Gastroenterology & Hepatology — Flashcards

Flashcard 51: What is the pharmacological management of GORD unresponsive to PPI? _____

Answer: H2RA therapy

Flashcard 52: Barrett's oesophagus is the replacement of _____ with columnar epithelium

Answer: stratified squamous epithelium

Flashcard 53: Barrett's oesophagus is proximal extension of the _____ junction (Z-line) into the distal oesophageal mucosa

Answer: squamocolumnar

Flashcard 54: GORD (acid reflux) symptoms can be rapidly relieved with over the counter _____ but long-term use is NOT recommended

Answer: antacids

Flashcard 55: _____ is a chronic disorder in which pathological retrograde flow of gastric contents into the oesophagus leads to mucosal injury

Answer: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)

Flashcard 56: What is the management for Barrett's oeosphagus WITH high-grade dysplasia? _____

Answer: Offer endoscopic resection

Flashcard 57: What is the investigation for GORD (acid reflux) if further investigations are needed? _____

Answer: Oesophago-gastroduodenoscopy

Flashcard 58: The surveillance for long-segment (≥ 3 cm) non-dysplastic Barrett's esophagus is endoscopy every _____.

Answer: 3 years

Extra: Surveillance intervals for non-dysplastic Barrett's Esophagus (BE): - **Short-segment (< 3 cm):** Every 5 years. - **Long-segment (≥ 3 cm):** Every 3 years. *Note: If low-grade dysplasia is present, intervals are shortened (e.g., every 6–12 months) or endoscopic eradication therapy is performed.*

Flashcard 59: What are adverse effects of Nicorandil?

Answer: • GI ulceration (anywhere in the tract, notably oral and perianal) • Headache (most common) • Hypotension • Palpitations

Extra: Nicorandil is a potassium channel activator and a nitric oxide (NO) donor used in the management of angina. It carries a specific risk of causing deep, painful mucosal ulcers, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, which can occur long after starting the medication. Management usually involves drug withdrawal.

Flashcard 60: What is the most sensitive and specific lab finding for diagnosis of liver cirrhosis in those with chronic liver disease?

Answer: • Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)