Metabolism US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Metabolism with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Metabolism Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 781: What is the normal range for 24-hour urine sodium?
Answer: 40–220 mEq/day (varies with dietary intake)
Flashcard 782: What is the normal range of Bicarbonate (HCO3-), serum?
Answer: From 22 to 28 mEq/L
Flashcard 783: What is the normal range of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum?
Answer: 8–40 U/L
Flashcard 784: What is the normal range of Urine: 17-Ketosteroids, total (Male)?
Answer: From 8 to 20 mg/ 24 hr
Flashcard 785: What is the normal range of Bilirubin, serum (adult) Total?
Answer: From 0.1 to 1.0 mg/dL
Flashcard 786: What is the normal range of Phosphatase (Alkaline), serum (p-NPP at 30 C)?
Answer: From 20 to 70 U/L
Flashcard 787: A 2 y/o boy is being evaluated for failure to thrive and developmental delay.
- Past Medical history: recurrent ear infection since age 6 months.
- Physical Exam: coarse facial features, corneal clouding, hepatosplenomegaly and restricted joint mobility.
- Mass spectrometry analysis: Deficient phosphorylation of mannose residues on certain glycoproteins in the Golgi apparatus.
- Normally, these proteins are most likely to be transported to which cellular location?
Answer: Lysosome
This describes **I-cell disease** (inclusion cell disease), which is a defect in protein targeting due to the lack of phosphorylation of mannose residues (**mannose-6-phosphate** tag). Without this tag, lysosomal enzymes are secreted extracellularly rather than being delivered to lysosomes, leading to an accumulation of cellular debris (inclusion bodies).
Flashcard 788: 31 y/o patient presents with myalgias, anorexia, & skin rash.
-He doesn't do drugs or alcohol.
-He has been consuming large amounts of raw egg whites for the past several months.
-Physical exam: macular dermatitis of the extremities.
-A water-soluble vitamin deficiency is suspected as the cause of his condition.
-Which biochemical conversion(s) most likely use the deficient vitamin as a cofactor?
Answer: Pyruvate to oxaloacetate (and other carboxylation reactions)
The patient has Biotin (Vitamin B7) deficiency due to excessive consumption of raw egg whites (avidin binds biotin, preventing absorption). Biotin is a cofactor for carboxylase enzymes:
1. Pyruvate carboxylase (Pyruvate → oxaloacetate)
2. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (Acetyl-CoA → malonyl-CoA)
3. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (Propionyl-CoA → methylmalonyl-CoA)
Deficiency leads to dermatitis, alopecia, myalgias, and lactic acidosis (due to pyruvate being shunted to lactate).
Flashcard 789: In what disease should the followings be restricted?
-Galactose
-Leucine
-Methionine
-Phenylalanine
-Tyrosine
Answer: Galactose: galactosemia (due to deficiency of Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase) (GALT def.)
-Leucine: Maple syrup disease, due to deficiency of branched chain a-ketacid dehydrogenase.
-Methionine: should be restricted in homocysteinuria,because methionine converts to homocystein. Instead you will want to give B12 (cobalamine) to convert to methionine & B6 (pyridoxine) to convert to cysteine to relieve the high level of homocysteine.
-Phenylalanine: Phenylketonuria (def. of phenyl hydroxylase), musty odor, neurological symptoms.
-Tyrosine: restricted in hypertyrosinemia (progressive liver & renal disease) or in alkaptonuria (homogentisate oxidase def.) (black urine on air, black cartillage).
Flashcard 790: What are the following enzymes associated with?
- Acetyl CoA carboxylase
- Acyl CoA synthetase
- ATP citrate lyase
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Glycerol kinase
Answer: - Acetyl CoA carboxylase: Conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA in fatty acid synthesis (Biotin/B7 cofactor).
- Acyl CoA synthetase: Activation of fatty acids for breakdown; forms acyl-CoA which then enters mitochondria via the carnitine shuttle.
- ATP citrate lyase: Conversion of citrate to acetyl-CoA in the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis.
- G6PD: Pentose phosphate pathway; provides NADPH and ribose (nucleotide synthesis).
- Glycerol kinase: Phosphorylation of glycerol for conversion into glucose (gluconeogenesis) or triglycerides.
Keywords: Metabolism flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
