Metabolism — Flashcards

Flashcard 1411: Which second messenger is released upon binding of cholecystokinin to CCKA receptors?_____

Answer: IP3/Ca2+

Flashcard 1412: The [HA] form of the bicarbonate buffer is _____, which is in equilibrium with H2CO3

Answer: CO2

Flashcard 1413: Downstream effects of glucagon cause protein _____ (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation)

Answer: phosphorylation

Flashcard 1414: A _____ enzyme joins two molecules together using a source of energy (e.g., ATP)

Answer: Synthetase (Ligase)

Extra: **Synthetase**: Requires energy (usually from ATP hydrolysis) to join two molecules together. Categorized as **Ligases**. **Synthase**: Catalyzes a synthesis process without requiring energy from nucleoside triphosphates (ATP/GTP). Often categorized as **Lyases** or **Transferases**.

Flashcard 1415: Synthesis of GABA from glutamate requires _____ as a cofactor

Answer: vitamin B6

Flashcard 1416: D-dimers are derived from splitting of _____

Answer: cross-linked fibrin

Flashcard 1417: Glycogen phosphorylase is allosterically activated by _____ (muscle)

Answer: AMP

Flashcard 1418: Treatment for pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency includes increased intake of _____ nutrients

Answer: ketogenic

Flashcard 1419: Dietary vitamin B12 is complexed to animal-derived _____

Answer: proteins

Flashcard 1420: The **Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)** on neurons is broken down by **\_\_\_\_\_ cleavage**, resulting in the formation of **A$\beta$ amyloid** particles.

Answer: $\beta$ (beta) cleavage

Extra: APP is normally cleaved by $\alpha$-secretase (non-amyloidogenic). Cleavage by $\beta$-secretase followed by $\gamma$-secretase results in the production of A$\beta$ (amyloid beta) peptides, which aggregate to form the plaques seen in Alzheimer's disease.