Cardiology — Flashcards

Flashcard 161: Why is Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome classed as an atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia (AVRT)?\n\n_____ which in turn bypasses the AV Node.

Answer: The Bundle of Kent provides an extra electrical pathway connecting the atria and ventricles

Flashcard 162: Which conditions are associated with Wolf-Parkinsons White Syndrome: _____ HOCM Ebstein Anomaly Mitral Valve Prolapse Seccundum ASD

Answer: Thyrotoxicosis

Flashcard 163: If a patient scores 0 in their CHA2DS2-VASc for catheter ablation, how long is anticoagulation recommended: _____

Answer: 2 months anticoagulation

Flashcard 164: What medications increase the risk of falls by contributing to postural hypotension? (List 7 examples)

Answer: • Nitrates • Diuretics • Anticholinergic Medications • Antidepressants • Beta-blockers • L-Dopa • ACE inhibitors

Flashcard 165: What is the Immediate symptomatic relief for Angina?

Answer: • Sublingual Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN) *GTN causes vasodilation, improving blood flow to the myocardium

Flashcard 166: Why does a Right-sided Accessory Pathway cause Left-Axis Deviation? Because Early activation occurs in the _____ causing initial depolarisation to move from right to left

Answer: right ventricle

Flashcard 167: Mnemonic to remember the associations of Wolf-Parkinsons White Syndrome: _____

Answer: Wolf is THE MS

Extra: Associations of WPW Syndrome (**WOLF is THE MS**): - **T**: **T**achyarrhythmias - **H**: **H**CM (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy) - **E**: **E**bstein anomaly - **M**: **M**VP (Mitral Valve Prolapse) - **S**: **S**eptal defects (ASD)

Flashcard 168: What are common side-effects of ACE Inhibitors: _____ Angioedema Hyperkalemia

Answer: Cough

Extra: Mechanisms: - **Cough & Angioedema:** Caused by increased levels of **Bradykinin** (ACE normally breaks down bradykinin). - **Hyperkalemia:** Caused by decreased **Aldosterone** secretion (downstream effect of inhibiting Angiotensin II). - **Teratogen:** Avoid in pregnancy (causes fetal renal malformations).

Flashcard 169: What can cause Sudden Heart Failure, raised JVP, Pulsus parodoxus after recent MI?

Answer: • Left Ventricular Free Wall Rupture *Leakage of blood into the pericardial sac, resulting in cardiac tamponade

Flashcard 170: How do you measure the QT interval on ECG?

Answer: • Time between start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave