Molecular Pathology Indian Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Molecular Pathology with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Molecular Pathology Flashcard Deck - 111 Cards
Flashcard 1: _____ is due to an activating mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene
Answer: Achondroplasia
Flashcard 2: _____ syndrome is most commonly characterized by a 45,XO karyotype
Answer: Turner
Flashcard 3: _____ syndrome is caused by a defect in fibrillin, a glycoprotein that forms a sheath around elastin
Answer: Marfan
Flashcard 4: Mutations that cause _____ of the HER2 receptor can precipitate development of certain Breast* and Gastric* Cancers by amplifying the signal transduction
Answer: overexpression
Flashcard 5: _____ disease is due to a deletion of the VHL gene on chromosome 3p, leading unregulated activity of HIF1a
Answer: Von Hippel-Lindau
Flashcard 6: _____ syndrome is most commonly characterized by a 47,XXY karyotype
Answer: Klinefelter
Flashcard 7: Over 85% of mutations in the FGFR3 gene occur _____ and are related to increased paternal age
Answer: sporadically
Flashcard 8: Germline loss-of-function mutations of the _____ gene cause Gorlin syndrome.
Answer: PTCH1
Flashcard 9: Robertsonian translocation leading to Down's syndrome will involve the fusion of long arms of chromosomes _____ and 21
Answer: 14
Flashcard 10: _____ are characterized by a 47,XYY karyotype
Answer: Double Y males
Flashcard 11: _____ syndrome is a disease from abnormal biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles with impaired melanosome maturation and absent dense bodies in thrombocytes.
Answer: Hermansky Pudlak
Flashcard 12: In _____, 23 distinct fluorescent colours are made by mixing 5 fluorophores and each chromosome is identified by a unique colour.
Answer: Multicolour FISH
Flashcard 13: Pendred syndrome is caused by a mutation in the gene _____ on chromosome 7, which codes for pendrin
Answer: SLC26A4
Flashcard 14: Missense mutations in protein _____, a subunit of a muscle calcium channel, are the most common cause of hypokalemic periodic paralysis
Answer: CACNA1S
Flashcard 15: _____ is chromosomal rearrangement between non-homologous chromosomes
Answer: Reciprocal translocation
Flashcard 16: _____ is due to CTG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the DMPK gene
Answer: Myotonic dystrophy (type 1)
Flashcard 17: _____ is due to defect in the CNBP gene
Answer: Myotonic dystrophy (type 2)
Flashcard 18: Silencing of the _____ tumor suppressor gene is seen in cases of chondrosarcoma tumor with IDH1 or IDH2 mutations
Answer: CDKN2A
Flashcard 19: _____ syndrome is associated with a WT1 gene mutation
Answer: Denys-Drash
Flashcard 20: _____ is a process in which metaphase chromosomes are stained, ordered, and numbered according to morphology, size, arm-length ratio, and banding pattern
Answer: Karyotyping
Flashcard 21: In Philadelphia chromosome, the reciprocal translocation is t(9;22)(q_____;q11)
Answer: 34
Flashcard 22: _____ syndrome is associated with a WT1 gene deletion on chromosome 11p13
Answer: WAGR
Flashcard 23: _____ syndrome is caused by a congenital microdeletion of chromosome 5p (short arm)
Answer: Cri-du-chat
Flashcard 24: Gain of functions in the BRAF oncogene result in _____, non-hodgkins lymphoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma and hairy cell leukemia
Answer: melanoma
Flashcard 25: The t(_____;18) translocation results in overexpression of Bcl2, resulting in inhibition of apoptosis
Answer: 14
Flashcard 26: _____ syndrome is associated with a WT2 gene mutation
Answer: Beckwith-Wiedemann
Flashcard 27: Chronic exposure to Aflatoxins may cause cancer by causing a _____ --> T:A transversion in codon 249 of the TP53 gene
Answer: G:C
Flashcard 28: _____ is a tyrosine kinase gene that undergoes a point mutation to form GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor)
Answer: c-kit
Flashcard 29: Null mutations in _____ gene, encoding a regulatory subunit of a cAMP dependent protein kinase, results in the Carney complex
Answer: PRKAR1A
Flashcard 30: The _____ instability pathway of colorectal cancer is characterized by mutations or methylation of mismatch repair genes
Answer: microsatellite
Flashcard 31: Mutations in MYCL1 can cause _____ Carcinoma due to a resultant amplification of the transcription factors activity (nuclear regulator)
Answer: Small Cell Lung
Flashcard 32: _____ disorders are most commonly associated with polymorphisms in the PTPN22 gene
Answer: Autoimmune
Flashcard 33: Hirschsprung disease is associated with _____ mutations in the RET gene
Answer: inactivating
Flashcard 34: What point mutations in the HFE gene are typically seen with primary hemochromatosis? _____ (more common) and H63D
Answer: C282Y
Flashcard 35: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the ABL oncogene?_____
Answer: t(9
Flashcard 36: What translocation is most commonly associated with infantile leukemia?_____
Answer: t(4
Flashcard 37: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the cyclin D1 oncogene?_____
Answer: t(11
Flashcard 38: Mutations in MYCN (MIC-2) can cause _____ due to a resultant amplification of the transcription factors activity (nuclear regulator)
Answer: Neuroblastoma
Flashcard 39: _____ is a protein from high-risk HPV that binds to p53.
Answer: E6
Flashcard 40: _____ syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by immotile cilia due to a dynein arm defect
Answer: Kartagener
Flashcard 41: What is the mechanism that results in malignancy from the c-MYC oncogene?_____
Answer: t(8
Flashcard 42: _____ syndrome is due to an inherited defect in DNA mismatch repair enzymes, resulting in microsatellite instability
Answer: Lynch
Flashcard 43: _____ is an inherited point mutation in the prothrombin gene that results in increased gene expression
Answer: Prothrombin 20210A
Flashcard 44: _____ is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a negative regulator of the -catenin/WNT pathway
Answer: APC
Flashcard 45: Copy-number gains in the _____ proto-oncogene on chromosome 2p are particularly common in Hodgkin's lymphoma
Answer: REL
Flashcard 46: A translocation of _____ from chromosome 8 to 14 results in overexpression and ultimately Burkitt lymphoma
Answer: c-MYC
Flashcard 47: The RET _____ encodes for the RET receptor tyrosine kinase, which is involved in embryological developmentThis is a growth factor receptor found commonly in MEN 2A, 2B and medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Answer: proto-oncogene
Flashcard 48: _____ syndrome is caused by a congenital microdeletion of chromosome 7q (long arm)
Answer: Williams
Flashcard 49: How can a Robertsonian translocation cause chromosomal imbalance in offspring? _____
Answer: A gamete with the mutated chromosome is passed on (e.g. gamete with t(14
Flashcard 50: 4% of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma have an _____ of chromosome 2 that creates an fusion gene between EML4 and ALK
Answer: inversion
Flashcard 51: A translocation of _____ from chromosome 9 to 22 results in overexpression and ultimately CML, some forms of ALL
Answer: BCR-ABL
Flashcard 52: _____ of the lung is associated with activating mutations in the KRAS, EGFR, and ALK genes
Answer: Adenocarcinoma
Flashcard 53: A ring chromosome is denoted by the symbol _____ in human genetics.
Answer: r
Flashcard 54: Alagille syndrome is associated with mutations in _____ gene in 10% of patients
Answer: NOTCH2
Flashcard 55: What is the mode of inheritence of facioscapulohumeral dystrophy?_____
Answer: Autosomal dominant
Flashcard 56: What is the mode of inheritence of piebaldism?_____
Answer: Autosomal dominant
Flashcard 57: What is the mode of inheritence of gyrate atrophy?_____
Answer: Autosomal recessive
Flashcard 58: In Array based Comparative Genomic Hybridization, if the contribution from both genomes is equal, then all spots on the array will flouresce _____.
Answer: yellow
Flashcard 59: In a small fraction (normal cytogenetic studies targeted evaluation of DiGeorge locus genes, such as _____, may be indicated
Answer: TBX1
Flashcard 60: What is the mode of inheritence of Elhers-Danlos syndrome?_____
Answer: All 3
Flashcard 61: In Array based Comparative Genomic Hybridization, if the test sample has amplification, then some spots on the array will flouresce _____.
Answer: red
Flashcard 62: Oncotype dx, mammaprint, endopredict and PAM50- Prosigna are all prognostic panels based on _____ in breast cancers
Answer: gene expression
Flashcard 63: CLC1 expression is _____ in myotonic dystrophy
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 64: The size of m-BCR ABL (Minor BCR) protein in t(9;22) associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is _____ kDa.
Answer: 190
Flashcard 65: What is the mode of inheritence of Naxos syndrome?_____
Answer: Autosomal dominant
Flashcard 66: _____ positivity (translocation) is seen in Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of lung
Answer: ALK
Flashcard 67: _____ is a molecular test in breast cancer that is a 70-gene assay
Answer: Mammaprint
Flashcard 68: What is the inheritence pattern of Best's disease?_____
Answer: Autosomal dominant
Flashcard 69: Best method for detection of mutation with low allele frequency is _____ PCR
Answer: Droplet digital
Flashcard 70: Gain-of-function mutations in _____ gene has been linked with Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris (PRP)
Answer: CARD14
Flashcard 71: HER2-_____ cancers are most common subtype of breast cancer in patients with germline mutations in TP53 (Li Fraumeni syndrome)
Answer: positive
Flashcard 72: The only Hep. B viral gene product that is consistently present in the tumor cells arising from chronic Hep. B infections is the _____.
Answer: X protein
Flashcard 73: _____ is a molecular test in breast cancer that is a 21-gene assay
Answer: Oncotype Dx
Flashcard 74: miR-_____ is overexpressed in many human B-cell lymphomas
Answer: 155
Flashcard 75: Loss-of-function mutations in _____ have been specifically associated with bicuspid aortic valve in certain families
Answer: NOTCH1
Flashcard 76: What gene inactivation is associated with anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid?_____
Answer: p53
Flashcard 77: In Array based Comparative Genomic Hybridization, if the test sample has deletion, then some spots on the array will flouresce _____
Answer: green
Flashcard 78: The number of _____ bodies is one lesser than the number of X chromosomes.
Answer: Barr
Flashcard 79: Muir-Torre syndrome is associated with mutations in DNA _____ repair genes
Answer: mismatch
Flashcard 80: What is the mode of diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?_____
Answer: PCR
Flashcard 81: Translocation in Philadelphia chromosome is best studied by using _____
Answer: SKY
Flashcard 82: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and Hypereosinophilia syndrome are due to mutations in the _____ gene
Answer: PDGFR
Flashcard 83: Mutations of the _____ gene in 97% of adult granulosa cell tumors
Answer: FOXL2
Flashcard 84: Activating mutation in _____ is responsible for bladder carcinoma.
Answer: HRAS
Flashcard 85: miR-_____ has been shown to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transitions important in invasiveness and metastasis
Answer: 200
Flashcard 86: Which chromosome mutations are associated with bladder cancer?_____
Answer: 9p and 9q
Flashcard 87: Best's disease is caused by a mutation on a _____ gene.
Answer: bestophin (VMD2)
Flashcard 88: What is the common mutation seen in sporadic breast carcinoma?_____
Answer: PIK3CA
Flashcard 89: The presence of _____ mutation is associated with poor prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Answer: NOTCH
Flashcard 90: FISH should be performed in all cases of breast tumors with immunohistochemistry (IHC) score of _____+
Answer: 2
Flashcard 91: Carney- Stratakis syndrome occurs because of loss of _____ gene function and presents as GIST and familial paraganglioma
Answer: SDH
Flashcard 92: _____ pattern of staining represents antibodies to RNA
Answer: Nucleolar
Flashcard 93: The size of M-BCR ABL (Major BCR) protein in t(9;22) associated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is _____ kDa.
Answer: 210
Flashcard 94: Point mutation of _____ protein is seen in uveal melanoma.
Answer: GNAQ
Flashcard 95: Which subtype under molecular classification of breast cancer has the best prognosis?_____
Answer: Luminal A
Flashcard 96: Activating mutations of the _____oncogene are observed in rare pituitary carcinomas
Answer: h-RAS
Flashcard 97: A _____ score is calculated using the molecular tests for breast cancer, ranging from 0-100
Answer: recurrence
Flashcard 98: The banding technique used for dicentric chromosomes is _____ banding.
Answer: C
Flashcard 99: Which molecular test for breast cancer can be used for both ER/PR positive and hormone-receptor negative cancers?_____
Answer: Mammaprint
Flashcard 100: Abnormal tissue expression of the tumor-suppressor gene _____ is seen in the pterygium tissue
Answer: p53
Flashcard 101: Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma frequently contains fusions of the _____ gene to either the PAX3 or the PAX7 gene
Answer: FOXO1
Flashcard 102: Which gene is usually mutated in Her2 enriched subtype of breast cancer?_____
Answer: p53
Flashcard 103: What is the first cancer to be directly associated with genetic abnormality?_____
Answer: Retinoblastoma
Flashcard 104: Gain-of-function mutation in _____ is responsible for bladder carcinoma.
Answer: FGFR3
Flashcard 105: Mutations in _____ signalling pathway is associated with Basal cell carcinoma
Answer: hedgehog
Flashcard 106: Translocations involving cyclin D1 or D3, hyperdiploidy, t(11;14), t(6;14) in multiple myeloma is associated with a _____ prognosis
Answer: good
Flashcard 107: _____ is the most commonly mutated gene in sporadic breast carcinomas
Answer: TP53
Flashcard 108: _____ is the most commonly used chromogen in immunohistochemistry.
Answer: Diaminobenzidine
Flashcard 109: _____ of function mutations in RET proto-oncogene occurs in MEN 2A syndrome.
Answer: Gain
Flashcard 110: FISH may be carried out in Metaphase or _____phase of the cell cycle.
Answer: Inter
Flashcard 111: In G banding of chromosomes, _____ stain is used
Answer: Giemsa
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