Differential diagnosis — Flashcards

Flashcard 331: What is the urine Na+ (mEq/L) in postrenal azotemia?

Answer: > 40 mEq/L

Extra: In **postrenal azotemia** (obstructive uropathy), tubular damage typically leads to an inability to reabsorb sodium, resulting in a **Urine Na+ > 40 mEq/L** and a FENa > 2%. **Note:** In the very early phase of obstruction (< 24 hours), tubular function may be temporarily preserved, mimicking prerenal azotemia (Urine Na+ < 20 mEq/L, FENa < 1%).

Flashcard 332: Which liver enzyme is increased in various liver/biliary diseases, but NOT in bone disease? _____

Answer: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)

Flashcard 333: Is pancreatic insufficiency associated with normal or decreased urinary excretion of D-xylose (D-xylose test)? _____

Answer: Normal

Flashcard 334: What is a cutaneous complication of Yellow Fever?_____

Answer: Jaundice

Flashcard 335: In the following group of diseases, what is the most likely ratio of conjugated bilirubin : total bilirubin? _____% - Drugs (ex. OCPs) - Dubin-Johnson / Rotor - Primary Biliary Cholangitis - Obstruction (ex. gallstone)

Answer: >50

Flashcard 336: What pathologies (2) are characterized by hematuria with no casts? _____

Answer: Bladder cancer, Kidney stones

Flashcard 337: Which cause(s) of painless genital ulceration presents without inguinal lymph node enlargement?_____

Answer: Klebsiella granulomatis (donovanosis)

Flashcard 338: _____ results in white patches in the oral cavity that cannot be scraped away

Answer: Leukoplakia

Extra: White patches in the oral cavity: - **Leukoplakia**: Cannot be scraped off. - **Oral Hairy Leukoplakia** (associated with EBV): Cannot be scraped off. - **Oral Candidiasis** (Thrush): **Can** be scraped off, typically revealing an erythematous base.

Flashcard 339: If a patient has moderately elevated serum Alkaline phosphatase levels, you should determine if hepatobiliary or bony origin by checking _____ levels

Answer: GGT

Flashcard 340: _____ is the most common non-genetic cause of congenital sensorineural hearing loss.

Answer: CMV (Cytomegalovirus) \n\nNote: Genetic causes (e.g., Connexin 26) are the most common cause of congenital SNHL overall, but CMV is the most common non-genetic/infectious cause.