japonicum tend to inhabit the _____

Answer: inferior mesenteric veins

Flashcard 171: How is Naegleria fowleri diagnosed?_____

Answer: Lumbar puncture w/ amoebas present in CSF

Flashcard 172: Paragonimus westermani is a _____ fluke

Answer: lung

Flashcard 173: Which species of helminths migrate against portal blood flow?_____

Answer: Schistosoma spp.

Flashcard 174: What is an ELISA looking for when testing for Giardia?_____

Answer: Stool antigens

Flashcard 175: Which helminth can present with microfilariae in the lungs causing cough?_____

Answer: Wuchereria bancrofti

Flashcard 176: Which helminth causes autoinfection via laying eggs in the intestinal wall?_____

Answer: Strongyloides stercoalis

Flashcard 177: What is the route of transmission of Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)?_____

Answer: Fecal-oral

Flashcard 178: Female pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis) lay eggs at the _____

Answer: anus

Flashcard 179: The high prevalence of the sickle cell allele in Africans is likely due to its protective role against _____ malaria

Answer: Plasmodium falciparum

Flashcard 180: Which helminth is also known as pinworm?_____

Answer: Enterobius vermicularis

Flashcard 181: Diphyllobothrium latum infection occurs with consumption of larvae in undercooked _____

Answer: freshwater fish (specific)

Flashcard 182: The most common result of E. histolytica infection is an _____ state where the organism is released as cysts in the stool.

Answer: asymptomatic (silent) carrier

Flashcard 183: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium follow a tertian fever cycle?_____

Answer: Plasmodium vivax and ovale

Flashcard 184: Which protozoa causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?_____

Answer: Leishmania braziliensis

Flashcard 185: Schistosoma haematobium tends to inhabit the _____

Answer: bladder

Flashcard 186: In immuno-_____ individuals, Cryptosporidium infection causes a self-limiting watery diarrhea.

Answer: competent

Flashcard 187: What is the route of transmission of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)?_____

Answer: Fecal-oral

Flashcard 188: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium infects mature RBCs only?_____

Answer: Plasmodium malariae

Flashcard 189: Plasmodium spp. infect _____ cells

Answer: red blood

Flashcard 190: Does the trophozoite form of Giardia present with bloody diarrhea?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 191: The gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum are _____ (shape)

Answer: banana-like

Flashcard 192: All GI protozoa have a _____ transmission

Answer: fecal-oral

Flashcard 193: Which helminth can present with neurocysticercosis?_____

Answer: Taenia solium

Flashcard 194: Which class of helper T cell promotes IgE production by B cells?_____

Answer: Th2

Flashcard 195: Taenia _____ has no circle of hooklets on its scolex (head)

Answer: saginata

Flashcard 196: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium forms sticky knobs on RBCs that occlude blood vessels? _____

Answer: Plasmodium falciparum

Flashcard 197: Is Giardia lamblia an invasive organism?_____

Answer: No, therefore no dysentery

Flashcard 198: What is the cause of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis?_____

Answer: Naegleria fowleri

Flashcard 199: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium infects reticulocytes only?_____

Answer: Plasmodium vivax/ovale

Flashcard 200: Cyclospora, Isospora belli and C. Parvum are all _____

Answer: parasites

Flashcard 201: Clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke) is a helminth that presents with '_____' eggs on stool O&P

Answer: operculated

Flashcard 202: Schistosoma spp. is a _____ fluke

Answer: blood

Flashcard 203: Does the trophozoite form of Entamoeba histolytica present with bloody diarrhea?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 204: What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma spp.?_____

Answer: Snails

Flashcard 205: Which helminth can result in cobalamin deficiency?_____

Answer: Diphyllobothrium latum

Flashcard 206: What transmission is Entamoeba histolytica associated with?_____

Answer: Anal-oral transmission

Flashcard 207: How is Loa loa transmitted?_____

Answer: Deer flies

Flashcard 208: What is the non-flagellated (non-motile) form of Leishmania?_____

Answer: Amastigote

Flashcard 209: The motile trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis are said to be '_____-shaped'

Answer: pear

Flashcard 210: _____ is a helminth, treated with albendazole, that can result in biliary tree abnormalities

Answer: Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)

Flashcard 211: Which helminth is transmitted by the female black fly?_____

Answer: Onchocerca volvulus

Flashcard 212: What other infectious organism causes symptoms similar to malaria (fever, hemolytic anemia)? _____

Answer: Babesia

Flashcard 213: What is the flagellated (motile) form of Leishmania?_____

Answer: Promastigote

Flashcard 214: What is the cause of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis?_____

Answer: Acanthamoeba spp.

Flashcard 215: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium is most severe?_____

Answer: Plasmodium falciparum

Flashcard 216: Which helminth can result in fever, vomiting, and periorbital edema?_____

Answer: Trichinella spiralis

Flashcard 217: Which helminths can result in iron-deficiency anemia?_____

Answer: Hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus)

Flashcard 218: Which immunoglobulin contributes to immunity to worms by activating eosinophils?_____

Answer: IgE

Flashcard 219: Giardia is a parasite commonly transmitted through consumption of poorly purified _____

Answer: water

Flashcard 220: How is Chagas Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) transmitted?_____

Answer: Reduviid bug (aka the "kissing bug") feces

Flashcard 221: Outside of macrophages, Leishmania spp. are _____

Answer: flagellated (flagellated or non-flagellated)

Flashcard 222: What is the first intermediate host of Clonorchis sinensis?_____

Answer: Snails

Flashcard 223: G. lamblia cysts (carrier state) have _____ nuclei

Answer: 4 (#)

Flashcard 224: Plasmodium vivax/ovale present with multiple, brick-red dots in RBCs, known as _____ dots

Answer: Schffner

Flashcard 225: Achalasia may be idiopathic or secondary to a known insult, such as _____ disease and extraesophageal malignancies

Answer: Chagas

Flashcard 226: What is the vector of Leishmania spp.?_____

Answer: Sandfly

Flashcard 227: Which helminth can cause loose stools, anemia and rectal prolapse (in children)?_____

Answer: Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)

Flashcard 228: What parasite is commonly associated with individuals who go camping and do not purify their water before consumption?_____

Answer: Giardia

Flashcard 229: Which helminth is commonly known as giant roundworm?_____

Answer: Ascaris lumbricoides

Flashcard 230: Schistosoma spp. mature in the _____ and then disseminate

Answer: liver

Flashcard 231: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium follow an irregular fever cycle?_____

Answer: Plasmodium falciparum

Flashcard 232: Which species of Plasmodium can lead to renal failure?_____

Answer: Plasmodium falciparum

Flashcard 233: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium infects all RBCs?_____

Answer: Plasmodium falciparum

Flashcard 234: Trichomonas vaginalis resides at a pH of _____

Answer: > 4.5

Flashcard 235: Diagnosis of Plasmodium spp. includes blood smear or _____ stain

Answer: giemsa

Flashcard 236: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium follow a quartan fever cycle?_____

Answer: Plasmodium malariae

Flashcard 237: Which helminth can result in hyper and hypo-pigmented cutaneous spots?_____

Answer: Onchocerca volvulus

Flashcard 238: The trophozoites of Plasmodium _____ are small rings

Answer: falciparum

Flashcard 239: How is Babesiosis (Babesia spp.) transmitted?_____

Answer: Ixodes tick

Flashcard 240: Compared to Cryptosporidium causing watery diarrhea, _____ causes bloody diarrhea

Answer: Entamoeba histolytica (which protozoa)

Flashcard 241: Which subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei is from West Africa?_____

Answer: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Flashcard 242: Which trematode (fluke) presents with RUQ pain?_____

Answer: Clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke)

Flashcard 243: Which stain is used to visualize Trypanosomes?_____

Answer: Giemsa

Flashcard 244: _____ is a CNS protozoal infection caused by Trypanosoma brucei subspecies that is diagnosed by a blood smear.

Answer: African Sleeping Sickness

Flashcard 245: Which two hookworms are found in the southern U.S.?_____

Answer: Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus

Flashcard 246: Cryptosporidium is highly resistant to chlorination, therefore _____ is used to remove the parasite from water

Answer: filtration

Flashcard 247: Trichinella spiralis is a helminth commonly found in _____ (food)

Answer: undercooked meat (ie: pork)

Flashcard 248: What is the intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani?_____

Answer: Snails

Flashcard 249: Hypnozoites of Plasmodium vivax and ovale are found in _____

Answer: hepatocytes

Flashcard 250: What is the host of Leishmania braziliensis?_____

Answer: Vertebrates

Flashcard 251: Clonorchis sinensis is a _____ fluke

Answer: liver

Flashcard 252: What microbe can increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma?_____

Answer: Liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis)

Flashcard 253: Which helminth can result in muscle inflammation and myalgia?_____

Answer: Trichinella spiralis

Flashcard 254: Echinococcus granulosus is transmitted via _____ feces

Answer: dog

Flashcard 255: Which helminth is most likely to cause respiratory symptoms?_____

Answer: Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)

Flashcard 256: Taenia _____ has a circle of hooklets on its scolex (head)

Answer: solium

Flashcard 257: How is Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted?_____

Answer: Mosquitos

Flashcard 258: The trophozoites of Plasmodium _____ are band or rectangular (shape)

Answer: malariae

Flashcard 259: Tapeworms are officially known as _____

Answer: cestodes

Flashcard 260: Which helminths can result in portal hypertension and cirrhosis?_____

Answer: Schistosoma mansoni and japonicum

Flashcard 261: Motile, flagellated trypanosomes on blood smear are indicative of _____

Answer: Trypanosoma brucei

Flashcard 262: Which stain is used to visualize Plasmodium?_____

Answer: Giemsa

Flashcard 263: _____ is a pig (pork) tapeworm

Answer: Taenia solium

Flashcard 264: Diagnosis of tapeworms occurs with identification of _____ and eggs in stool

Answer: proglottids

Flashcard 265: Where does the mature form of Leishmania replicate?_____

Answer: Macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system

Flashcard 266: Toxocara canis is a helminth transmitted via food contaminated with _____

Answer: dog or cat feces

Flashcard 267: Plasmodium merozoite infection of red blood cells can result in _____ formation (sexual form of parasite)

Answer: gametocyte

Flashcard 268: Fevers from Plasmodium vivax and ovale occur every _____

Answer: 48 hrs

Flashcard 269: How is Loa loa diagnosed?_____

Answer: Blood smear

Flashcard 270: Which protozoa cause African Sleeping Sickness?_____

Answer: Trypanosoma brucei

Flashcard 271: Naegleria fowleri can result in primary amoebic _____

Answer: meningoencephalitis

Flashcard 272: What demographic is Entamoeba histolytica associated with?_____

Answer: MSMs (men who have sex w/ men)

Flashcard 273: _____ is a fish tapeworm

Answer: Diphyllobothrium latum

Flashcard 274: Giardia (parasite) is transmitted through passage of the _____ form in the intestinal tract and out as stool

Answer: cyst

Flashcard 275: Flukes are officially known as _____

Answer: trematodes

Flashcard 276: Which helminth has a mature form that emerges from painful skin ulcers?_____

Answer: Dracunculus medinensis

Flashcard 277: Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke) is a helminth that presents with '_____' eggs on stool O&P

Answer: operculated

Flashcard 278: Which species of helminths cause an acute swimmer's itch?_____

Answer: Schistosoma spp.

Flashcard 279: What is a common coinfection with Babesia spp.?_____

Answer: Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)

Flashcard 280: The motile trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis are said to have '_____' motility

Answer: jerky

Flashcard 281: Can Giardia lamblia be removed from water through chlorination?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 282: _____ is a common roundworm that infects the biliary tract, increasing the risk for gallstones

Answer: Ascaris lumbricoides

Flashcard 283: Which trematode (fluke) is ingested in undercooked fish?_____

Answer: Clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke)

Flashcard 284: Which interleukin is primarily responsible for stimulating IgE production?_____

Answer: IL-4

Flashcard 285: Which strain(s) of Plasmodium can present with Schffner dots in RBCs?_____

Answer: Plasmodium vivax/ovale

Flashcard 286: Which helminth causes perianal itchiness?_____

Answer: Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

Flashcard 287: _____ is the longest tapeworm

Answer: Diphyllobothrium latum

Flashcard 288: Which protozoa is considered an STI?_____

Answer: Trichomonas vaginalis

Keywords: Protozoa/Helminths flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards

Study by Chapter

Malaria parasites and life cycle

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Intestinal protozoa (Giardia, Entamoeba)

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Toxoplasma gondii

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Trypanosomes

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Leishmania species

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Nematodes (roundworms)

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Cestodes (tapeworms)

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Trematodes (flukes)

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Blood and tissue parasites

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Antiparasitic medications

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Laboratory diagnosis of parasites

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Global health impact of parasitic infections

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Ectoparasites and vector-borne diseases

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Protozoa/Helminths — Flashcards

Protozoa/Helminths — Flashcards

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