Molecular Genetics — Flashcards

Flashcard 111: A(n) _____ occurs when the long arms of 2 acrocentric chromosomes fuse at the centromere and the 2 short arms are lost

Answer: Robertsonian translocation

Flashcard 112: _____ is a tumor suppressor that is a negative regulator of β-catenin and WNT pathway

Answer: APC

Extra: * Gnome pulling carrot "A Pulled Carrot" - APC tumor suppressor gene

Flashcard 113: Gain of functions in the _____ oncogene result in chronic myeloproliferative disorders

Answer: JAK2

Extra: Receptor associated tyrosine kinase (signals for things such as erythropoietin, thrombopoietin); hence there is activation of STATs

Flashcard 114: Microsatellites are repeating sequences of _____ DNA

Answer: non-coding

Extra: Colorectal carcinogenesis pathways Top: Chromosomal instability pathway (adenoma-carcinoma sequence) - Loss of the tumor suppressor gene, APC, results in hyperproliferative epithelium due to a loss of cellular adhesion and increased cellular proliferation. A mutation in KRAS results in unregulated cellular signaling and cellular proliferation, leading to the formation of an adenoma. Loss of the tumor suppressor genes TP53 and DCC results in the malignant transformation of an adenoma to carcinoma. The chromosomal instability pathway is responsible for carcinomas in FAP (loss of APC) as well as in most cases of sporadic colorectal carcinoma. Bottom: Microsatellite instability pathway - Acquired or inherited mutations in the mismatch repair genes (esp. MLH1 and MSH2) result in abnormal proliferation and the formation of adenoma and carcinoma. The microsatellite instability pathway is responsible for carcinomas in Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) and a few cases of sporadic colorectal carcinoma.

Flashcard 115: The _____ is a Y-shaped region along the DNA template where leading and lagging strands are synthesized

Answer: replication fork

Flashcard 116: α-thalassemia is usually due to gene _____

Answer: deletions

Extra: Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 117: Which end of the DNA strand does the DNA primer bind to during PCR? _____

Answer: 3' end

Flashcard 118: The _____ is the distribution center for proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum to the vesicles and plasma membrane

Answer: golgi apparatus

Flashcard 119: _____ include plant and animal cells

Answer: Eukaryotes

Flashcard 120: HIV reverse transcriptase is a(n) _____-dependent _____ polymerase that synthesizes dsDNA from ssRNA

Answer: RNA