Neuroanatomy Indian Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Neuroanatomy with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Neuroanatomy Flashcard Deck - 182 Cards
Flashcard 1: ID Tract: _____
Answer: Spinothalamic tract
Flashcard 2: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Spinothalamic tract
Flashcard 3: ID Tract: _____
Answer: Spinocerebellar tract
Flashcard 4: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Spinothalamic tract
Flashcard 5: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Fovea
- Small depression in the macula, which is the central point of the retina
Flashcard 6: ID Tract: _____
Answer: Lissauer's tract
Flashcard 7: Course of the facial nerve: No answer _____
Answer: :)
Flashcard 8: ID Tract: _____
Answer: Lateral corticospinal tract
Flashcard 9: ID Tract: _____
Answer: Spinocerebellar tract
Flashcard 10: ID Cranial Nerve: _____
Answer: CN V (Trigeminal)
Flashcard 11: ID Cranial Nerve: _____
Answer: CN X (Vagus)
Flashcard 12: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Spinothalamic tract
Flashcard 13: What infarcted artery is associated with this spinal cord lesion?
_____
Answer: Complete occlusion of anterior spinal artery
Flashcard 14: ID Spinal Cord Section: _____
Answer: Sacral
Flashcard 15: ID Spinal Cord Section: _____
Answer: Thoracic
Flashcard 16: The Horizontal gaze pathway: No answer _____
Answer: :)
Flashcard 17: ID Spinal Cord Section: _____
Answer: Lumbar
Flashcard 18: ID Structure: _____
Answer: Medial lemniscus
Flashcard 19: _____ and SVA columns of cranial nerve nuclei recieve afferent fibres from the tongue
Answer: GVA
Flashcard 20: _____ cord: formed by anterior division of the lower trunk of brachial plexus
Answer: Medial
Flashcard 21: The first neuron involved in mydriasis projects from the _____ to the ciliospinal center of Budge (C8 - T2)
Answer: hypothalamus
Flashcard 22: Lesions to CN _____ result in ptosis and a "down and out" gaze
Answer: III (oculomotor)
Flashcard 23: The phrenic is a mixed nerve derived mostly from the _____ ramus and also receives contributions from the C3 and C5 ventral rami
Answer: C4
Flashcard 24: The _____ component of CN III is located peripherally (centrally or peripherally)
Answer: parasympathetic
Flashcard 25: Scala vestibule & tympani are part of the _____ labyrinth and are filled with perilymph.
Answer: bony
Flashcard 26: _____ visceral afferent fibres of the facial nerve carry taste from anterior 2/3rd tongue
Answer: Special
Flashcard 27: The _____ fields send axons that decussate and synapse on neurons of the contralateral paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
Answer: frontal eye
Flashcard 28: CN _____ provides parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands for salivation bonus: which branch?
Answer: VII (facial)
Flashcard 29: Lesions to CN _____ result in deviation of the jaw toward the side of the lesion
Answer: V3 (trigeminal)
Flashcard 30: The subarachnoid space ends at the _____ border of the S2 vertebra.
Answer: lower
Flashcard 31: _____ is the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament.
Answer: Membrana tectoria
Flashcard 32: _____ nucleus of vagus contains neurons from the GVE column and it sends parasympathetic fibers to the glands and smooth muscles in the pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera.
Answer: Dorsal
Flashcard 33: _____ nerve which is a branch of tibial nerve innervates the lateral border of the foot
Answer: Sural
Flashcard 34: The _____ nerve (L2-L3 (nerve roots)) provides sensory innervation to the anterior and lateral thigh and motor innervation to the none.
Answer: lateral femoral cutaneous
Flashcard 35: The _____ nerve (L2-L4 (nerve roots)) provides:- sensory innervation to the distal medial thigh - motor innervation to the thigh adductor muscles
Answer: Obturator
Flashcard 36: Layers of the cerebellum:Granular layer: The axon from the granule cells travels to the _____ layer and bifurcates in a T-shape, and are called parellel fibres
Answer: molecular
Flashcard 37: Secretomotor pathway of the submandibular ganglion:Preganglionic fibres to the _____ ganglion arise from the superior salivatory nucleus.
Answer: submandibular
Flashcard 38: The _____ nerve (L1-L2) provides:- sensory innervation to the scrotum/labia majora and upper anterior thigh - motor innervation to the cremaster
Answer: genitofemoral
Flashcard 39: The fasciculus _____ carries input from the spinal level T7 and below
Answer: gracilis
Flashcard 40: The _____ refers to the proximal part of the axon, that lies just beyond the axon-hillock.
Answer: initial segment
Flashcard 41: _____ nerve arises from the second and the third cervical spinal nerves.
Answer: Great auricular
Flashcard 42: Course of 3rd Nerve:2: Passes to the _____ cranial fossa along the lateral dural wall of the cavernous sinus and divides into superior and inferior in its anterior part
Answer: middle
Flashcard 43: Parasympathetic pathway of the parotid gland:After passing through the _____ foramen, the tympanic nerve reaches the tympanic plexus and onwards to the lesser petrosal nerve
Answer: jugular
Flashcard 44: The _____ fibers are axons of the second-order neurons from nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus.
Answer: internal arcuate
Flashcard 45: Lesions to CN _____ result in weakness turning the head to the contra-lateral side of the lesion
Answer: XI (accessory)
Flashcard 46: _____ Somatic Efferent innervates the extrinsic ocular muscles and muscles of the tongue.
Answer: General
Flashcard 47: The sympathetic fibers of the superior cervical ganglion travel in the _____ artery and cavernous sinus en route to the orbit
Answer: internal carotid
Flashcard 48: The _____ branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) is called Jacobson's nerve.
Answer: tympanic
Flashcard 49: Post-ganglionic sympathetic and Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons supplying the GI tract synapse in the _____ or submucosal plexuses
Answer: myenteric
Flashcard 50: The _____ nerve (L1) carries sensation from the skin of medial upper thigh, root of the penis, and upper part of the scrotum / mons pubis + labia major
Answer: ilioinguinal
Flashcard 51: The bony cochlea is a coiled tube making _____ turns round a central pyramid of bone called modiolus.
Answer: 2.5 to 2.75
Flashcard 52: The intrinsic ocular muscle supplied by sympathetic innervation is the _____ and the muller's muscle
Answer: dilator pupillae
Flashcard 53: The ansa cervicalis arises from _____-C3 nerve roots
Answer: C1
Flashcard 54: Fornix arises from the _____ and ends in the mammillary body of the hypothalamus.
Answer: hippocampus
Flashcard 55: The upper part of the ovarian plexus is formed from branches of the _____ and aortic plexuses
Answer: renal
Flashcard 56: Ophthalmic nerve divides into _____, Frontal and Nasociliary nerve
Answer: Lacrimal
Flashcard 57: The _____ nervous system is responsible for emission of semen via the Hypogastric nerve (T11-L2) nerve
Answer: sympathetic
Flashcard 58: _____ motor neuron lesions of the facial nerve result in contra-lateral paralysis of the lower muscles of facial expression
Answer: Upper
Flashcard 59: The GI tract directly communicates with the nucleus tractus solitarius via the _____ nerve (CN X)
Answer: vagus
Flashcard 60: Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate more _____ structures are located medially
Answer: proximal
Flashcard 61: The artery of _____ supplies the lower two-thirds of the spinal cord.
Answer: Adamkiewicz
Flashcard 62: _____ genu of the facial nerve gives off the first branch of the facial nerve and houses the geniculate ganglion
Answer: 1st
Flashcard 63: _____ pupillae is supplied by the sympathetic fibers of the cervical ganglion.
Answer: Dilator
Flashcard 64: The axons of the _____ganglionic neurons are unmyelinated return to the spinal nerve through the grey rami communicantes.
Answer: post
Flashcard 65: Relations of otic ganglion:Superiorly - _____Laterally - Mandibular nerveMedially - Tensor veli palatiniPosteriorly - Middle meningeal artery
Answer: Foramen ovale
Flashcard 66: Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate _____ are located more dorsally
Answer: flexors
Flashcard 67: Injury to the _____ nerve presents as:1. loss of forearm flexion and forearm supination (action)2. loss of sensation over lateral forearm (sensation)
Answer: musculocutanous (C5-7)
Flashcard 68: Facial nerve course is horizontal in the _____ wall, vertical in the posterior wall
Answer: medial
Flashcard 69: _____ are glial cells that provide physical support and repair for the nervous system
Answer: Astrocytes
Flashcard 70: _____ are responsible for myelinating axons of neurons in the central nervous system
Answer: Oligodendrocytes
Flashcard 71: Branches of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus: LMLL_____ (C5-C7)Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)Lateral root of median nerve (C5-C7)
Answer: ateral pectoral nerve
Flashcard 72: The ventral horn of the spinal cord contains both _____ and gamma motor neurons, which make muscles contract and regulate muscle spindle sensitivity, respectively
Answer: alpha
Flashcard 73: The fasciculus _____ is the lateral (medial or lateral) dorsal column
Answer: cuneatus
Flashcard 74: The 2nd genu of the facial nerve contains the _____ ganglion and gives off no branches
Answer: no
Flashcard 75: Nasociliary nerve divides into _____ and Infra-trochlear nerve
Answer: Long ciliary
Flashcard 76: The _____ is a pair of tracts that allows for crosstalk between CN VI and CN III nuclei
Answer: medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
Flashcard 77: Layers of the cerebellum:_____ layer: Granule cells receives excitatory input from the mossy fibers
Answer: Granular
Flashcard 78: The _____-order neuron of the spinothalamic tract ascends contra-laterally in the spinal cord
Answer: 2nd
Flashcard 79: Right _____ and left SO are yoke muscle pairs for dextrodepression
Answer: IR
Flashcard 80: Foramen of the skull:The _____ nerve, formed from the sympathetic plexus on the ICA carries the postganglionic sympathetic fibres from the superior cervical ganglion
Answer: deep petrosal
Flashcard 81: Optic disc consists of non-neuronal area called _____ and neuroretinal rim occupied by nerve fibers.
Answer: cup
Flashcard 82: Obturator nerve is divided into anterior and posterior divisions by _____ in the upper part and adductor brevis in the lower part
Answer: obturator externus
Flashcard 83: The _____ reflex tests nerve roots L2 and L3
Answer: cremasteric
Flashcard 84: Parasympathetic neurons have _____ pre-ganglionic and short post-ganglionic neurons
Answer: long
Flashcard 85: CN _____, X, and XI exit the skull through the jugular foramen
Answer: IX
Flashcard 86: _____ visceral efferent fibres of the facial nerve carry secretomotor fibres to lacrimal and submandibular glands
Answer: General
Flashcard 87: All descending tracts of the spinal cord decussate except _____ and vestibulospinal tracts
Answer: reticulospinal
Flashcard 88: If there is a small ventral horn, the spinal cord level is between _____ - C4 or T2 - L1
Answer: C1
Flashcard 89: _____ somatic afferent fibres of the facial nerve carry general sensations from pinna, EAC, and TM.
Answer: General
Flashcard 90: Branches of Mandibular nerve:Nervous spinosus gives sensory supply to the _____ of middle cranial fossa
Answer: dura
Flashcard 91: The facial nerve can be classified into 3 parts according to its course from the pontomedullary junction: _____, Intratemporal and Extratemporal
Answer: Intracranial
Flashcard 92: Right _____ and left SR are yoke muscle pairs for levoelevation
Answer: IO
Flashcard 93: The cranial nerve nuclei that exit _____ are motor CNs (motor, sensory, or mixed)
Answer: medially
Flashcard 94: All ascending tracts of the spinal cord decussate except _____ and rostral spinocerebellar tracts
Answer: dorsal
Flashcard 95: One component of the basal ganglia is the _____, which is located in the rostral midbrain
Answer: substantia nigra
Flashcard 96: Layers of the cerebellum:_____ layer - It is the outermost layer contains stellate cells and basket cells, dendrites of Purkinje cells.
Answer: Molecular
Flashcard 97: _____ cord: Formed by anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks of brachial plexus
Answer: Lateral
Flashcard 98: If there is a large ventral horn, the spinal cord level is between _____ - T1 or L2 - S2
Answer: C5
Flashcard 99: The _____-order neuron of the spinothalamic tract decussates at the anterior white commissure
Answer: 2nd
Flashcard 100: Within the ventral horn, alpha and gamma motoneurons that innervate more _____ structures are located laterally
Answer: distal
Flashcard 101: The 1st-order neuron of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract synapses with a(n) _____-lateral nucleus cuneatus or nucleus gracilis
Answer: ipsi
Flashcard 102: The axons of _____ganglionic sympathetic neurons enter the sympathetic trunk in white rami communicantes.
Answer: pre
Flashcard 103: _____ are responsible for myelinating axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system
Answer: Schwann cells
Flashcard 104: The neurites of the neurons constitute the _____ and the axon.
Answer: dendrites
Flashcard 105: If a lateral horn is absent, the spinal cord is between _____ - C8 or L3 - S5
Answer: C1
Flashcard 106: The _____ region of the spinal cord supplied by the anterior spinal artery territory is a watershed area, as the artery of Adamkiewicz anatamoses with the ASA to supply T9 to the Conus Medullaris
Answer: mid-thoracic (T3-T8)
Flashcard 107: Most (80-90%) of the corticospinal tract fibers decussate just below the _____ at the pyramidal decussation
Answer: caudal medulla
Flashcard 108: The fasciculus _____ carries input from the spinal level T6 and above
Answer: cuneatus
Flashcard 109: The _____ segment of facial nerve runs above the oval window (stapes) and below the horizontal/lateral semicircular canal.
Answer: horizontal
Flashcard 110: _____ to a site of CNS or PNS axon injury there is anterograde (Wallerian) degeneration
Answer: Distal
Flashcard 111: Neuroblastoma originates from _____ cells and can occur anywhere along the sympathetic chain
Answer: neural crest
Flashcard 112: _____ are the predominant type of glial cell in white matter
Answer: Oligodendrocytes
Flashcard 113: Contents of superior orbital fissure: Within the common tendinous ring: BAN (Intermediate compartment)_____Abducens nerveNasociliary nerve
Answer: Both divisions of oculomotor nerve
Flashcard 114: Pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons from _____ - L2 can bypass the sympathetic chain and synapse in prevertebral (pre-aortic) ganglia (splanchnic nerves)
Answer: T5
Flashcard 115: The nerve to _____, branch of 3rd cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the ciliary ganglion.
Answer: inferior oblique
Flashcard 116: Layers _____ of the LGB receive the projections of the axons from the nasal retina of the contralateral eye (crossed fibres)
Answer: 1, 4 and 6
Flashcard 117: _____ visceral efferent column contains neurons innervating muscles developed from the pharyngeal arches: Motor nucleus of V nerve: innervating muscles of masticationMotor nucleus of VII nerve: innervating muscles of facial expressionNucleus ambiguus ( IX, X, XI): innervating stylopharyngeus, pharyngeal, external laryngeal and oesophageal striated muscles
Answer: Special
Flashcard 118: Rules of 4: There are four _____ structures that start with 'M'1. Motor pathway (corticospinal tract)2. Medial lemniscus 3. Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) 4. Motor nuclei/nerves (CN III, IV, VI, XII)
Answer: midline
Flashcard 119: The fasciculus _____ is the medial (medial or lateral) dorsal column
Answer: gracilis
Flashcard 120: The cell bodies of the _____ganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in the lateral horn in the spinal grey matter.
Answer: pre
Flashcard 121: The _____ branch of the great auricular nerve supplies the facial skin over the parotid gland and joins the facial nerve in the gland.
Answer: anterior
Flashcard 122: Foramen of the skull:The _____ nerve, a branch of facial nerve carries the preganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the pterygopalatine ganglion
Answer: greater petrosal
Flashcard 123: The neurons present in the lamina _____ of the grey matter in spinal segments S2, S3, and S4 constitute the Onuf's nucleus which helps contract the external urethral sphincter.
Answer: IX
Flashcard 124: The nerve of _____ is the sensory part of the facial nerve.
Answer: Wrisberg
Flashcard 125: The axons of _____ ganglionic sympathetic neurons are lightly myelinated and leave the cord in the ventral nerve roots to form spinal nerves
Answer: pre
Flashcard 126: _____ visceral efferent fibres of the facial nerve carry motor fibres to muscles of facial expression
Answer: Special
Flashcard 127: The 1st-order neuron of the spinothalamic tract synapses with an _____-lateral cell body in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
Answer: ipsi
Flashcard 128: Syringomyelia results in damage to the _____ tract 2nd-order neurons crossing in the anterior white commissure
Answer: spinothalamic
Flashcard 129: The _____ reflex tests nerve roots S3 and S4
Answer: anal wink
Flashcard 130: The axons of preganglionic sympathetic neurons synapse with the postganglionic sympathetic neurons in the _____
Answer: sympathetic ganglia.
Flashcard 131: Sympathetic trunks on either side of the vertebral columns are connected to the spinal nerves by white and grey _____
Answer: rami communicantes
Flashcard 132: There are _____ pairs of spinal nerves.
Answer: 31
Flashcard 133: Konio cells contain _____ protein
Answer: calbindin
Flashcard 134: _____ cord: Formed by all 3 posterior divisions
Answer: Posterior
Flashcard 135: What are the parts of the membranous labyrinth?_____
Answer: Cochlear duct/ scala media, Utricle & saccule, Semicircular ducts and Endolymphatic duct & sac (4)
Flashcard 136: Magno and Parvo cells contain _____ protein
Answer: parvalbumin
Flashcard 137: The ampullated end of each semicircular duct contains a thickened ridge of neuroepithelium called _____.
Answer: crista ampullaris
Flashcard 138: Is there any cytoplasmic continuity between pre and post synaptic neurons in chemical synapse?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 139: In a cochlear implant, the electrode array are placed in the scala _____ of the inner ear
Answer: tympani
Flashcard 140: Which branch of the facial nerve carries secretomotor fibres to lacrimal gland and the glands of nasal mucosa and palate?_____
Answer: Greater superficial petrosal nerve
Flashcard 141: Endolymphatic duct is a continuation of _____
Answer: utriculo-saccular duct
Flashcard 142: Endolymph is absorbed via the _____
Answer: endolymphatic sac
Flashcard 143: Which nucleus of the Vth nerve supplies the muscles of mastication, the tensor tympani, the tensor veli palitini and the mylohyoid and the anterior belly of digastric muscle?_____
Answer: Motor nucleus
Flashcard 144: Axons from the _____ are the fourth-order neurons in the visual pathway.
Answer: lateral geniculate body
Flashcard 145: Reflex cough due to stimulation of _____ which supplies part of the EAC may sometimes occur during examination of the ear.
Answer: auricular branch of vagus (nerve)
Flashcard 146: The efferent preganglionic sympathetic fibres to the ovary are derived from the _____
Answer: T10-T11
Flashcard 147: Intra_____ part is the longest part of the optic nerve.
Answer: orbital
Flashcard 148: Sympathetic supply to the nose comes from _____ segments of spinal cord
Answer: upper 2 thoracic
Flashcard 149: The cervical plexus is made up of the anterior rami of which spinal nerves?_____
Answer: C1-C4
Flashcard 150: K1, K4, and K6 receive _____lateral retinal inputs
Answer: contra
Flashcard 151: In a typical chemical synaptic cleft, the extracellular distance between the presynaptic plasma membrane and the postsynaptic plasma membrane is approximately _____nm.
Answer: 20-40
Flashcard 152: Course of 3rd Nerve:3: Enters the _____ orbital fissure through the common tendinous ring
Answer: superior
Flashcard 153: Major relay of the second order neuron of the _____-spinothalamic pain pathway is thalamus
Answer: neo
Flashcard 154: The gene for rhodopsin is located at _____
Answer: 3q22.1 (specific)
Flashcard 155: Hyperacusis in facial nerve palsy is due to paralysis of _____ muscle
Answer: stapedius
Flashcard 156: _____ is the nerve root for the sensory supply of the medial aspect of the forearm.*remember all the nerve root sensory supplies of the upper arm (HIGH YIELD)
Answer: T1
Flashcard 157: Which muscles are innervated by the superior divison of the oculomotor nerve?_____
Answer: Superior rectus and LPS (2)
Flashcard 158: Which nerve supplies the tragus, crus of helix and adjacent part of helix of the ear?_____
Answer: Auriculotemporal nerve
Flashcard 159: Which lobe of cerebellum is responsible for maintenance of equilibrium and eye movements?_____
Answer: Flocculonodular lobe
Flashcard 160: Cochlear duct is also known as scala _____
Answer: media
Flashcard 161: _____ nerve is the first branch of Facial nerve.
Answer: Greater superficial petrosal
Flashcard 162: Which nerve supplies the upper part of medial surface of the ear?_____
Answer: Lesser occipital nerve
Flashcard 163: General Somatic Afferent: Cranial Nerves _____
Answer: 5,7,9,10
Flashcard 164: Posterior semicircular canal lies in the _____ axis
Answer: Y
Flashcard 165: Which artery supplies the facial nerve in the geniculate ganglion region?_____
Answer: Superficial petrosal branch of Middle meningeal artery
Flashcard 166: The _____ nerve supplies the roof of the nasal cavity and is sometimes anesthetized during endonasal surgery
Answer: anterior ethmoidal
Flashcard 167: The pre-cortical input to the thalamus includes fibres from all sensory systems except?_____
Answer: Olfactory system
Flashcard 168: Parasympathetic pathway of the parotid gland:_____ nerve carries the secretomotor fibres to the parotid gland from the otic ganglion
Answer: Auriculotemporal
Flashcard 169: What is the largest branch of the vertebral artery?_____
Answer: PICA
Flashcard 170: Tympanic plexus is formed by:_____
Answer: Tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve and Superior and Inferior caroticotympanic nerve (3)
Flashcard 171: Motor innervation is exclusively carried by _____ division of the trigeminal nerve
Answer: mandibular
Flashcard 172: Shortest and narrowest segment of facial nerve is _____ segment
Answer: labyrinthine
Flashcard 173: _____ nerve: is the largest ascending branch of cervical plexus
Answer: Great auricular
Flashcard 174: Both Magnocellular and Parvocellular pathway end at the layer _____ of the visual cortex
Answer: 4
Flashcard 175: Which area of retina has highest concentration of rods?_____
Answer: Mid-periphery
Flashcard 176: Special Somatic Afferent: Cranial Nerves _____
Answer: 8 and 2
Flashcard 177: Rod cells in neurosyphilis are made from _____ cells of the CNS
Answer: microglial
Flashcard 178: The brainstem center for the vertical gaze is in _____ in midbrain, above oculomotor nuclei.
Answer: rostral interstitial nucleus of Cajal
Flashcard 179: The cornea, ciliary body and the iris is supplied by the _____ nerve
Answer: Long ciliary
Flashcard 180: The longest nerve in the body is?_____
Answer: Saphenous nerve
Flashcard 181: The _____ nerve is the thickest cranial nerve.
Answer: trigeminal
Flashcard 182: The iris is richly supplied by sensory nerve fibers derived from the _____ nerve.
Answer: trigeminal
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