Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Toxicity — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: Livedo reticularis is a side effect of _____

Answer: amantadine

Flashcard 2: Drugs with a narrow therapeutic index require therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM): No answer _____

Answer: :)

Flashcard 3: Adverse drug reactions can be classified into the following types: No answer _____

Answer: :)

Flashcard 4: Which group of modified penicillins is especially associated with Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)? _____

Answer: Dicloxacillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin

Flashcard 5: If a patient taking penicillin manifests with mild fever, myalgia or arthralagias, and the following rash, they are demonstrating what side effect? _____

Answer: Hypersensitivity Vasculitis (Cutaneous Small Vessel Vasculitis)

Flashcard 6: Drugs that can be removed by hemodialysis: No answer _____

Answer: :)

Flashcard 7: side effect of DPT vaccine is _____

Answer: neurological problems

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Flashcard 8: possible adverse effects following pertusis vaccine are

Answer: persistant cry hypotonia encephalopathy

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Flashcard 9: presence of _____ toxin in lathyrus sativus(kesari dal) causes neurolathyrism

Answer: BOAA

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Flashcard 10: _____ oral chelating agent is used in lead poisoning

Answer: succimer

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Flashcard 11: neurological problems in DPT vaccine are mostly due to _____ component

Answer: pertusis

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Flashcard 12: _____ parenteral chelator is used in lead poisoning

Answer: dimercaprol

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Flashcard 13: _____ and _____ vaccines should be avoided in case of egg allergy

Answer: live influenza vaccine

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Flashcard 14: _____ metal can cause liver cancer

Answer: arsenic

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Flashcard 15: cross over study design is not useful in which conditions

Answer: drug with long t1/2 curative drug acute/fatal disease a type of RCT

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Flashcard 16: OC pills increase risk of carcinomas of _____

Answer: breast, cervix and hepatocellular carcinoma

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Flashcard 17: components of measles vaccine are

Answer: sorbitol gelatin neomycin so C/I in neomycin allergy

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Flashcard 18: _____ vaccine has the maximum chances of hyper sensitivity reactions

Answer: meningococcal

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Flashcard 19: contraindications for primaquine are

Answer: infants all trimesters of pregnancy G6PD deficiency

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Flashcard 20: _____ insecticide is used in insecticide treated nets

Answer: deltamethrin

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Flashcard 21: adverse effects following tetanus toxoid are _____

Answer: brachial neuritis and anaphylaxis

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Flashcard 22: killed vaccine for influenza is _____ based

Answer: egg

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Flashcard 23: contraindiactions for delamanid and bedaquiline are

Answer: cardiac diseases pregnancy and lactation hypokalemia

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Flashcard 24: contraindication of killed vaccine for influenza is _____

Answer: egg allergy

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Flashcard 25: contraindications of yellow fever vaccine are

Answer: CI of egg is same as in influenza

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Flashcard 26: antidote for organochlorous compounds is _____

Answer: barbiturates

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Flashcard 27: DRESS syndrome occurs _____-8 weeks after drug exposure

Answer: 2

Flashcard 28: _____ inhibits the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase

Answer: Fomepizole

Flashcard 29: Encephalopathy due to _____ poisoning typically occurs with blood lead levels >100 microgram/dl.

Answer: lead

Flashcard 30: _____ is used as an antidote for methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning

Answer: Fomepizole

Flashcard 31: Fomepizole is used as an antidote for overdoses of _____ or ethylene glycol

Answer: methanol

Flashcard 32: Chronic use of interferon alpha is associated with patients experiencing flu-like symptoms; as well as _____, neutropenia, and myopathy

Answer: depression

Flashcard 33: _____ is used in the treatment of MaroteauxLamy syndrome.

Answer: Naglazyme

Flashcard 34: If taken during pregnancy, Methotrexate can cause _____ defects, most commonly spina bifida or anencephaly

Answer: neural tube

Flashcard 35: Electrolyte abnormalities, such as _____ and hypomagnesemia, can result from amphotericin use

Answer: hypokalemia

Flashcard 36: Signs and symptoms of Strychnine poisoning: CRAMPingC_____Reflexes increasedAwful tasteMind is conciousPupils dilated

Answer: onvulsions

Flashcard 37: What effect may heparin have on K+ levels?_____

Answer: Increased (hyperkalemia

Flashcard 38: Vitamin _____ excess is characterized by facial flushing; can be avoided by taking NSAIDs if given 30-60 minutes before administration

Answer: B3 (niacin)

Flashcard 39: _____, which chelates both iron and aluminum, acts as a siderophore for the species Rhizopus, enhancing its growth and pathogenicity. This leads to an increased risk for Mucormycosis.

Answer: Deferoxamine

Flashcard 40: Valproic acid causes _____ appetite and weight gain

Answer: increased

Flashcard 41: Because RANKL is also expressed on _____ cells, a side effect of Denosumab treatment is immunosuppression

Answer: T Helper

Flashcard 42: Chronic vitamin _____ toxicity may cause arthralgias (joint complication)

Answer: A

Flashcard 43: Allopurinol is used to prevent _____ deposition in the renal tubules during tumor lysis syndrome

Answer: uric acid

Flashcard 44: In addition to nephrotoxicity, cyclosporine and tacrolimus may also have _____-toxicity (especially Tacrolimus)

Answer: neuro

Flashcard 45: _____ works by inhibiting acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Answer: Disulfiram

Flashcard 46: There is increased risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients taking _____ and rituximab

Answer: natalizumab

Flashcard 47: Aminoglycosides are known to be both _____-toxic and nephro-toxic

Answer: oto

Flashcard 48: Long term usage of phenytoin can also cause cutaneous _____which are mainly T-cell predominant.

Answer: pseudolymphoma

Flashcard 49: Polymixins are severely toxic against the _____, kidneys, and the lungs

Answer: CNS

Flashcard 50: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension can be associated with use of certain drugs, such as _____ and danazol

Answer: tetracyclines

Flashcard 51: _____ targets the CD3 ligand and is used in patients of Acute organ rejection

Answer: Muromonab

Flashcard 52: Chimeric monoclonal antibodies can sometimes cause a(n) _____ within 7-10 days of administration

Answer: serum sickness

Flashcard 53: _____ inhibits the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Answer: Disulfiram

Flashcard 54: Toxin requirements for Hemodialysis:Low _____ Low endogenous clearance, Low Molecular weight and Low protein binding

Answer: Vd.

Flashcard 55: Tocilizumab is an anti-_____ monoclonal antibody indicated for Giant Cell Arteritis and Cytokine Release Syndrome

Answer: IL-6 receptor

Flashcard 56: Dimercaprol (BAL) is an antidote for :M_____ArsenicLead

Answer: ercury

Flashcard 57: DOC for treatment of Type _____ tyrosinemia is Nitisinone

Answer: I

Flashcard 58: Adverse effects of chronic aspirin use include:- _____ injury- acute interstitial nephritis- GI bleeding

Answer: acute renal

Flashcard 59: Adverse effects of sirolimus (rapamycin) include _____ and insulin resistance

Answer: pancytopenia

Flashcard 60: Chronic vitamin _____ toxicity may cause pseudotumor cerebri (CNS complication)

Answer: A

Flashcard 61: Cyclophosphamide can cause a congenital syndrome (remember with the mnemonic conGEAL) - congenital:_____Ear and facial abnormalitiesAbsence of digitsLimb hypoplasia

Answer: Growth Restriction

Flashcard 62: Vancomycin is known to be both _____-toxic and nephro-toxic

Answer: oto

Flashcard 63: Toxins that require passive immunity in exposed, unvaccinated patients may be remembered with the mnemonic 'Doctor To Be Healed Very Rapidly': D: _____T: Tetanus toxinB: Botulinum toxinH: HBVV: VaricellaR: Rabies virus

Answer: Diphtheria toxin

Flashcard 64: Neuro/Psych _____ is an anti-epileptic associated with blood dyscrasias, such as aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis

Answer: Carbamazepine

Flashcard 65: Cisplatin targets the _____ cells within the organ of corti, resulting in tinnitus and sensorineural hearing loss

Answer: outer hair

Flashcard 66: The benzodiazepines that are safe to use in patients with liver disease may be remembered with the mnemonic "LOT": L: _____O: OxazepamT: Temazepam

Answer: Lorazepam

Flashcard 67: _____ syndrome results from direct activation of mast cells leading to histamine release upon vancomycin administration

Answer: Red man

Flashcard 68: _____ is not used much anymore due to its significant side effect profile, most notably including gangrene and vasospastic (prinzmetal) angina

Answer: Dihydroergotamine

Flashcard 69: Amphotericin related renal toxicity results in _____ due to decreased erythropoietin production

Answer: anemia

Flashcard 70: Which drugs are risk factors for transitional cell carcinoma? _____, Phenacetin

Answer: Cyclophosphamide

Flashcard 71: _____ is also used for the treatment of Oxalic acid and Hydrofluoric acid poisoning

Answer: Cal. gluconate

Flashcard 72: Ribavirin is contraindicated in _____ due to its teratogenic effects

Answer: pregnant women

Flashcard 73: Cystinuria may be treated with _____ agents, such as penicillamine

Answer: chelating

Flashcard 74: The higher incidence of allergic reaction due to _____ local anesthetics is because of the metabolite PABA

Answer: ester

Flashcard 75: Which HAART drugs are associated with peripheral neuropathy?_____

Answer: NRTIs

Flashcard 76: Ondansetron can prolong the _____ interval and induce torsades

Answer: QT

Flashcard 77: _____ and arsenic are particularly mutagenic carcinogens found in cigarette smoke

Answer: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Flashcard 78: _____ is a competitive antagonist of glycine at the postsynaptic receptors in the motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord.

Answer: Strychnine

Flashcard 79: _____ -dose Aspirin and Diuretics decrease uric acid secretion

Answer: Low

Flashcard 80: Patients with opioid intoxication may experience _____cardia and hypotension

Answer: brady

Flashcard 81: What effect may NSAIDs have on K+ levels?_____

Answer: Increased (hyperkalemia

Flashcard 82: Amifostine scavenges _____ produced by cisplatin in the kidney

Answer: free radicals

Flashcard 83: Sirolimus is primarily used to treat _____ prophylaxis in patients who have received a kidney transplant

Answer: transplant rejection

Flashcard 84: Eteplirsen is a antisense drug used to treat _____ by allowing the generation of a partially functional dystrophin protein

Answer: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Flashcard 85: _____ of liposomal Doxorubcin can also result in Hand-Foot Syndrome

Answer: PEGylation

Flashcard 86: Pharmacologic treatment of night enuresis may include _____ (preferred) or imipramine

Answer: desmopressin

Flashcard 87: Vancomycin is a known cause of _____-philia and skin rash

Answer: eosino

Flashcard 88: _____ (OPIDN) is due to inhibition of the enzyme neuropathy target elastase

Answer: Organophosphate induced delayed neuropathy

Flashcard 89: NRTIs are associated with _____ toxicity and lactic acidosis

Answer: mitochondrial

Flashcard 90: Methemoglobinemia can be treated with _____ or vitamin C

Answer: methylene blue

Flashcard 91: _____ interstitial nephritis is typically seen with patients who've been taking NSAIDs for a long time

Answer: Chronic

Flashcard 92: Hypersensitivity reactions are common with Sulfa drug use; result in fever, hypotension, _____ and rash

Answer: urticaria

Flashcard 93: EDTA is a _____ used for heavy metal poisoning

Answer: chelator

Flashcard 94: Patients taking Ruxolitinib can experience _____, which is associated with herpesvirus family reactivation (specific family of viruses)

Answer: myelosuppression

Flashcard 95: Drugs that elongate QT interval must be avoided in Congenital Long QT Syndrome - ABCDEF+NA - anti-arrhythmics (Class _____ and 3); ArsenicB - anti-biotics (macrolides, fluoroquinolones)C - anti-"c"ychotics (haloperidol); chloroquineD - anti-depressants (TCAs); diuretics (thiazides)E - anti-emetics F - anti-fungals (fluconazole)N - -navir (protease inhibitors)

Answer: 1A

Flashcard 96: Intravenous _____ is an alternative to fomepizole in methanol toxicity.

Answer: ethanol

Flashcard 97: If a patient has to start antiepileptics during pregnancy then the first-line drugs are _____, lamotrigine, and clonazepam.

Answer: levetiracetam

Flashcard 98: The ototoxicity of aminoglycosides can cause either _____ or cochlear damage

Answer: vestibular

Flashcard 99: Pyrazinamide is _____-toxic, even leading to liver necrosis

Answer: hepato

Flashcard 100: Cocaine intoxication can cause agitation, _____ (BP), tachycardia (HR), and pupillary dilation

Answer: hypertension

Flashcard 101: _____ renal tubular acidosis may be caused by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, aminoglycosides, and lead

Answer: Proximal

Flashcard 102: A negative _____ test and two forms of contraception are required before isotretinoin (vitamin A) is prescribed

Answer: pregnancy

Flashcard 103: Prolonged use of the _____ drug has been implicated in subacute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON).

Answer: clioquinol

Flashcard 104: Side-effects of Dapsone include _____ and hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency

Answer: agranulocytosis

Flashcard 105: NSAIDs, such as _____, may be used to treat nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer: indomethacin

Flashcard 106: Acetazolamide may promote the formation of calcium _____ kidney stones OR struvite stones

Answer: phosphate

Flashcard 107: Aminoglycosides can lead to severe decreases in _____ serum concentration, which in prolonged use can eventually precipitate tetany

Answer: Mg2+

Flashcard 108: Chronic lithium toxicity causes neurologic symptoms, such as _____ and ataxia

Answer: tremor

Flashcard 109: Adverse effects of simeprevir include _____ and rash

Answer: photosensitivity

Flashcard 110: _____ are a group of penicillins that can cause the severe side-effect, Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Answer: Aminopenicillins

Flashcard 111: Adverse effects associated with sofosbuvir include _____ and nausea

Answer: fatigue

Flashcard 112: Ondansetron may cause _____ at the gut and headache/dizziness at the head as possible side effects

Answer: constipation

Flashcard 113: Zonisamide also has _____ inhibiting activity that may result in metabolic acidosis and formation of renal stones.

Answer: carbonic anhydrase

Flashcard 114: Neuro/Psych _____ is an anti-epileptic that rarely causes a fatal hepatotoxicity

Answer: Valproic acid

Flashcard 115: Toxic doses of _____, an antiarrhythmic drug, may cause cinchonism, which is a syndrome of tinnitus, headache, and dizziness

Answer: quinidine

Flashcard 116: First Aid Pharmacology: Endocrine_____ and Aplastic Anemia are rare hematological complications of propylthiouracil and methimazole use

Answer: Agranulocytosis

Flashcard 117: Linezolid is a weak _____ inhibitor, thus predisposing patients to serotonin syndrome

Answer: MAO

Flashcard 118: First Aid Pharmacology: Respiratory _____ is a decongestant that may be used illicitly to make methamphetamine

Answer: Pseudoephedrine

Flashcard 119: Statins may cause mild _____-toxicity, and thus mild elevations in liver function tests

Answer: hepato

Flashcard 120: Fosphenytoin like phenytoin requires continuous _____ monitoring during IV infusion due to the risk of arrhythmias.

Answer: ECG

Flashcard 121: SIADH may be caused by drugs, such as (Can't Concentrate Serum Sodium)- C_____- Cyclophosphamide- SSRI

Answer: arbamazepine

Flashcard 122: Penicillins can result in autoimmune _____, which results in apositive direct Coombs test due to IgG against penicillin binding to RBCs

Answer: hemolytic anemia

Flashcard 123: What adverse effects of opiates persist even after tolerance develops? _____ and constipation

Answer: Miosis

Flashcard 124: Bupropion may cause _____, especially in anorexic or bulimic patients

Answer: seizures

Flashcard 125: What is administered (2) with Cidofovir to reduce its nephrotoxicity?_____

Answer: IV saline

Flashcard 126: First Aid Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych_____ is a local anesthetic that is associated with methemoglobinemia as an adverse effect

Answer: Benzocaine

Flashcard 127: _____, anemia and thrombocytopenia are hematological complications of Ganciclovir.

Answer: Leukopenia (neutropenia)

Flashcard 128: _____ in OP poisoning is characterised by paralysis of neck muscles, muscles innervated by cranial nerves, proximal limb muscles and respiratory muscles

Answer: Intermediate syndrome

Flashcard 129: Exogenous corticosteroids can cause _____ and reactivation of TB as a result of IL-2 inhibition

Answer: candidiasis

Flashcard 130: Acyclovir can cause _____ and crystalline nephropathy (renal side effects)

Answer: interstitial nephritis

Flashcard 131: First Aid Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych_____ is a local anesthetic that is associated with severe cardiovascular toxicity

Answer: Bupivacaine

Flashcard 132: Amiodarone can cause pulmonary _____ with progression to restrictive lung disease

Answer: fibrosis

Flashcard 133: Long term use of Linezolid can result in _____ and peripheral neuropathy

Answer: optic

Flashcard 134: Probenecid _____ uric acid excretion, thus increasing the risk of uric acid kidney stones

Answer: increases

Flashcard 135: _____ damage symptoms predominate in ethylene glycol poisoning

Answer: Kidney

Flashcard 136: One rare side effect of _____ and denosumab is osteonecrosis of the jaw (rare)

Answer: bisphosphonates

Flashcard 137: NNRTIs can cause _____ failure, with resulting jaundice cutaneously

Answer: liver

Flashcard 138: The treatment for barbiturate overdose is mainly _____ treatment, but excretion can be enhanced with urinary alkalinization

Answer: supportive

Flashcard 139: Uncommon side-effects of acyclovir include _____, confusion, vertigo, and hallucinations

Answer: delirium

Flashcard 140: ACE inhibitors are contraindicated during _____ due to possible teratogenic effects

Answer: pregnancy

Flashcard 141: Benzodiazepines (e.g. midazolam) can cause severe post-operative respiratory _____ and hypo-tension

Answer: depression

Flashcard 142: _____ use is associated with dilutional hyponatremia.

Answer: Chlorpropamide

Flashcard 143: _____ diabetes insipidus may be caused by drugs such as lithium and demeclocycline

Answer: Nephrogenic

Flashcard 144: The inhaled anesthetic _____ is most commonly associated with hepatotoxicity as an adverse effect

Answer: halothane

Flashcard 145: Membranous nephropathy may occur secondary to drugs, such as _____ and penicillamine

Answer: NSAIDs

Flashcard 146: Sevelamer is used to treat _____ due to chronic kidney disease.

Answer: hyperphosphatemia

Flashcard 147: What is the treatment of Menke's disease?_____ and L-Histidine injections

Answer: Copper chloride

Flashcard 148: A common adverse effect associated with niacin is cutaneous _____ and warmth due to increased prostaglandin activity

Answer: flushing

Flashcard 149: The H2 receptor antagonist _____ has many anti-androgenic effects (e.g. gynecomastia, impotence, elevated prolactin levels)

Answer: cimetidine

Flashcard 150: Amiodarone may act as a hapten resulting in _____ skin discoloration with photodermatitis

Answer: gray-blue

Flashcard 151: Chronic _____ use leads to Peaked T wave and QT interval shortening (due to hyperkalemia), and ST depression with a 'scooped' appearance on EKG

Answer: digoxin

Flashcard 152: Use of Griseofulvin is contraindicated in _____ and/or breast-feeding women

Answer: pregnant

Flashcard 153: The inhaled anesthetic _____ can induce seizures and cause nephro-toxicity as adverse effects

Answer: enflurane

Flashcard 154: Children with _____ encephalopathy should receive combined chelation therapy with Dimercaprol  and calcium disodium edetate (CaNa2EDTA).

Answer: lead

Flashcard 155: Drugs that cause acute _____ may be remembered with the 5 'P's' Pee (diuretics) Pain-free (NSAIDs) Penicillins (and cephalosporins) Proton pump inhibitors RifamPin

Answer: interstitial nephritis

Flashcard 156: Niacin can cause elevated _____ function tests with severe hepato-toxicity

Answer: liver

Flashcard 157: Can the MMR vaccine be given to pregnant patients?_____

Answer: No! (live, attenuated

Flashcard 158: Absolute contraindications to OCPs include:- prior / family history of _____- history of an estrogen dependent tumor- women over 35 who smoke heavily

Answer: stroke

Flashcard 159: Glucocorticoids inhibit the proliferation of _____ thus impairing the process of wound healing

Answer: fibroblasts

Flashcard 160: Cocaine can cause nasal mucosal _____ or septal perforation due to vasoconstriction

Answer: atrophy

Flashcard 161: Chronic accumulation of _____ and pyrocatechol in carbolic acid poisoning leads to ochronosis

Answer: hydroquinone

Flashcard 162: _____ deficiency causes increased risk of thrombotic skin necrosis with hemorrhage after warfarin administration

Answer: Protein C and S

Flashcard 163: ACE inhibitors may precipitate _____ in bilateral renal artery stenosis, causing significantly increased serum creatinine

Answer: acute renal failure

Flashcard 164: Drugs with a low therapeutic index may be remembered with the mnemonic 'Warning! These Drugs are Lethal': W: _____ T: Theophylline D: Digoxin L: Lithium

Answer: Warfarin

Flashcard 165: _____ is a PPAR gamma agonist has been withdrawn from many countries including India due to increased cardiovascular mortality.

Answer: Rosiglitazone

Flashcard 166: Sulfasalazine is a combination of _____ (anti-inflammatory) and Sulfapyridine (anti-bacterial), and thus is contraindicated in patients with sulfa allergies

Answer: Mesalamine

Flashcard 167: Adverse effects of gabapentin include _____ and ataxia

Answer: sedation

Flashcard 168: Cholestatic DrugsPatients using Obeticholic Acid commonly experience _____, but incorrect dosing can lead to serious liver injury

Answer: itching

Flashcard 169: Nitroprusside is associated with _____ poisoning, which may present as - lactic acidosis- seizures- altered mental status

Answer: cyanide

Flashcard 170: _____-ANCAs are induced by several therapeutic agents, particularly propylthiouracil.

Answer: MPO/p

Flashcard 171: Which antibiotics (2) can prolong the QT interval?_____

Answer: Macrolides

Flashcard 172: Which NNRTIs (2) are teratogenic?_____

Answer: Delavirdine

Flashcard 173: In addition to typical opioid adverse effects, tramadol also may cause decreased _____ threshold and serotonin syndrome

Answer: seizure

Flashcard 174: Hydrolysis of fosphenytoin yields _____ which increases the risk of hyperphosphatemia in renal failure patients.

Answer: phosphate

Flashcard 175: Adverse effects of epoprostenol and iloprost include _____ and jaw pain

Answer: flushing

Flashcard 176: Niacin may cause _____ as an adverse effect, which can precipitate gout

Answer: hyperuricemia

Flashcard 177: Toxin requirements for Hemoperfusion:Low _____ Low endogenous clearance and bound by activated charcoal

Answer: Vd.

Flashcard 178: Cladribine use can result in _____-toxicity and neuro-toxicity

Answer: nephro

Flashcard 179: One adverse effect associated with digoxin is _____, which is an indicator of poor prognosis

Answer: hyperkalemia

Flashcard 180: Prednisolone is given at the daily dose of _____mg/kg (max 60mg) for 6 weeks followed by an alternate dose of 1.5mg/kg (max 40mg) for the next 6-8 weeks for minimal change disease

Answer: 2

Flashcard 181: _____ toxicities can be remembered by the mnemonic caNNOT:NephrotoxicityNeuromuscular blockadeOtotoxicityTeratogen (deafness in neonates)

Answer: Aminoglycosides

Flashcard 182: The dose of heparin has to be _____ in heparin resistance

Answer: increased

Flashcard 183: Chronic poisoning with _____ can lead to occasional extrasystoles and angina, also called as "tobacco heart"

Answer: tobacco

Flashcard 184: A patient is more likely to get addicted to which -opioid agonist?_____

Answer: Diphenoxylate

Flashcard 185: The botulinum toxin type _____ is associated with sudden death.

Answer: G

Flashcard 186: Activated charcoal is not effective in case of poisoning with _____, corrosives, cyanide, and alcohols.

Answer: heavy metals

Flashcard 187: Penicillins can result in type _____ hypersensitivity reactions, mediated by IgE causing anaphylaxis

Answer: I

Flashcard 188: _____, previously known as non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, is an uncommon complication associated with heroin overdose.

Answer: Opioid-induced acute lung injury

Flashcard 189: Bleomycin can cause pulmonary fibrosis due to upregulation of _____ and IL-18 in the lungs, inducing lung inflammation

Answer: IL-1B

Flashcard 190: In case of cyanide poisoning, there is _____ in the absence of hypoxemia (hypoxemia/hypoxia)

Answer: hypoxia

Flashcard 191: The science dealing with toxins produced by animals, plants and microbes is called _____.

Answer: Toxinology

Flashcard 192: _____ can be used to reduce ammonia levels in patients with urea cycle disorders.

Answer: Phenylbutyrate

Flashcard 193: Which protease inhibitor is NOT associated with dyslipidemia, fat redistribution, or metabolic syndrome?_____

Answer: Atazanavir

Flashcard 194: In hepatic impairment, CHF and hyperthyroidism effect of warfarin is _____

Answer: increased

Flashcard 195: _____ is the most clinically significant metalloid in clinical toxicology.

Answer: Arsenic

Flashcard 196: Category  _____: Strong evidence of safety based on human studies

Answer: A

Flashcard 197: Patients with sickle cell anemia should not receive pegylated filgrastim as it can trigger a _____.

Answer: sickle cell crisis

Flashcard 198: Which phase of clinical trials aims to show efficacy and dose ranging of the drug?_____

Answer: Phase II

Flashcard 199: Which aminoglycoside presents with both vestibulotoxicty and cochlear toxcity?_____

Answer: Tobramycin

Flashcard 200: Which muscle relaxants are safe to use in renal dysfunction?_____

Answer: Atracurium and cis-atracurium

Flashcard 201: Category _____: Shown risk to the human fetus

Answer: D

Flashcard 202: Fosphenytoin is contraindicated in patients with _____

Answer: sinus bradycardia, sino-atrial block, second and third-degree A-V block (heart conditions)

Flashcard 203: Phase _____ trials are usually considered as pivotal trials that are necessary for the approval of the majority of drugs.

Answer: III

Flashcard 204: Post-tocilizumab use, the levels of IL-6 in the serum _____

Answer: increase

Flashcard 205: Local anaesthetic-induced myotoxicity following intramuscular injection is maximum with _____

Answer: bupivacaine

Flashcard 206: _____ is acute psychotic symptoms seen after intramuscular administration of penicillin G, due to pseudoallergic/pseudoanaphylactic reaction

Answer: Hoigne Syndrome

Flashcard 207: Another name for yellow oleander is _____

Answer: Cerebra thetiva

Flashcard 208: What is the cause of death in Conium Maculatum?_____

Answer: Overstimulation of nicotinic receptors

Flashcard 209: What is the shape of DRC for toxicants that are also metabolic by-products?_____

Answer: Hockey stick shaped

Flashcard 210: The dose of the test drug in phase 0 studies usually do not exceed _____

Answer: 100mcg

Flashcard 211: Teriparatide increases the risk of _____

Answer: osteosarcoma

Flashcard 212: _____ is first line treatment for Gaucher disease

Answer: Eliglustat tartrate

Flashcard 213: Endrin is an organo_____ pesticide that causes neurotoxicity.

Answer: chloride

Flashcard 214: A _____ in dose of theophylline is required in cardiopulmonary disease

Answer: decrease

Flashcard 215: The treatment for Pompe disease is recombinant enzyme _____

Answer: alglucosidase alfa (Myozyme)

Flashcard 216: What is the side effect associated with Remdesivir?_____

Answer: elevated LFTs

Flashcard 217: The CC/CNS dose ratio for Lidocaine is _____

Answer: 7

Flashcard 218: _____magensemia increases the risk of digoxin toxicity

Answer: Hypo

Flashcard 219: Which phase of clinical trials involves an open label study?_____

Answer: Phase I (sometimes IV)

Flashcard 220: Which drug for COVID-19 acts by inhibiting TMPRSS2?_____

Answer: Camostat mesylate

Flashcard 221: Chloroquine has skeletal muscle relaxing property thereby aggravates symptoms of _____

Answer: myasthenia gravis

Flashcard 222: Injecting illicit drugs into the skin intradermally or subcutaneously to achieve slower absorption and to decreased risk of overdose is known as _____

Answer: skin popping

Flashcard 223: _____ is an anti-glaucoma drug that may result in CNS depression and apnoea in neonates.

Answer: Brimonidine

Flashcard 224: Intoxication of _____ shows a biphasic pattern

Answer: nicotine/tobacco

Flashcard 225: _____ is used in the treatment of hypercalcemia due to vitamin D toxicity

Answer: Dexamethasone

Flashcard 226: Do Carbamates cause Intermediate syndrome?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 227: Is miosis a universal finding in opioid intoxication?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 228: Protease inhibitor that is associated with intracranial bleeding is _____.

Answer: tipranavir

Flashcard 229: Which phase of clinical trials aims to confirm compliance and drug interactions of the drug?_____

Answer: Phase IV

Flashcard 230: Which teratogenic drug leads to VACTERAL defects ?_____

Answer: Statins

Flashcard 231: Which opioid analgesic is contraindicated in renal failure?_____

Answer: Meperidine

Flashcard 232: Which phase of clinical trials involves real world patients?_____

Answer: Phase IV

Flashcard 233: Which phase of clinical trials does not require Good clinical practice?_____

Answer: Preclinical phase

Flashcard 234: Isopropyl alcohol is _____ toxic than methyl alcohol

Answer: more (more/less)

Flashcard 235: Which antimalarial has a "black box" warning due to serious and permanent neuropsychiatric manifestations?_____

Answer: Mefloquine

Flashcard 236: _____ is associated with vestibular toxicity

Answer: Minocycline (Tetracycline)

Flashcard 237: A patient having a hypersensitivity reaction to phenytoin warrants _____

Answer: discontinuation of phenytoin

Flashcard 238: Propofol contains egg _____ and hence not necessarily contraindicated in patients with a history of egg allergy

Answer: lecithin

Flashcard 239: Does ageing occur in carbamate poisoning?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 240: Which local anesthetic causes maximum methemoglobinemia?_____

Answer: Prilocaine

Flashcard 241: Which drug can lead to formation of fibrin ring granulomas?_____

Answer: Allopurinol

Flashcard 242: Shellfish poisoning is due to the neurotoxin _____

Answer: Saxitoxin

Flashcard 243: Hyponatremia risk with oxcarbazepine is _____ when compared to carbamazepine

Answer: higher (higher/lower)

Flashcard 244: Which IV anesthetic is associated with hypertriglyceridemia and hence pancreatitis?_____

Answer: Propofol

Flashcard 245: What is the side effect associated with Umifenovir?_____

Answer: allergic rashes

Flashcard 246: Major side effect associated with Edaravone is _____

Answer: hypersensitivity

Flashcard 247: What is the cause of bronchospasm in opioid intoxication?_____

Answer: Histamine release

Flashcard 248: Which SERM is associated with a three-fold increased risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism?_____

Answer: Raloxifene

Flashcard 249: Absolute contraindications to combined oral contraceptive use: Congenital _____

Answer: hyperlipidemia

Flashcard 250: _____ are preferred to treat seizures in isoniazid overdose

Answer: Benzodiazepines

Flashcard 251: Adverse effects of pramipexole include cardiac and pleural _____

Answer: fibrosis

Flashcard 252: Immunosupressants for anterior uveitis are studied under a program called _____

Answer: LUMINATE

Flashcard 253: _____ reaction in tropical pulmonary eosinophilia occurs following DEC dose due to a severe allergic reaction (death of microfilariae)

Answer: Mazzotti

Flashcard 254: Does RBC cholinesterase levels in OP poisoning have any prognostic significance?_____

Answer: NO

Flashcard 255: Which teratogenic drug leads to autism spectrum disorder and coarctation of aorta?_____

Answer: Valproate

Flashcard 256: Multidose activated charcoal is used for _____ of a toxin.

Answer: enhanced elimination (mechanism of action)

Flashcard 257: Propofol has anti_____ properties, which may be useful in cholestasis

Answer: pruritic

Flashcard 258: Succimer is used for severe _____ organic mercury poisoning

Answer: acute (acute/chronic)

Flashcard 259: Which anti-psychotic drug is associated with exacerbation of psoriasis?_____

Answer: Lithium

Flashcard 260: Propofol infusion syndrome presents with acute refractory _____cardia and cardiomyopathy/heart failure

Answer: brady

Flashcard 261: Bisphosphonates are _____ to be administered with food to minimise esophageal irritation.

Answer: not recommended (recommended/not recommended)

Flashcard 262: Category _____: Varying and/or contradictory human and animal data

Answer: B

Flashcard 263: Which -vaptan is asssociated with injection site pain as an adverse effect?_____

Answer: Conivaptan

Flashcard 264: Lithium is considered toxic above a level of > _____ mEq/L.

Answer: 1.5

Flashcard 265: Amphetamine intoxication is treated by _____ of urine.

Answer: acidifcation

Flashcard 266: _____ dysfunction is one of the common adverse effects of albendazole

Answer: Liver

Flashcard 267: Which phase of clinical trials aims to show safety and tolerability of the drug?_____

Answer: Phase I

Flashcard 268: Adverse effects of Ezogabine include skin _____ and retinal damage

Answer: hyperpigmentation

Flashcard 269: Which other local anesthetic apart from Benzocaine is associated wth methemoglobinemia?_____

Answer: Prilocaine

Flashcard 270: _____ is a 15-methyl synthetic derivative of PGF2 alpha used as an abortifacient and in refractory PPH

Answer: Carboprost

Flashcard 271: What is the inhalational anesthetic of choice in patients with renal disease?_____

Answer: Desflurane

Flashcard 272: Which phase of clinical trials aims to confirm efficacy and long term/rare side effects of the drug?_____

Answer: Phase III

Flashcard 273: Cornea verticillate/vortex keratopathy is a whorl-like opacity in the corneal epithelium seen with _____

Answer: amiodarone (drug)

Flashcard 274: Which SERM use is associated with cataracts?_____

Answer: Tamoxifen (SERM)

Flashcard 275: _____ is a plant extract that is commonly used for hyperlipidemia but has very little/no evidence to support its use

Answer: Gugulipid

Flashcard 276: Which vitamin, when infused in supraphysiological doses, cause macular oedema and macular cysts? _____

Answer: Vitamin B3

Flashcard 277: Female patients should avoid getting pregnant for _____ after receiving acitretin treatment to prevent retinoid-induced embryopathy

Answer: 3 years

Flashcard 278: _____ toxicity causes secondary parkinsonism.

Answer: Manganese

Flashcard 279: _____ is considered the least toxic among other lead compounds

Answer: Lead sulphide

Flashcard 280: Which -vaptan is asssociated with dry mouth as an adverse effect?_____

Answer: Relcovaptan

Flashcard 281: Which local anesthetic is the safest?_____

Answer: Prilocaine

Flashcard 282: Which -vaptan is asssociated with hepatotoxicity as an adverse effect?_____

Answer: Tolvaptan

Flashcard 283: The most common cause of agranulocytosis is _____

Answer: drug toxicity

Flashcard 284: Is Naloxone useful in narcotic addicted mothers?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 285: _____ diluted with water is used to kill maggots in the nose

Answer: Chloroform

Flashcard 286: The most common hepatotoxin causing acute liver failure is _____

Answer: acetaminophen

Flashcard 287: _____ is a highly selective NK1 receptor antagonist with an exceptionally long plasma half-life

Answer: Rolapitant

Flashcard 288: Which teratogenic drug leads to cutis laxa syndrome?_____

Answer: Penicillamine

Flashcard 289: Which drug used for lepra reaction is associated with "drug-induced lipofuscinosis"?_____

Answer: Clofazimine

Flashcard 290: Which anti-hypertensive drug is associated with exacerbation of psoriasis?_____

Answer: ACEIs and ARBs

Flashcard 291: Curve C indicates which compound poisoning? _____

Answer: Carbon monoxide

Flashcard 292: The maximum dose of lignocaine given with adrenaline for infiltration anesthesia should not exceed _____mg/kg

Answer: 7

Flashcard 293: Cicuta maculate (water hemlock) is a _____

Answer: convulsant (mechanism of action)

Flashcard 294: Cardiotoxicity due to bupivacaine usually manifests as cardiovascular _____

Answer: depression

Flashcard 295: In nephrotic syndrome, the effect of Warfarin is _____

Answer: reduced

Flashcard 296: 2-naphthylamine is an _____directly acting carcinogen

Answer: in

Flashcard 297: _____ toxicity can cause bull s eye maculopathy.

Answer: Hydroxychloroquine

Flashcard 298: _____ has the highest risk for QT interval prolongation and torsades de pointes.

Answer: Moxifloxacin (Fluoroquinolone)

Flashcard 299: The most effective drug for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced and post-operative nausea and vomiting.?_____

Answer: Palonsetron

Flashcard 300: Which drug of abuse increases binding of thyroid hormone to TBG?_____

Answer: Heroin

Flashcard 301: Which phase of clinical trials involves patients with target disease?_____

Answer: Phase II and III

Flashcard 302: Which drug useful in gout increases the risk of MI and stroke?_____

Answer: Febuxostat

Flashcard 303: ACE inhibitors are a risk factor for type _____ renal tubular acidosis

Answer: 4

Flashcard 304: What is the most characteristic form of dose related toxicity due to phenytoin use?_____

Answer: Nystagmus

Flashcard 305: The CC/CNS dose ratio for Bupivacaine is _____

Answer: 3

Flashcard 306: QTc interval prolongation is observed with the use of _____.

Answer: rilpivirine (NNRTI)

Flashcard 307: Amiodarone causes _____ subcapsular cataract

Answer: anterior

Flashcard 308: What is the most effective anti-VEGF ligand indicated for diabetic macular edema?_____

Answer: Aflibercept

Flashcard 309: _____ is a non-FDA approved drug which speeds up the metabolism of alcohol and accelerates recovery

Answer: Metadoxine

Flashcard 310: _____ is contraindicated in cerebrovascular accidents

Answer: Prasugrel (P2Y12 inhibitor)

Flashcard 311: Intradural injections of which local anesthetics can cause paraplegia?_____

Answer: Chloroprocaine

Flashcard 312: Which antimalarials are associated with bull's eye maculopathy?_____

Answer: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine

Flashcard 313: Type _____ adverse drug reactions are based on the pharmacological properties of the drug

Answer: A (augmented)

Flashcard 314: In organophosphorus poisoning, clinical signs and symptoms are observed when pseudocholinesterase level falls below _____% of normal.

Answer: 50

Flashcard 315: What is the best treatment of delayed emesis associated with cancer chemotherapy?_____

Answer: NK-1 antagonist + 5HT3 antagonist + Corticosteroid

Flashcard 316: _____ is an approved intravenous drug for the treatment of methotrexate toxicity

Answer: Glucarpidase

Flashcard 317: Hippus is associated with _____ poisoning

Answer: aconite

Flashcard 318: Which antipsychotic has the most potential for crossing the placenta?_____

Answer: Olanzapine

Flashcard 319: Which vitamin can be used for prevention and treatment of lathyrism?_____

Answer: Vitamin C

Flashcard 320: The most characteristic congenital defect due to warfarin in APLA mothers is _____

Answer: chondrodysplasia punctata

Flashcard 321: Zoledronate use has been associated with _____toxicity.

Answer: nephro

Flashcard 322: Which muscle relaxant is preferred in a patient of liver and kidney disease?_____

Answer: Atracurium/cis-atracurium

Flashcard 323: What is the proposed mechanism of secondary hyperparathyroidism in lithium consumption?_____

Answer: Interference with parathyroid kinase C signal transduction pathway and Wnt pathway

Flashcard 324: CRAO can occur because of  _____ poisoning

Answer: cocaine

Flashcard 325: In some drugs related to rare diseases or oncology, phase _____ studies are considered as pivotal.

Answer: II

Flashcard 326: Shoulder-hand syndrome is associated with the use of _____.

Answer: Isoniazid

Flashcard 327: Which anti-malarial can deposit in the retina?_____

Answer: Chloroquine

Flashcard 328: Which component of quadruple regimen may cause blackening of stools and black hairy coated tongue?_____

Answer: Bismuth subcitrate

Flashcard 329: Cyclosporine induced cholestasis is due to _____ transporter.

Answer: MDR1

Flashcard 330: _____ is associated with dose-dependent and concentration-dependent orthostatic hypotension.

Answer: Maraviroc (Anti-retroviral)

Flashcard 331: Is the agranulocytosis due to clozapine dose dependent?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 332: What type of cataract is seen with most drugs?_____

Answer: Subcapsular

Flashcard 333: Why is physostigmine not recommended in management of TCA toxicity?_____

Answer: can aggravate cardiac depression and cause seizures

Flashcard 334: What is the side effect associated with Camostat mesylate?_____

Answer: abnormal LFTs

Flashcard 335: Category _____: Shown side effects in animal models, or where inadequate animal and human studies are available

Answer: C

Flashcard 336: Category _____: Strong risk of birth defects

Answer: X

Flashcard 337: Which prokinetic drug is associated with significant risk of QT prolongation?_____

Answer: Cisapride

Flashcard 338: _____ is the primary mutagenic metabolite that causes bladder cancer in patients exposed to cyclophosphamide

Answer: Phosphoramide mustard

Flashcard 339: Phase _____ studies are also called as micro-dosing studies

Answer: 0

Flashcard 340: Aldrin and Endrin are organo_____ compounds

Answer: chlorous

Flashcard 341: Which 5-HT3 antagonist is associated with QT prologation most minimally?_____

Answer: Palonsetron

Flashcard 342: Busulfan causes _____ subcapsular cataract

Answer: posterior

Flashcard 343: Which antidepressants are safest to give during pregnancy?_____

Answer: Desipramine

Flashcard 344: Which SSRI has the least risk of causing drug-discontinuation symptoms?_____

Answer: Fluoxetine

Flashcard 345: Most important side effect of Tocilizumab used for COVID-19 is _____

Answer: nephropathy

Flashcard 346: Which drug can lead to microvesicular steatosis?_____

Answer: Valproate

Flashcard 347: Nail hyperpigmentation is commonly encountered with the use of _____

Answer: zidovudine (antiretroviral drug)

Flashcard 348: Which teratogenic drug leads to cleft lip?_____

Answer: Topiramate

Flashcard 349: Adverse effects of ropinirole include nausea, drowsiness, and _____

Answer: hallucinations

Flashcard 350: Endemic ascitis can occur due to consumption of crotalaria/jhunjhunia which has the toxic compound _____ alkaloids

Answer: pyrrolizidine

Flashcard 351: Type _____ adverse drug reactions are based on the qualitatively abnormal responses to the drug.

Answer: B (bizzare)

Flashcard 352: Which inhalational anesthetic is avoided in the first trimester due to the possible teratogenic effects?_____

Answer: N2O

Flashcard 353: _____ is an organic thiophosphate that acts as a radioprotective agent

Answer: Amifostine

Flashcard 354: The maximum dose of bupivacaine given with adrenaline for infiltration anesthesia should not exceed _____mg/kg

Answer: 3

Flashcard 355: Should BAL be used for treatment of Minamata disease?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 356: _____ has been withdrawn from many countries due to its propensity to cause QTc prolongation

Answer: Sparfloxacin (Fluoroquinolone)

Flashcard 357: Abrupt withdrawal of levodopa or dopaminergic agonists may precipitate the _____

Answer: neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Flashcard 358: What is the treatment of choice for alkaptonuria?_____

Answer: Nitisinone

Flashcard 359: Rapid urine screening tests for _____ is a highly specific test used for cocaine overdose screening.

Answer: benzoylecgonine

Flashcard 360: Morphine use is contraindicated in _____ failure

Answer: renal

Flashcard 361: Propofol infusion syndrome presents with _____ leading to hyperkalemia

Answer: rhabdomyolysis

Flashcard 362: Which drug can lead to formation of Mallory-denk bodies?_____

Answer: Amiodarone

Flashcard 363: Bullous eruptions is one of the manifestations of _____ drug poisoning

Answer: barbiturate

Flashcard 364: ADH secretion is decreased in SIADH by _____.

Answer: phenytoin (anti-epileptic drug)

Flashcard 365: _____ is the most common cause of drug related hypercalcemia.

Answer: Lithium

Flashcard 366: _____ is avoided in post-chemotherapy patients as it can cause bone marrow suppression

Answer: Linezolid (Antibiotic)

Flashcard 367: What is the investigation of choice for diagnosing acute lithium toxicity?_____

Answer: Serum Lithium levels

Flashcard 368: _____ used as an antidote for arsenic poisoning blocks complex _____ of the electron transport chain.

Answer: BAL(British anti-lewisite); III

Flashcard 369: _____ enzyme activity is the most accurate indicator to assess potential Organophosphate toxicity.

Answer: RBC cholinesterase

Flashcard 370: _____ is recommended for reconstituting the BCG vaccine

Answer: Normal saline

Flashcard 371: _____ is a cardiotoxic drug that causes myocardial stunning and LV dysfunction, without myocyte damage

Answer: Trastuzumab

Flashcard 372: _____ has been FDA-approved for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica (NMO).

Answer: Eculizumab

Flashcard 373: The treatment of scurvy is the administration of vitamin C _____mg/day for _____ weeks.

Answer: 100-200; 12

Flashcard 374: _____ poisoning causes PCT damage with proteinuria and muscle pain.

Answer: Arsenic

Flashcard 375: Sugammadex is the antidote for non depolarising muscle relaxants except _____

Answer: Mivacurium

Flashcard 376: _____ solutions are preferred over _____ for KCL administration for management of hypokalemia

Answer: Saline; Dextrose

Flashcard 377: _____ is OHA which causes lactic acidosis in impaired renal function

Answer: Metformin

Flashcard 378: _____ and doxazosin are drugs used in BPH that promote prostatic apoptosis

Answer: Terazosin

Flashcard 379: Metformin is _____ excreted and is contraindicated in patients with _____ failure.

Answer: renally; renal

Flashcard 380: _____ test is a widely used biological assay to assess the mutagenic potential of chemical compounds.

Answer: Ames

Flashcard 381: Positive Coombs test is seen in 20% of pregnant women who receive _____.

Answer: methyldopa

Flashcard 382: Anaphylactoid reactions are _____ IgE mediated.

Answer: not

Flashcard 383: Excess of _____ causes alkali disease in livestock.

Answer: selenium

Flashcard 384: _____ of the urine is useful in the management of amphetamine toxicity.

Answer: Acidification::Acidification/Alkalinisation

Flashcard 385: _____ would be preferred to reduce the risk of contrast nephropathy

Answer: Iohexol:: Contrast agent

Flashcard 386: Nicotine _____ offer the highest level of nicotine among the various forms of nicotine replacement therapy.

Answer: lozenges

Flashcard 387: Raloxifene _____ the incidence of venous thrombosis

Answer: increases

Flashcard 388: _____ used as an antidote for arsenic poisoning blocks complex _____ of the electron transport chain.

Answer: BAL(British anti-lewisite); III

Flashcard 389: Livedo reticularis is a side effect of _____

Answer: amantadine

Flashcard 390: Drug of choice in paracetamol overdose:

Answer: N-acetylcysteine

Flashcard 391: Drug of choice for poisoning with Amanita muscaria

Answer: Atropine

Flashcard 392: Drug of choice in intractable hiccups is:

Answer: Metoclopramide

Flashcard 393: The drug of choice for mushroom poisoning is _______.

Answer: activated charcoal

Flashcard 394: Drug of choice in Acute central anticholinergic syndrome is -

Answer: Physostigmine

Flashcard 395: Drug of choice for malignant neuroleptic syndrome:

Answer: Dantrolene

Flashcard 396: Drug of choice for Epilepsy in pregnancy is -

Answer: Lamotrigine

Flashcard 397: Drug of choice for Hypercalcemia of malignancy is

Answer: Bisphosphonates

Flashcard 398: Drug of choice for ventricular premature beats(VPB) with digitalis toxicity is

Answer: Lidocaine

Flashcard 399: Drug of choice in Theophylline poisoning?

Answer: Activated Charcoal

Flashcard 400: Drug of choice for diarrhea in HIV is

Answer: Loperamide

Flashcard 401: A patient with theophylline poisoning developed hypotension. Drug of choice in theophylline poisoning with hypotension is:

Answer: Vasopressors (e.g., norepinephrine)

Flashcard 402: The drug of choice for migraine in pregnancy is _______

Answer: Paracetamol

Flashcard 403: Drug of choice for myoclonic epilepsy in pregnancy is :

Answer: Levetiracetam

Flashcard 404: Drug of choice for ventricular premature beats (VPC) due to digitalis toxicity is:

Answer: Digoxin-specific antibody fragments (Digibind)