UPSC-CMS 2023 - Pathology PYQs Practice Questions

Q: The following statements regarding small bowel tuberculosis are correct except

The strictures are common in the ulcerative type. ***The strictures are common in the ulcerative type*** - While both ulcerative and hyperplastic types of small bowel tuberculosis can lead to complications, **strictures are more characteristic of the hyperplastic type**. - In the **hyperplastic form**, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and granuloma formation cause wall thickening and luminal narrowing, resulting in strictures. *There are two types : ulcerative and hyperplastic* - This statement is correct. Small bowel tuberculosis is broadly classified into **ulcerative** and **hyperplastic** forms, with mixed types also occurring. - The type is often determined by the interplay between the virulence of the organism and the host's immune response. *In the ulcerative type, the bowel serosa is studded with tubercles* - This statement is correct. The **ulcerative type** is often associated with the **spread of infection to the serosa**, leading to the formation of visible **tubercles**. - This indicates more extensive disease and possible peritoneal involvement. *The ulcerative type occurs when the virulence of the organism is greater than the host defence* - This statement is correct. The **ulcerative form** is often observed when the **organism's virulence is high** and/or the host's **immune response is weak**, leading to destructive lesions. - This imbalance results in caseating necrosis and ulceration of the bowel wall. [Practice more Pathology PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: The genetic inheritance of Haemophilia is

Sex-linked recessive. ***Sex-linked recessive*** - Hemophilia, specifically hemophilia A and B, is inherited in an **X-linked recessive** pattern. - Males, having only one X chromosome, are predominantly affected, as a single copy of the mutated gene on the X chromosome leads to the condition. *Autosomal recessive* - Autosomal recessive disorders require **two copies** of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to manifest, and affect males and females equally. - This inheritance pattern does not explain the male predominance and carrier status in females seen in hemophilia. *Autosomal dominant* - Autosomal dominant disorders require only **one copy** of the mutated gene to cause the disease, and also affect males and females equally. - This pattern would mean an affected parent has a 50% chance of passing the condition to each child, which is not characteristic of hemophilia. *Sex-linked dominant* - Sex-linked dominant disorders would affect both males and females, with affected fathers passing the trait to **all their daughters** but none of their sons. - This pattern is not consistent with the inheritance of hemophilia, where affected mothers can pass it to their sons. [Practice more Pathology PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: The ratio for Type-I to Type-III collagen during maturation of collagen in remodelling phase is :

2 : 1. **2 : 1** - During the maturation of **collagen in the remodeling phase**, Type-I collagen replaces Type-III collagen to provide greater tensile strength. - The mature scar tissue predominantly consists of **Type-I collagen**, with a typical Type-I to Type-III ratio around 2:1. *1 : 1* - A 1:1 ratio of Type-I to Type-III collagen is more characteristic of **early granulation tissue formation** rather than the mature remodeling phase. - In the initial stages of wound healing, there is a relatively high proportion of **Type-III collagen** for rapid closure and scaffolding. *4 : 1* - While the ratio does shift towards Type-I collagen, a 4:1 ratio of Type-I to Type-III collagen would imply an **even greater dominance of Type-I**, which is higher than the commonly accepted ratio for mature scar tissue. - This ratio is not typically observed in the normal remodeling process and might indicate a **hypertrophic scar** or keloid, if Type 1 is greatly increased as comparison to Type 3 *3 : 1* - A 3:1 ratio of Type-I to Type-III collagen represents a significant increase in Type-I collagen, but it is **not the most accurately recognized ratio** for mature collagen remodeling. - While the ratio moves in this direction, 3:1 is a less precise representation compared to the more commonly cited 2:1 for mature scar tissue. [Practice more Pathology PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: The term "Gompertzian curve" is related to which one of the following ?

Tumour. ***Correct Option: Tumour*** - The **Gompertzian curve** describes the growth pattern of tumors, characterized by an initial exponential growth phase followed by a deceleration of growth as the tumor size increases - This deceleration occurs due to limiting factors like **nutrient supply, oxygen availability, and accumulation of waste products** - This model is widely used in **oncology** to understand tumor kinetics, predict responses to treatment, and explain why smaller tumors respond better to chemotherapy than larger ones - The concept is fundamental in understanding **tumor doubling time** and **fractional cell kill hypothesis** in cancer therapy *Incorrect Option: Intestinal obstruction* - **Intestinal obstruction** refers to a mechanical or functional blockage in the intestine - Its clinical course is acute and does not follow a growth curve model - The progression is determined by the degree and location of obstruction, not by cellular proliferation kinetics *Incorrect Option: Gallstone* - A **gallstone** is a hardened deposit of digestive fluid that forms in the gallbladder - Gallstone formation involves bile supersaturation and precipitation of cholesterol or bilirubin, not cellular growth - Its development does not follow the Gompertzian pattern of exponential growth followed by plateau *Incorrect Option: Hernia* - A **hernia** occurs when an organ or tissue protrudes through a weakness in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue - Hernia development is a **structural/anatomical defect**, not a process involving cellular proliferation - It does not involve growth kinetics and is unrelated to the Gompertzian curve concept [Practice more Pathology PYQs on OnCourse]

Question 1

The following statements regarding small bowel tuberculosis are correct except

Accepted Answer

The strictures are common in the ulcerative type

Answer

There are two types : ulcerative and hyperplastic

Answer

In the ulcerative type, the bowel serosa is studded with tubercles

Answer

The ulcerative type occurs when the virulence of the organism is greater than the host defence

Question 2

The histological grade best correlates with the prognosis in which one of the following malignancies?

Accepted Answer

Soft tissue sarcoma

Answer

Melanoma

Answer

Colonic adenocarcinoma

Answer

Prostate cancer

Question 3

The genetic inheritance of Haemophilia is

Accepted Answer

Sex-linked recessive

Answer

Autosomal recessive

Answer

Autosomal dominant

Answer

Sex-linked dominant

Question 4

The ratio for Type-I to Type-III collagen during maturation of collagen in remodelling phase is :

Accepted Answer

2 : 1

Answer

1 : 1

Answer

4 : 1

Answer

3 : 1

Question 5

The term "Gompertzian curve" is related to which one of the following ?

Accepted Answer

Tumour

Answer

Intestinal obstruction

Answer

Gallstone

Answer

Hernia

Question 6

Which of the following statements are correct with regard to Familial Adenomatous Polyposis ?

1. It is associated with mutation of APC gene located on the long arm of chromosome 5.
2. It is inherited as an autosomal recessive condition.
3. It is associated with 100% lifetime risk for development of Colorectal carcinoma.
4. Congenital hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium is present in half of the cases of familial adenomatous polyposis.

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

Accepted Answer

1, 3 and 4

Answer

1, 2 and 3

Answer

2, 3 and 4

Answer

1, 2 and 4

Question 7

Masaoka staging is used for staging:

Accepted Answer

Thymoma

Answer

Germ cell tumours

Answer

Neurogenic tumours

Answer

Lymphoma

Question 8

Ischemia-Reperfusion syndrome is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Hypoxia and activation of inflammation

Answer

Thrombo embolic angiopathy

Answer

Build up of bicarbonate and Na+ ions

Answer

Acute mesenteric thrombosis

Question 9

'Schiller-Duval body' is a characteristic histological feature of which one of the following cancers?

Accepted Answer

Endodermal sinus tumour

Answer

Non-gestational ovarian choriocarcinoma

Answer

Dysgerminoma

Answer

Sex cord stromal tumours

Question 10

Which among the following has two general phases - first, simple pneumoconiosis and a second phase characterized by progressive massive fibrosis (PMF)?

Accepted Answer

Anthracosis

Answer

Bagassosis

Answer

Byssinosis

Answer

Siderosis

UPSC-CMS 2023 — Pathology