Gastroenterology & Hepatology — Flashcards

Flashcard 81: What gene is associated with HNPCC (Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal carcinoma)

Answer: DNA Mismatch Repair (MMR) genes: MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2.

Extra: HNPCC is also known as Lynch Syndrome. Mutation in MSH2 (approx 30%) and MLH1 (approx 30%) are the most common. These genes are responsible for correcting errors during DNA replication (Microsatellite Instability).

Flashcard 82: What type of antibiotics can influence the risk of C.Diff infection?

Answer: High-risk antibiotics include the '4 Cs': 1. Cephalosporins (especially 2nd and 3rd gen) 2. Clindamycin 3. Ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolones) 4. Co-amoxiclav (Amoxicillin-clavulanate)

Flashcard 83: What is an adenocarcinoma?

Answer: • Type of cancer that originates in the glandular cells • which line organs and secrete substances like mucus (secretory)

Flashcard 84: What type of oesophageal cancers are associated with GORD or Barret's disease?

Answer: • Adenocarcinoma

Flashcard 85: What is Diversion Colitis?

Answer: • A condition in which a person's colon becomes inflamed following ostomy surgery

Flashcard 86: Courvoisier's law states that in the presence of painless obstructive jaundice, a palpable gallbladder is...

Answer: A palpable gallbladder is unlikely to be due to gallstones (more likely to be due to malignancy, e.g., pancreatic cancer).

Flashcard 87: What is the investigation of choice for suspected perianal fistulae in patients with Crohn's?

Answer: • MRI pelvis

Flashcard 88: You wish to screen a patient for hepatitis B infection. Which one of the following is the most suitable test to perform?

Answer: HBsAg

Flashcard 89: Prolonged vomiting/NG tube suctioning: Acid-Base Abnormality: _____ Cl-: ↓ K+: ↓

Answer: Metabolic alkalosis

Flashcard 90: What is halitosis?

Answer: • Bad breath