Gastroenterology & Hepatology — Flashcards

Flashcard 111: What is HNPCC?

Answer: Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma

Flashcard 112: What is usually used to induce remission in Crohn's disease?

Answer: Glucocorticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone, Budesonide)± 5-ASA or immunosuppressants.

Flashcard 113: What is Dyspepsia?

Answer: A collection of symptoms: - Epigastric Pain - Bloating - Nausea - Regurgitiation - Heartburn

Flashcard 114: What is the gold-standard investigation for Oesophageal Cancer?

Answer: Upper GI Endoscopy + Biopsy

Extra: • **Investigation of choice (IOC) & Gold Standard for diagnosis:** Upper GI Endoscopy (UGIE) + Biopsy. • **IOC for local staging (T and N staging):** Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS). • **IOC for distant metastasis (M staging):** Contrast-Enhanced CT (CECT) of the chest and abdomen or PET-CT.

Flashcard 115: What should be suspected in all patients who have diarrhoea shortly following antibiotic therapy?

Answer: • C.Diff Infection

Flashcard 116: What are the criteria for Severe Ulcerative Colitis (Truelove and Witts classification)?

Answer: Truelove and Witts criteria for Severe UC: • ≥ 6 bloody stools/day PLUS at least one of the following: • Fever (>37.8°C) • Tachycardia (>90 bpm) • Anemia (Hb <10.5 g/dL) • Elevated ESR (>30 mm/hr) or CRP

Extra: Ulcerative Colitis severity is clinically assessed using the Truelove and Witts criteria. - Mild: <4 stools/day, no systemic signs. - Moderate: 4-6 stools/day, minimal systemic signs. - Severe: ≥6 bloody stools/day + systemic toxicity (fever, tachycardia, anemia, or raised inflammatory markers).

Flashcard 117: Small bowel obstruction (often due to intussusception) is a common presenting complaint in?

Answer: Peutz-Jegher's Syndrome

Flashcard 118: Severe diarrhoea/laxtive use: Acid-Base Abnormality: _____ Cl-: ↑ K+: ↓

Answer: Metabolic acidosis

Flashcard 119: What is migratory thrombophelbitis (Trousseau's Syndrome) seen more commonly in?

Answer: Pancreatic Cancer

Flashcard 120: What is the likely diagnosis in a patient presenting with yellow discoloration (jaundice) and dark rings around the iris of both eyes?

Answer: Wilson's disease (diagnostic feature: Kayser-Fleischer rings)

Extra: Kayser-Fleischer (KF) rings are dark, brownish/copper-colored rings seen in the Descemet membrane of the cornea. Yellow discoloration (jaundice) + KF rings in a young patient strongly suggest Wilson's disease.