NEET-PG 2025 Practice Questions

Q: In the "De facto" method of census data collection, information is collected based on which of the following?

Location at the time of enumeration. ***Location at the time of enumeration*** - The **De facto** method (or Present-in-Area method) counts people based on where they are physically present at the specific time of the census enumeration, irrespective of their usual residence. - This method is simple, avoids double counting among travelers, but may miss people who were away from their usual residence and were not enumerated elsewhere (e.g., homeless or temporary workers). *Place of birth* - Place of birth is a demographic characteristic collected during the census to understand migration patterns, but it is not the principle used for physical counting and location. - Data based on place of birth is used to analyze demographic factors like **lifetime migration** and does not determine inclusion in the count itself. *Usual place of residence* - This approach is known as the **De jure** method (or Permanent Residence method), which counts individuals based on their usual or legal place of residence. - The **De jure method** is often preferred for calculating essential demographic statistics like birth rates and death rates, as it provides a stable population base. *Place of employment* - The place of employment is an economic characteristic used to determine the **working population** and economic activity, not the method used for the population count itself. - This information helps in planning for infrastructure and labor force needs but is secondary to the primary counting methodology.

Q: During a Health Mela organized by a medical college, the Nalgonda technique for water purification was demonstrated. Which two chemicals are used in this technique?

Alum and Lime. ***Alum and Lime*** - The **Nalgonda technique** is a simple and cost-effective method for defluoridation of water, primarily using **alum** (aluminum sulfate) and **lime** (calcium hydroxide). - The process involves mixing water with these chemicals, quick mixing, slow stirring, sedimentation, and filtration, resulting in the removal of **fluorides** through precipitation and adsorption. *Alum and Gypsum* - **Gypsum** (calcium sulfate) is not a primary component of the standard Nalgonda technique for defluoridation. - While calcium compounds are involved (lime), gypsum is more commonly encountered in soil stabilization or as a source of calcium/sulfur. *Alum and Charcoal* - While **activated charcoal** is used in water purification for removing organic contaminants, taste, and odor, it is not a required material in the specific **Nalgonda defluoridation process**. - The Nalgonda method relies on the precipitation of **aluminum hydroxyfluoride** complex using alum and lime. *Charcoal and Lime* - **Charcoal** is not the specified adsorbent agent used in this technique; its main function is flavor and odor removal, not binding fluoride effectively in this process. - The technique requires the coagulant properties of **alum** (aluminum salt) to facilitate the precipitation reaction with fluoride ions.

Q: A 20-year-old resident of Andhra Pradesh presents with outward bending of the lower limbs and signs of osteoporosis. His diet mainly consists of rice and jowar roti. What should not be done in the management of this patient?

Fluoride supplementation. ***Fluoride supplementation*** - The clinical presentation (outward bending of lower limbs, osteoporosis) in an endemic area like Andhra Pradesh strongly suggests **Skeletal Fluorosis**, likely from high fluoride levels in drinking water. - **Fluoride supplementation** would exacerbate the condition by increasing the total fluoride body burden, leading to worsening of the bone deformities and pain. *Provision of running surface water for drinking* - This is a recommended management step as **surface water** typically has much lower concentrations of **fluoride** compared to deep borehole water, thereby reducing intake. - This action directly targets the removal of the primary source of excess fluoride ingestion. *Change the water source* - This is a key public health measure to reduce fluoride exposure by replacing the current high-fluoride source with a source known to have safe levels (less than 1.5 ppm, ideally less than 1.0 ppm). - Reducing the long-term consumption of high-fluoride water is essential to halt the progression of **skeletal fluorosis**. *Add lime and alum to drinking water* - Adding **lime (calcium oxide)** and **alum (aluminum sulfate)** is a recognized defluoridation technique (especially the Nalgonda technique). - This method effectively precipitates and removes excess **fluoride** from the water, making it a viable public health intervention.

Q: A study is conducted to compare the mean hemoglobin (Hb) levels between two independent groups. Which statistical test is most appropriate?

Unpaired t-test. ***Unpaired t-test*** - This test is specifically used to compare the **means** of a continuous outcome variable (like hemoglobin level) between **two independent, unrelated groups**. - It is based on the assumption that the data is normally distributed and variances are equal (though modifications exist if variances are unequal, known as Welch's t-test). *Paired t-test* - The paired t-test is used when the data comes from **dependent** or **related groups**, such as measuring the same individuals before and after an intervention (pre-post study). - Since the question specifies two **independent** groups, this test is incorrect. *Chi-square test* - This test is used to analyze the association or difference between **two or more categorical variables** (e.g., comparing proportions or frequencies in nominal data). - It is unsuitable for comparing the **mean** of a **continuous variable** like Hb levels. *ANOVA* - Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is used to compare the **means** of a continuous variable among **three or more independent groups**. - Since the study involves only **two groups**, the unpaired t-test is the simpler and more conventional choice, although ANOVA yields the same result when reduced to two groups.

Q: A 3-year-old child presents with difficulty in walking, bowing of legs, is underweight, and has minimal sun exposure. Which of the following government schemes addresses nutritional deficiencies in children under 6 years of age?

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS). ***Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)*** - ICDS is a comprehensive scheme launched in 1975 to address nutritional and health needs of children **under 6 years** and pregnant/lactating women - Provides a package of services including **supplementary nutrition, health check-ups, immunization, and non-formal preschool education** - Directly addresses nutritional status of children in this age group through Anganwadi centers - The clinical scenario (rickets with malnutrition) represents the target population for ICDS interventions *Mid-Day Meal Scheme* - Targets children in **primary and upper primary schools (age 6-14 years)**, not children under 6 - Main objectives are to enhance enrollment, retention, and school attendance while improving nutrition - Does not cover the 3-year-old child in the scenario *Anemia Mukt Bharat* - Specific strategy focused on controlling and eliminating **iron deficiency anemia** across different population groups - Not a comprehensive scheme for all nutritional deficiencies in children under 6 - Utilizes targeted interventions like iron and folic acid supplementation (WIFS programs) *National Nutritional Deficiency Control Programme* - This is a descriptive term, not an official single program name - India has various disease-specific control programs (e.g., National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Programme), but no overarching program with this exact name - ICDS remains the primary umbrella scheme for nutritional deficiencies in children under 6

Q: Under the Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) scheme, what is the composition of IFA tablets given to children aged 10-19 years?

60 mg elemental iron + 500 µg folic acid. ***Correct: 60 mg elemental iron + 500 µg folic acid*** - This tablet composition is specifically designated for the **Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS)** program, targeting schoolchildren and adolescents (10-19 years). - The tablets provided for this age group are characteristically **blue** in color. - Given **once weekly** as prophylactic supplementation to prevent anemia in this vulnerable age group. *Incorrect: 60 mg elemental iron + 100 µg folic acid* - This composition (often a pink tablet) is typically used for the treatment of **anemia in children** aged 6 months to 5 years under the National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI). - The dose of **folic acid (100 µg)** is insufficient for the adolescent WIFS scheme. *Incorrect: 100 mg elemental iron + 500 µg folic acid* - This is the standard dose of IFA recommended for routine supplementation in **pregnant women** starting from the second trimester. - The **red tablet** contains both higher elemental iron (**100 mg**) and appropriate folic acid (500 µg) for pregnancy needs. - The iron content is significantly higher than the **60 mg** prescribed for weekly adolescent prophylaxis. *Incorrect: 100 mg elemental iron + 100 µg folic acid* - This particular combination does not align with the standardized dosage protocols under the NIPI/WIFS guidelines. - Neither the iron content (**100 mg** - too high) nor the folic acid content (**100 µg** - too low) matches the adolescent WIFS requirements.

Q: A patient is brought to the emergency department with acute onset of severe abdominal pain, throat irritation followed by vomiting that contains blood and bile, and diarrhea that initially appears bloody but later becomes colorless, odorless, and rice-water-like. On examination, a distinct garlicky odor is noted in the breath. Which of the following is the most likely agent responsible for the poisoning?

Arsenic. ***Arsenic*** - The combination of **acute severe gastroenteritis** (bloody, then "rice-water" diarrhea) and a distinct **garlicky odor** on the breath is pathognomonic for **acute arsenic poisoning**. - Arsenic is a potent cytotoxin causing widespread capillary damage, leading to severe fluid loss and shock, mimicking cholera. *Phosphorus* - **Phosphorus poisoning** typically presents with a **garlicky odor** (similar to arsenic) and severe gastroenteritis, but the characteristic diarrhea is often described as **smoky or luminous** in the dark, not the rice-water stools seen here. - The main toxicity is hepatotoxicity, leading to acute liver failure (jaundice, coagulation defects) in the second phase after an asymptomatic period. *Aluminium phosphide* - Poisoning from **aluminium phosphide** (often used as a rodenticide/fumigant, marketed as 'Celphos') produces a distinctive, strong odor of **phosphine gas**, usually described as **'rotten fish' or 'carbide'**, not garlicky. - Its main effect is **myocardial toxicity** and refractory hypotension. *Croton seeds* - **Croton seed poisoning** is characterized by intense localized irritation of the GI tract due to the toxin **crotin**, leading to severe **vomiting and purging** (diarrhea). - This poisoning **does not produce a garlicky odor** or the characteristic **rice-water stools** described in this presentation.

Q: During autopsy, a body shows curved scratch marks below the right angle of the mandible, three grouped bruises on the left side of the neck below the thyroid cartilage, and additional bruises over the head, posterior shoulder, backside of the trunk, and hip crests. Fracture of the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage present. What is the most likely cause of death?

Throttling. ***Throttling*** * Throttling, or manual strangulation, is characterized by the use of hands, leading to specific injury patterns. * The presence of **curved scratch marks (fingernail marks)**, **grouped bruises (thumb/finger pressure)** on the neck, and injuries (bruises) to the head and trunk (suggesting struggle/assault) are classic findings. * Fracture of the **superior horn of the thyroid cartilage** is a common Laryngeal fracture seen in throttling. *Garroting* * Garroting specifically refers to strangulation using a **tourniquet** or a constricting device that is tightened around the neck, often causing horizontal neck injury and less commonly laryngeal fractures. * It rarely involves the typical grouped finger/thumb bruises or curved scratch marks associated with manual strangulation. *Ligature strangulation* * This involves using a cord or tie (ligature) to constrict the neck, resulting in a distinct **ligature mark** (horizontal or oblique furrow) on the neck. * It does not typically produce the pattern of discrete **grouped bruises** corresponding to finger/thumb placement seen in throttling. *Mugging* * Mugging is an act (robbery with assault) and not a direct cause of death mechanism like throttling or strangulation. * The injuries described (**scratch marks, grouped bruises, cartilage fracture**) point specifically toward a mechanical asphyxia event sustained from manual force applied to the neck.

Q: What is the Zasko phenomenon?

Tendon reflex occurring after death. ***Tendon reflex occurring after death*** - The Zasko phenomenon refers to the finding where deep **tendon reflexes**, such as the patellar reflex, can be elicited for a short period (usually up to 1-2 hours) **after somatic death**. - This reflex is considered an **early post-mortem phenomenon** indicating residual excitability of the muscle and nervous system components. *Seeping of blood through wounds around the time of death* - This finding is related to **bleeding** or **haemorrhage** that occurred either immediately before or around the time of death, sometimes termed perimortem. - It is generally assessed to determine if the trauma occurred during life (**vital reaction**) or after death, and is not a neurological reflex. *Clotting of blood after death* - This refers to the formation of post-mortem clots within the blood vessels, resulting in the characteristic **current jelly** and **chicken fat** clots. - It is a widespread physiological change distinct from the specific local reflex defined by the Zasko phenomenon. *Gaping of wound along skin tension lines* - This phenomenon describes the tendency of wounds to gape when they run **perpendicular** to the **Langer's lines** (skin tension lines). - It is used in forensic pathology to assess the nature and direction of incised wounds, independent of post-mortem reflexes.

Q: The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act covers which of the following groups?

All children below 18 years. ***All children below 18 years*** - The POCSO Act, 2012, defines a **child** as any person below the age of **18 years**, regardless of gender. - The primary goal of the Act is to protect all children from various forms of **sexual abuse** and **exploitation**. *Girls below 18 years* - This option is partially correct but **incomplete**, as the Act explicitly covers both male and female children below 18. - Defining the scope by gender would violate the fundamental principle of **gender neutrality** in the Act. *Girls below 16 years* - This definition is incorrect as it excludes girls between 16 and 18 years, who are legally considered **minors** under the Act. - The Act's definition of a child is uniformly set at **18 years**, not 16. *All children below 16 years* - This is an incorrect definition as it excludes all children (both boys and girls) between the ages of 16 and 18. - Setting the age limit at 16 years would contradict the definition of a minor used in the Act, which aligns with the **UN Convention on the Rights of the Child** (age 18).

Question 1

In the "De facto" method of census data collection, information is collected based on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Location at the time of enumeration

Answer

Place of birth

Answer

Usual place of residence

Answer

Place of employment

Question 2

During a Health Mela organized by a medical college, the Nalgonda technique for water purification was demonstrated. Which two chemicals are used in this technique?

Accepted Answer

Alum and Lime

Answer

Alum and Gypsum

Answer

Alum and Charcoal

Answer

Charcoal and Lime

Question 3

A 20-year-old resident of Andhra Pradesh presents with outward bending of the lower limbs and signs of osteoporosis. His diet mainly consists of rice and jowar roti. What should not be done in the management of this patient?

Accepted Answer

Fluoride supplementation

Answer

Provision of running surface water for drinking

Answer

Change the water source

Answer

Add lime and alum to drinking water

Question 4

A study is conducted to compare the mean hemoglobin (Hb) levels between two independent groups. Which statistical test is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Unpaired t-test

Answer

Paired t-test

Answer

Chi-square test

Answer

ANOVA

Question 5

A 3-year-old child presents with difficulty in walking, bowing of legs, is underweight, and has minimal sun exposure. Which of the following government schemes addresses nutritional deficiencies in children under 6 years of age?

Accepted Answer

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)

Answer

Mid-Day Meal Scheme

Answer

Anemia Mukt Bharat

Answer

National Nutritional Deficiency Control Programme

Question 6

Under the Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) scheme, what is the composition of IFA tablets given to children aged 10-19 years?

Accepted Answer

60 mg elemental iron + 500 µg folic acid

Answer

100 mg elemental iron + 100 µg folic acid

Answer

60 mg elemental iron + 100 µg folic acid

Answer

100 mg elemental iron + 500 µg folic acid

Question 7

A patient is brought to the emergency department with acute onset of severe abdominal pain, throat irritation followed by vomiting that contains blood and bile, and diarrhea that initially appears bloody but later becomes colorless, odorless, and rice-water-like. On examination, a distinct garlicky odor is noted in the breath. Which of the following is the most likely agent responsible for the poisoning?

Accepted Answer

Arsenic

Answer

Aluminium phosphide

Answer

Phosphorus

Answer

Croton seeds

Question 8

During autopsy, a body shows curved scratch marks below the right angle of the mandible, three grouped bruises on the left side of the neck below the thyroid cartilage, and additional bruises over the head, posterior shoulder, backside of the trunk, and hip crests. Fracture of the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage present. What is the most likely cause of death?

Accepted Answer

Throttling

Answer

Mugging

Answer

Garroting

Answer

Ligature strangulation

Question 9

What is the Zasko phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Tendon reflex occurring after death

Answer

Clotting of blood after death

Answer

Seeping of blood through wounds around the time of death

Answer

Gaping of wound along skin tension lines

Question 10

The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act covers which of the following groups?

Accepted Answer

All children below 18 years

Answer

Girls below 18 years

Answer

Girls below 16 years

Answer

All children below 16 years

NEET-PG 2025

Community Medicine

Forensic Medicine