Endocrinology & Diabetes UK Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Endocrinology & Diabetes with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Endocrinology & Diabetes Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 601: What is the first line management of Cushings DISEASE?
1st Line: _____
2nd Line: Pituitary radiotherapy OR further surgical removal of the pituitary
Answer: Trans-sphenoidal removal of pituitary tumour
Flashcard 602: Patients with symptoms of type 2 diabetes can be diagnosed if:
• HbA1c is _____ OR
• Fasting glucose is ≥7 mmol/L OR
• Random glucose/OGTT is ≥11.1 mmol/L
Answer: ≥48 mmol/mol
Flashcard 603: Cushing's syndrome can be unrelated to ACTH. The most common cause is _____
Answer: steroids
Flashcard 604: Ectopic ACTH production is characteristically associated with _____ to cause Cushing's Syndrome.
Answer: small cell lung cancers
Extra: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most common cause of ectopic ACTH production (paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome). Other causes include bronchial carcinoids, medullary thyroid cancer, and pheochromocytoma.
Flashcard 605: Children with Cushing's disease may experience _____ due to suppression of GH secretion and pseudoprecocity (virilization) due to increased adrenal androgens.
Answer: stunted growth
Extra: In pediatric Cushing's, the combination of weight gain with a decrease in linear growth velocity is a classic presentation. While adrenal androgens cause signs like pubic hair and acne (pseudoprecocity/virilization), the underlying hypercortisolism typically inhibits the gonadotropic axis, leading to delayed true puberty.
Flashcard 606: Cushing's disease causes dermatological symptoms such as _____, acne vulgaris, and purple striae.
Answer: hirsutism
Extra: Other dermatological features of Cushing's syndrome include skin thinning (atrophy), easy bruising (ecchymosis), and hyperpigmentation (if ACTH-dependent).
Flashcard 607: Type 2 diabetes target HbA1c levels:
Lifestyle alone → _____
Lifestyle + Metformin → 48 mmol/mol
Lifestyle + Hypoglycaemia causing drug → 53 mmol/mol
Already on 1 drug but HbA1c has risen to 58 mmol/mol → 53 mmol/mol + intensify drug treatment
Answer: 48 mmol/mol
Extra: Summary of NICE HbA1c targets for T2DM:
- Lifestyle/Metformin monotherapy: Target 48 mmol/mol (6.5%)
- Drug associated with hypoglycemia (e.g. Sulfonylurea): Target 53 mmol/mol (7.0%)
- Intensification threshold: If HbA1c rises to 58 mmol/mol (7.5%), intensify treatment to reach 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) target.
Flashcard 608: What is the next step in management for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) when glycemic targets are not met on dual therapy?
Answer: Add a 3rd oral agent (e.g., DPP-4 inhibitor, SGLT2 inhibitor, or TZD) or GLP-1 receptor agonist or Insulin.
Extra: According to ADA/EASD guidelines, if HbA1c remains above target despite dual therapy, triple therapy is indicated. The choice of the 3rd agent depends on patient-specific factors such as ASCVD, CKD, heart failure, or the need to minimize hypoglycemia/weight gain.
Flashcard 609: In **asymptomatic** patients, a diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes requires _____ abnormal test results (HbA1c or Plasma Glucose) obtained on separate occasions.
Answer: two
Flashcard 610: Cushing's disease causes _____ obesity as well as redistribution of adipose tissue causing moon face and buffalo hump
Answer: central
Keywords: Endocrinology & Diabetes flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
