Gastroenterology & Hepatology — Flashcards

Flashcard 121: What is the gold-standard investigation for Oesophageal Cancer?

Answer: Upper GI Endoscopy + Biopsy

Extra: • **Investigation of choice (IOC) & Gold Standard for diagnosis:** Upper GI Endoscopy (UGIE) + Biopsy. • **IOC for local staging (T and N staging):** Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS). • **IOC for distant metastasis (M staging):** Contrast-Enhanced CT (CECT) of the chest and abdomen or PET-CT.

Flashcard 122: What is usually used to induce remission in Crohn's disease?

Answer: Glucocorticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone, Budesonide)± 5-ASA or immunosuppressants.

Flashcard 123: What is the first-line treatment for someone with Wilson's disease?

Answer: • Penicillamine

Flashcard 124: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient presenting with yellow discoloration (jaundice) and dark rings around the iris of both eyes?

Answer: Wilson's disease (diagnostic feature: Kayser-Fleischer rings)

Extra: Kayser-Fleischer (KF) rings are dark, brownish/copper-colored rings seen in the Descemet membrane of the cornea. Yellow discoloration (jaundice) + KF rings in a young patient strongly suggest Wilson's disease.

Flashcard 125: What can develop in around 10% of primary sclerosing cholangitis patients?

Answer: • Cholangiocarcinoma

Flashcard 126: Membranous nephropathy is associated with _____

Answer: hepatitis B

Flashcard 127: _____ presents with bloody diarrhoea, abdominal pain, RUQ pain & fever

Answer: Amoebic liver abscess

Flashcard 128: What is the most common viral gastroenteritis in unvaccinated children?\n_____

Answer: Rotavirus

Flashcard 129: _____ is a viral gastroenteritis associated with prolonged water diarrhoea, vomiting, & fever typically in young children

Answer: Enteric adenovirus

Flashcard 130: Entamoeba histolytica can cause an amoebic liver abscess which have a(n) "_____" consistency

Answer: anchovy paste