Endocrinology & Diabetes UK Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Endocrinology & Diabetes with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Endocrinology & Diabetes Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 611: Patients who do not tolerate metformin should be switched to _____
Answer: modified release metformin
Flashcard 612: Type 2 diabetes target HbA1c levels:
Lifestyle alone → _____
Lifestyle + Metformin → 48 mmol/mol
Lifestyle + Hypoglycaemia causing drug → 53 mmol/mol
Already on 1 drug but HbA1c has risen to 58 mmol/mol → 53 mmol/mol + intensify drug treatment
Answer: 48 mmol/mol
Extra: Summary of NICE HbA1c targets for T2DM:
- Lifestyle/Metformin monotherapy: Target 48 mmol/mol (6.5%)
- Drug associated with hypoglycemia (e.g. Sulfonylurea): Target 53 mmol/mol (7.0%)
- Intensification threshold: If HbA1c rises to 58 mmol/mol (7.5%), intensify treatment to reach 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) target.
Flashcard 613: Cushing's disease causes dermatological symptoms such as _____, acne vulgaris, and purple striae.
Answer: hirsutism
Extra: Other dermatological features of Cushing's syndrome include skin thinning (atrophy), easy bruising (ecchymosis), and hyperpigmentation (if ACTH-dependent).
Flashcard 614: Pre-diabetic/high risk FASTING blood glucose range is _____
Answer: 5.5 to 6.9 mmol/L
Flashcard 615: Most patients with De Quervain's Thyroiditis _____ require treatment
Answer: will not
Flashcard 616: Patients with cushing's syndrome _____ have their morning cortisol spike suppressed upon overnight (low-dose) dexamethasone suppression test
Patients with cushing's disease will not have their morning cortisol spike suppressed upon overnight (low-dose) dexamethasone suppression test
Answer: will not
Flashcard 617: Cushing's syndrome can be unrelated to ACTH. The most common cause is _____
Answer: steroids
Flashcard 618: What is the next step in management for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) when glycemic targets are not met on dual therapy?
Answer: Add a 3rd oral agent (e.g., DPP-4 inhibitor, SGLT2 inhibitor, or TZD) or GLP-1 receptor agonist or Insulin.
Extra: According to ADA/EASD guidelines, if HbA1c remains above target despite dual therapy, triple therapy is indicated. The choice of the 3rd agent depends on patient-specific factors such as ASCVD, CKD, heart failure, or the need to minimize hypoglycemia/weight gain.
Flashcard 619:
Testicular cancer can present with _____ due to ↑ β-hCG levels
Answer: gynaecomastia
Flashcard 620: Advanced pancreatic cancer can present with _____ because of loss of endocrine function
Answer: diabetes mellitus
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