Glycolysis — Flashcards

Glycolysis US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards

Master Glycolysis with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.

Glycolysis Flashcard Deck - 95 Cards

Flashcard 1: phosphofructokinase-2/fructose bisphosphatase-2 (PFK-2/FBP-2)

Answer:

Extra: balances glycolysis and gluconeogenesisF-2,6-BP

Flashcard 2: Where does glycolysis take place?

Answer: cytoplasm

Flashcard 3: glycolysis

Answer: phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

Flashcard 4: What enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate?

Answer: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Flashcard 5: glucokinase

Answer: first step of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis

Extra: tag glucose with phosphate so that it is trapped within the cellglucoseG6Pinsulinliver and β cells of pancreas

Flashcard 6: hexokinase

Answer: first step of glycolysis and glycogen synthesis

Extra: tag glucose with phosphate so that it is trapped within the cellglucoseG6PG6Pubiquitious

Flashcard 7: What steps of glycolysis produce ATP?

Answer: 1,3BPG to 3PG (via phosphoglycerate kinase); PEP to pyruvate (via pyruvate kinase)

Flashcard 8: What steps of glycolysis require ATP?

Answer: glucose to G6P (via hexokinase/glucokinase) F6P to F1,6BP (via phosphofructokinase-1)

Flashcard 9: Give the net chemical equation for glycolysis.

Answer: glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ --> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O

Flashcard 10: What is the effect of the different kinetic properties of hexokinase and glucokinase?

Answer: At low serum concentrations, hexokinase sequesters glucose in tissues. At high concentrations, excess glucose is processed and stored in liver.

Flashcard 11: What are the kinetic properties of glucokinase?

Answer: low affinity, high capacity

Flashcard 12: What are the kinetic properties of hexokinase?

Answer: high affinity, low capacity

Flashcard 13: How many ATP are produced by anerobic glycolysis?

Answer: 2 ATP/glucose (net)

Flashcard 14: phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

Answer: glycolysis

Extra: AMP, fructose-2,6-BPATP, citrate

Flashcard 15: Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme _____ in most tissues

Answer: hexokinase

Extra: Watch Glycolysis pt1 [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycolysis-part-1?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 16: In erythrocytes, 90% of glucose is used for _____

Answer: glycolysis

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 17: Which glycolysis enzyme deficiency is the second most common cause of hemolytic anemia? _____

Answer: Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Extra: * G6PD deficiency is the most common single cause of this disorder Watch Extravascular Hemolysis Overview & RBC Membrane Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-extravascular-hemolysis-overview-and-rbc-membrane-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 18: Phosphofructosekinase-1 is regulated via positive feedback by _____ and fructose-2,6-bisphospate

Answer: AMP

Extra: Watch Glycolysis pt1 [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycolysis-part-1?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Reg PFK 1 FBPase 1 F 2, 6 BP Fed Fasting State [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-regulation-of-pfk-1-and-fbpase-1-by-f-26-bp-and-during-the-fed-and-fasting-state?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 19: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted into _____ via the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase

Answer: 3-phosphoglycerate

Extra: Watch Glycolysis pt2 [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycolysis-part-2?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 20: Conversion of pyruvate -> lactate (Cori cycle) recycles one molecule of _____

Answer: NAD+

Extra: Watch Gluconeogenesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Cahill Cori Cycles [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-amino-acids-and-proteins-the-cahill-and-cori-cycles?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 21: Once inside the pancreatic β-cell, glucose is _____ by the enzyme glucokinase

Answer: phosphorylated

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 22: In skeletal muscle, glycogenolysis ultimately produces _____, which is rapidly metabolized during exercise

Answer: glucose-6-phosphate

Extra: Watch Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) Degradation (Glycogenolysis) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-synthesis-glycogenesis-and-degradation-glycogenolysis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 23: Pyruvate kinase deficiency presents with _____ levels of 2,3-BPG

Answer: increased

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 24: Conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA releases a molecule of _ and _

Answer: CO2

Extra: Watch Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-pyruvate-dehydrogenase-complex?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 25: Glycogen phosphorylase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ (liver)

Answer: glucagon

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki

Flashcard 26: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ and ATP

Answer: citrate

Flashcard 27: Hexokinase is characterized by a(n) _____ Vmax relative to glucokinase

Answer: low

Flashcard 28: 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into _____ via the enzyme mutase

Answer: 2-phosphoglycerate

Flashcard 29: Glucokinase is characterized by a(n) _____ Vmax relative to hexokinase

Answer: high

Flashcard 30: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is converted into _____ and dihydroxyacetone-phosphate via the enzyme aldolase

Answer: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Flashcard 31: Pyruvate kinase is regulated via negative feedback by _____ and alanine

Answer: ATP

Flashcard 32: What is the purpose of phosphorylating a sugar (e.g. glucose to glucose-6-phosphate)? _____

Answer: Prevent the sugar from leaving the cell

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 33: _____ is converted to fructose-6-phosphate via the enzyme isomerase

Answer: Glucose-6-phosphate

Flashcard 34: Von Gierke disease is characterized by very increased levels of _____ in the liver and kidneys, with subsequent hepatomegaly and renomegaly

Answer: glycogen

Extra: Watch Glycogen Storage Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 35: _____ is converted into pyruvate via the enzyme pyruvate kinase

Answer: Phosphoenolpyruvate

Flashcard 36: What substrate overrides inhibition of the enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 by ATP in the liver? _____

Answer: Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Flashcard 37: Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? _____

Answer: Cytoplasm

Flashcard 38: A(n) _____ enzyme catalyzes transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy molecule (e.g. ATP) to a substrate

Answer: kinase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 39: Conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate (glycolysis) produces a molecule of _____

Answer: ATP

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 40: What glycolysis enzyme deficiency causes hemolytic anemia in a newborn? _____

Answer: Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Extra: Watch Extravascular Hemolysis Overview & RBC Membrane Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-extravascular-hemolysis-overview-and-rbc-membrane-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 41: The Warburg effect states that cancers produce energy via a high rate of _____ followed by lactic acid fermentation

Answer: glycolysis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 42: 2-phosphoglycerate is converted into _____ via the enzyme enolase

Answer: phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Flashcard 43: _____ is converted to fructose-2,6-bisphosphate via the enzyme phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2)

Answer: Fructose-6-phosphate

Extra: Watch Reg PFK 1 FBPase 1 F 2, 6 BP Fed Fasting State [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-regulation-of-pfk-1-and-fbpase-1-by-f-26-bp-and-during-the-fed-and-fasting-state?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 44: Glucocorticoids increase hepatic _____ storage

Answer: glycogen

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch Glucocorticoids [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-glucocorticoids?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 45: What is the only metabolic pathway for generating ATP, anaerobically? _____

Answer: Glycolysis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycolysis/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 46: Conversion of glyceraldehyde-3P into 1,3-BPG (glycolysis) produces a molecule of _____

Answer: NADH

Flashcard 47: Pyruvate kinase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ (glycolysis)

Answer: fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Flashcard 48: What is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis? _____

Answer: Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

Flashcard 49: Increased phosphofructokinase-2 _ glycolysis and _ gluconeogenesis

Answer: stimulates

Flashcard 50: A researcher is studying role of glucose metabolites in normal cellular function. -In the experiment generating ATP are measured. -In these cells, glycolysis of a single glucose molecule always yields pyruvate but sometimes generates no net ATP. -What cell is most likely being studied in this experiment?

Answer: Erythrocytes because they love 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate because it's a main regulator of oxygen transport in the body. when 2,3 bisphoglycerate are created ATP doesn't produce.

Flashcard 51: What are the following in relation to enzyme deficiency in glycolysis and insulin release from pancreatic cells? -Aldolase -Enolase -Glucokinase -Lactate dehydrogenase -Phosphofructokinase -Pyruvate carboxylase -Pyruvate kinase

Answer: (Aldolase, Enolase, Phosphofructokinase, Pyruvate kinase) Deficiency of those enzymes will present with hemolytic anemia. RBC rely completely on aneorobic glycolysis for energy production. -Glucokinase: deficiency could lead to lack of insulin release thus will lead to MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young). -Lactate dehydrogenase: convert pyruvate to lactate in aneorobic glycolysis. Deficiency can can cause muscle stiffness. (won't be able to exercise properly) -Pyruvate carboxylase: convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate.Deficiency could cause lactic acidosis due to more glucose product being converted to lactic acid. It can also cause Fasting hypoglycemia due lack of oxaloacetate that can't be converted to PEP to converted back to glucose.

Flashcard 52: 45 y/o man comes with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. -A week ago comes with elevated fasting seum glucose level. -The physician recommends a medication that alters glucose metabolism within the liver by increasing the concentration of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate within hepatocytes. -What conversions will be inhibited by high intracellular concentrations of this metabolite?

Answer: Alanine ----> glucose In other words, 2,6-bisphosphate will inhibits synthesis of glucose and stimulate breakdown of glucose.

Flashcard 53: The one to four glucose residues remaining on a branch after glycogen phosphorylase has shortened it are referred to as '_____''

Answer: limit dextrins

Flashcard 54: Conversion of glyceraldehyde-3P into 1,3-BPG (glycolysis) produces a molecule of _____

Answer: NADH

Flashcard 55: Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1) is a cofactor for the enzyme _____ (glycolysis)

Answer: pyruvate dehydrogenase

Flashcard 56: Anaerobic glycolysis produces a net of _____ ATP per glucose molecule

Answer: 2

Flashcard 57: 2-phosphoglycerate is converted into _____ via the enzyme enolase

Answer: phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Flashcard 58: Conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate (glycolysis) produces a molecule of _____

Answer: ATP

Flashcard 59: What is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis?_____

Answer: Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

Flashcard 60: Which steps (2) of glycolysis require ATP? _____

Answer:

Flashcard 61: The hallmark of what glycogen storage disease is a flat venous lactate curve with a rise in ammonia levels during exercise?_____

Answer: McArdle disease

Flashcard 62: Cori disease is associated with accumulation of _____-like structures in the cytosol

Answer: limit dextrin

Flashcard 63: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted into _____ via the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase

Answer: 3-phosphoglycerate

Flashcard 64: Is hexokinase activity inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 65: 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into _____ via the enzyme mutase

Answer: 2-phosphoglycerate

Flashcard 66: Which glycolysis enzyme deficiency is the second most common cause of hemolytic anemia? _____

Answer: Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Flashcard 67: Which steps (2) of glycolysis produce ATP? _____

Answer:

Flashcard 68: Phosphofructokinase-2 is regulated via positive feedback by _____

Answer: insulin

Flashcard 69: Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?_____

Answer: Cytoplasm

Flashcard 70: Pyruvate kinase deficiency presents with _____ levels of 2,3-BPG

Answer: increased

Flashcard 71: Hexokinase is characterized by a _____ Vmax relative to glucokinase

Answer: low

Flashcard 72: Pyruvate kinase defiency results in increased levels of _____, which causes decreased Hb affinity for O2

Answer: 2,3-BPG

Flashcard 73: Is hexokinase activity induced by insulin? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 74: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate may be converted to _____ via the enzyme bisphosphoglycerate mutase in red blood cells

Answer: 2,3-BPG

Flashcard 75: Hexokinase is regulated via negative feedback by _____

Answer: glucose-6-phosphate

Flashcard 76: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is converted into _____ and dihydroxyacetone-phosphate via the enzyme aldolase 'A'

Answer: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Flashcard 77: What is the purpose of phosphorylating a sugar (e.g. glucose to glucose-6-phosphate)? _____

Answer: Prevent the sugar from leaving the cell

Flashcard 78: Is glucokinase activity inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 79: Glucokinase is characterized by a _____ Km relative to hexokinase

Answer: high

Flashcard 80: Phosphofructokinase-2 is regulated via negative feedback by _____

Answer: glucagon

Flashcard 81: Anaerobic glycolysis produces a net of _____ NADH per glucose molecule

Answer: 2

Flashcard 82: What is the only metabolic pathway for generating ATP, anaerobically? _____

Answer: Glycolysis

Flashcard 83: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is converted into _____ via the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3P-dehydrogenase (glycolysis)

Answer: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG)

Flashcard 84: Hexokinase is characterized by a _____ Km relative to glucokinase

Answer: low

Flashcard 85: Where in the cell does conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate -> fructose-6-phosphate take place?_____

Answer: Cytosol

Flashcard 86: Conversion of 1,3-BPG into 3-phosphoglycerate (glycolysis) produces a molecule of _____

Answer: ATP

Flashcard 87: Glucokinase is regulated via negative feedback by _____

Answer: fructose-6-phosphate

Flashcard 88: In skeletal muscle, glycogenolysis ultimately produces _____, which is rapidly metabolized during exercise

Answer: glucose-6-phosphate

Flashcard 89: What glycolysis enzyme deficiency causes hemolytic anemia in a newborn?_____

Answer: Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Flashcard 90: What substrate overrides inhibition of the enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 by ATP in the liver? _____

Answer: Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Flashcard 91: Fructose bisphosphatase-2 and phosphofructokinase-2 are the same bifunctional enzyme whose function is reversed by phosphorylation by _____

Answer: protein kinase A

Flashcard 92: In erythrocytes, 90% of glucose is used for _____

Answer: glycolysis

Flashcard 93: _____ is a heavy metal that causes glycolysis to produce zero net ATP

Answer: Arsenic

Flashcard 94: Conversion of pyruvate -> lactate (Cori cycle) recycles one molecule of _____

Answer: NAD+

Flashcard 95: Pyruvate kinase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ (glycolysis)

Answer: fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Keywords: Glycolysis flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards

Study by Chapter

Overview and regulation of glycolysis

Flashcards

Preparatory phase reactions

Flashcards

Pay-off phase reactions

Flashcards

Rate-limiting enzymes and control points

Flashcards

Energy yield and ATP production

Flashcards

Fates of pyruvate

Flashcards

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Flashcards

Feeder pathways to glycolysis

Flashcards

Glycolysis in different tissues

Flashcards

Disorders of glycolytic enzymes

Flashcards

Alternative glycolytic pathways

Flashcards

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