NEET-PG 2017 Practice Questions

Q: Which is not correct regarding the contraceptive method being used?

Has lower failure rate than male condom. ***Has lower failure rate than male condom*** - The **female condom** (as depicted in the image) generally has a **higher typical use failure rate** than the male condom based on most effectiveness studies. - While male condoms have an 18% typical use failure rate, female condoms have a typical use failure rate of about 21%. *Inner ring can irritate penis* - The flexible, **inner ring** of the female condom, which helps secure it in place against the cervix, can potentially cause **irritation to the penis** during intercourse due to friction. - This is a known concern for some users and their partners. *Made of polyurethane* - Female condoms are traditionally made of **polyurethane**, which is a synthetic rubber suitable for individuals with **latex allergies**, allowing for use with oil-based lubricants. - Newer versions may also be made of **nitrile** or other synthetic materials. *Pregnancy can occur if penis enters between the device and vagina* - If the **penis slips between the outer ring** of the female condom and the vaginal wall, sperm can be deposited directly into the vagina, leading to potential **pregnancy**. - Proper insertion and positioning are crucial to prevent this type of user error.

Q: Which is correct about the Vaccine Vial monitor shown in the image? (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)

Vaccine cannot be used, irrespective of expiry date. ***Vaccine cannot be used, irrespective of expiry date*** - The image shows a **darker inner square** compared to the outer circle, indicating that the vaccine has been exposed to detrimental heat. - A VVM turning dark signifies that the vaccine has lost its **potency** and should not be administered, regardless of the expiry date. *Vaccine can be used, if expiry date not passed* - This statement is incorrect because the VVM clearly indicates **heat exposure** has compromised vaccine quality, making it unsuitable for use. - The VVM overrides the expiry date when it shows significant heat damage, as vaccine potency is reduced even if not expired. *Vaccine can be used, after expiry date* - This is incorrect as a vaccine should never be used **after its expiry date**, irrespective of the VVM status, as sterility and potency cannot be guaranteed. - Using expired vaccines poses a **health risk** and may not provide adequate protection. *Vaccine is at discard point, consult supervisor* - While it is at the discard point, consulting a supervisor is not the primary instruction; the vaccine is simply **unsuitable for use**. - The VVM is designed to be a **clear indicator** for immediate action, not necessarily requiring further consultation for the general health worker.

Q: The following instrument is used for the measurement of: (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)

Skin fold thickness. ***Skin fold thickness*** - The instrument shown is a **skin fold caliper**, specifically designed to measure the thickness of subcutaneous fat at various body sites. - This measurement is used to estimate **body fat percentage** and assess nutritional status. *Head circumference* - Head circumference is measured using a **flexible measuring tape**, not a caliper, to assess head growth and detect conditions like microcephaly or hydrocephalus. - This instrument's design is unsuitable for measuring a large, curved circumference. *Chest circumference* - Chest circumference is also measured with a **flexible measuring tape** around the chest, typically at the nipple line, to assess growth and respiratory function. - The caliper's limited span makes it impractical for measuring the chest. *Mid arm circumference* - Mid-arm circumference is measured using a **flexible measuring tape** around the mid-upper arm to assess nutritional status, especially in children. - While a caliper could measure arm *thickness*, it doesn't provide the circumference directly, which is the standard measurement.

Q: The image shows a special ward in a district hospital. What is it called and what should be the minimum number of beds?

Special newborn care unit, 12 beds. ***Special newborn care unit, 12 beds*** - This setup, with multiple incubators and specialized equipment, is characteristic of a **Special Newborn Care Unit (SNCU)**. - An SNCU in a district hospital is designed for critically ill and low birth weight newborns and should have a minimum of **12 beds** to accommodate patient load and provide comprehensive care. *Newborn care corner, 12 beds* - A **Newborn Care Corner** is a much simpler facility, usually found in a delivery room or operating theatre, providing basic care immediately after birth. - It does not involve multiple incubators or the intensive care observed in the image, and the bed count is irrelevant for a care corner. *Newborn stabilization units, 4 beds* - **Newborn Stabilization Units (NBSU)** are meant for stabilizing sick newborns before referral to a higher facility. - They typically have fewer beds (often 4-6) and less advanced equipment than an SNCU, making this option inconsistent with the image's complexity. *Essential newborn care unit, 4 beds* - **Essential Newborn Care (ENC)** primarily focuses on routine care for healthy newborns, such as breastfeeding support, thermal protection, and hygiene. - It does not involve intensive care equipment like incubators and ventilators seen in the picture, and the bed count is too low for the shown facility.

Q: Which of the following is correct about the image shown?

Dracunculus. ***Dracunculus*** - The image shows a procedure for extracting a **guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis)** by gradually winding it around a stick. - This characteristic method of removal is pathognomonic for **dracunculiasis**. *Cutaneous Larva migrans* - This condition presents as **serpiginous, erythematous, pruritic tracks** on the skin, caused by hookworm larvae. - It does not involve a visible worm being extracted with a stick. *Visceral larva migrans* - This is caused by the migration of nematode larvae (typically *Toxocara canis* or *cati*) through internal organs, with systemic symptoms. - It does not manifest as a worm emerging from a skin lesion. *Tenia solium* - *Taenia solium* (pork tapeworm) infection can manifest as taeniasis (intestinal infection) or **cysticercosis** (larval cysts in tissues). - Neither of these presentations involves a worm being manually extracted from a skin lesion in this manner.

Q: A diplomat from Peru was posted to India last week. Today he has brought his 10-year-old daughter to your clinic since the child has developed this swelling in the eye and feels feverish. Comment on the clinical sign and the insect bite responsible for the same:

Romana sign, Triatomine bug. ***Romana sign, Triatomine bug*** - The image depicts **Romana sign**, characterized by **unilateral periorbital edema**, which is a classic early clinical manifestation of **Chagas disease** (American trypanosomiasis). - This sign is caused by the bite of a **Triatomine bug** (also known as a **kissing bug**) near the eye or by rubbing its feces containing *Trypanosoma cruzi* into the eye. The diplomat's origin from Peru suggests a potential exposure in an endemic region. *Faget sign, Reduvid bug* - **Faget's sign** is a clinical finding where the **pulse rate remains normal or decreases** despite a fever, which is typically found in diseases like **typhoid fever** or **yellow fever**, not associated with a specific insect bite causing periorbital edema. - While Triatomine bugs belong to the **Reduviidae family**, "Reduvid bug" is a broad term, and Faget's sign is unrelated to the described swelling. *Chigger allergy, Trombiculid mites* - **Chigger bites** (from Trombiculid mites) typically cause intensely **itchy, reddish welts or papules**, often in clusters, commonly on ankles, wrists, or waistbands. - They do not typically present as a significant unilateral periorbital edema like Romana sign and are not a cause of Chagas disease. *Eschar, Cimex Lectularis* - An **eschar** is a dark, scab-like lesion that occurs due to necrosis of skin tissue, often seen in conditions like **rickettsial diseases** (e.g., scrub typhus) following a tick or mite bite. - **Cimex Lectularis** refers to **bed bugs**, which cause itchy, erythematous wheals or papules, often in a linear pattern, but do not produce an eschar or Romana sign.

Q: A child presents with the ocular findings shown in the image below. Identify the most likely underlying illness:

Pertussis. ***Pertussis (Whooping Cough)*** - The image shows **subconjunctival hemorrhage**, which is a **classic complication** of pertussis in children - Pertussis causes severe **paroxysmal coughing fits** that dramatically increase intrathoracic and intravascular pressure - This elevated pressure leads to rupture of conjunctival blood vessels, resulting in subconjunctival hemorrhages and facial petechiae - These hemorrhages are well-recognized **diagnostic clues** for pertussis, especially when accompanied by the characteristic whooping cough - This is a **primary manifestation** of the disease process, not merely an incidental finding *Trachoma* - Trachoma, caused by *Chlamydia trachomatis*, presents with **chronic follicular conjunctivitis** and progressive scarring - Classic features include follicles on upper tarsal conjunctiva, conjunctival scarring, trichiasis, and pannus formation - While it causes conjunctival inflammation, **acute subconjunctival hemorrhage is NOT a typical feature** of trachoma - Trachoma is a chronic, scarring disease rather than an acute hemorrhagic condition *Tetanus* - Tetanus is a neurological disorder characterized by **muscle rigidity** and **spasms**, beginning with trismus (lockjaw) - Ocular manifestations are limited to **risus sardonicus** (facial muscle spasm) and potential ophthalmoplegia - Does NOT cause subconjunctival hemorrhage as a direct manifestation *Measles* - Measles presents with **maculopapular rash**, fever, the three C's (cough, coryza, conjunctivitis), and **Koplik spots** - The conjunctivitis in measles is typically a **bilateral, non-hemorrhagic inflammation** with watery discharge - Does NOT typically cause prominent subconjunctival hemorrhage as shown in the image

Q: A 65-year-old patient of dilated cardiomyopathy was prescribed 1 mg warfarin tablet for sustained atrial fibrillation. The chemist however gave him 2 mg tablets by mistake which resulted in him developing hemorrhagic complications (bleeding). CT scan is performed. This is which kind of ADR? (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17) Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP Crystalline 2 mg Protect from light

Type A. ***Type A*** - This is an **exaggerated pharmacological effect** of warfarin due to a higher than intended dose, leading to excessive anticoagulation and subsequent **hemorrhagic stroke** (bleeding in the brain). - Type A ADRs are **predictable** based on the known pharmacology of the drug and are dose-dependent. *Type B* - Type B ADRs are **unpredictable**, idiosyncratic reactions that are not directly related to the pharmacological action of the drug (e.g., allergic reactions). - They are typically **dose-independent** and often occur in a small subset of the population. *Type C* - Type C ADRs are associated with **long-term exposure** to a drug, leading to chronic effects or tolerance. - Examples include drug dependence or adrenal suppression from prolonged corticosteroid use. *Type D* - Type D ADRs are also related to **delayed effects** of drug exposure, such as carcinogenesis or teratogenesis. - These effects may not manifest until months or years after the drug was taken.

Q: The effect of both drugs given together on the blood pressure of a patient was evaluated in comparison with the effect of individual drugs on BP. The following curve represents: (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)

Synergism. ***Synergism*** - The graph shows that the effect of drugs A and B when given together (A+B) is significantly **greater than the sum of their individual effects**. - This amplified effect, where the combined response is more than the simple addition of individual responses, is the definition of **synergism** (also called potentiation or supra-additive effect). *Summation* - Summation occurs when the **combined effect** of two drugs is **equal to the arithmetic sum** of their individual effects. - In the depicted graph, the peak effect of A+B is clearly much higher than the sum of the peaks of A and B individually, ruling out simple summation. *Additive effects* - Additive effects are synonymous with summation, meaning the combined effect is precisely the sum of individual effects. - The graph demonstrates a response that **exceeds a simple additive effect**, indicating a synergistic interaction rather than mere additive action. *Antagonism* - **Antagonism** occurs when one drug reduces or blocks the effect of another drug, resulting in a combined effect that is **less than the sum** of individual effects. - In the depicted graph, the combined effect (A+B) clearly shows enhancement rather than reduction, ruling out antagonism.

Q: Drug A is epinephrine and drug B is cocaine. The effect of both drugs given together on the blood pressure of a patient was evaluated in comparison with effect of individual drugs on BP. The following curve represents:

Synergism. ***Synergism*** - **Synergism** occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is significantly greater than the sum of their individual effects. In the provided graph, the peak blood pressure with drugs A+B is notably higher than the sum of the peaks for A and B administered separately. - Epinephrine (Drug A) is a **vasoconstrictor**, and cocaine (Drug B) **inhibits norepinephrine reuptake**, potentiating epinephrine's effects by increasing synaptic levels of catecholamines. This leads to a much stronger combined increase in blood pressure than expected from simple addition. *Summation* - **Summation** implies that the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of their individual effects. - The graph clearly shows that the combined effect (A+B) produces a blood pressure response that is much greater than simply adding the individual responses of A and B, ruling out summation. *Additive effects* - **Additive effects** are a type of summation where the combined effect of two or more drugs is numerically equal to the arithmetic sum of their individual effects. - Similar to summation, this option is incorrect because the observed combined effect of A and B is significantly *more* than the mathematical sum of their separate effects, indicating potentiation rather than simple additivity. *Antagonism* - **Antagonism** occurs when one drug reduces or blocks the effect of another drug. - This is incorrect because the graph shows that the combined administration of epinephrine and cocaine produces a *greater* blood pressure response, not a reduced one. Antagonism would result in a combined effect less than expected or less than either drug alone.

Question 1

Which is not correct regarding the contraceptive method being used?

Accepted Answer

Has lower failure rate than male condom

Answer

Inner ring can irritate penis

Answer

Made of polyurethane

Answer

Pregnancy can occur if penis enters between the device and vagina

Question 2

Which is correct about the Vaccine Vial monitor shown in the image? (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)

Accepted Answer

Vaccine cannot be used, irrespective of expiry date

Answer

Vaccine can be used, if expiry date not passed

Answer

Vaccine can be used, after expiry date

Answer

Vaccine is at discard point, consult supervisor

Question 3

The following instrument is used for the measurement of: (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)

Accepted Answer

Skin fold thickness

Answer

Head circumference

Answer

Chest circumference

Answer

Mid arm circumference

Question 4

The image shows a special ward in a district hospital. What is it called and what should be the minimum number of beds?

Accepted Answer

Special newborn care unit, 12 beds

Answer

Newborn care corner, 12 beds

Answer

Newborn stabilization units, 4 beds

Answer

Essential newborn care unit, 4 beds

Question 5

Which of the following is correct about the image shown?

Accepted Answer

Dracunculus

Answer

Cutaneous Larva migrans

Answer

Visceral larva migrans

Answer

Tenia solium

Question 6

A diplomat from Peru was posted to India last week. Today he has brought his 10-year-old daughter to your clinic since the child has developed this swelling in the eye and feels feverish. Comment on the clinical sign and the insect bite responsible for the same:

Accepted Answer

Romana sign, Triatomine bug

Answer

Faget sign, Reduvid bug

Answer

Chigger allergy, Trombiculid mites

Answer

Eschar, Cimex Lectularis

Question 7

A child presents with the ocular findings shown in the image below. Identify the most likely underlying illness:

Accepted Answer

Pertussis

Answer

Tetanus

Answer

Measles

Answer

Trachoma

Question 8

A 65-year-old patient of dilated cardiomyopathy was prescribed 1 mg warfarin tablet for sustained atrial fibrillation. The chemist however gave him 2 mg tablets by mistake which resulted in him developing hemorrhagic complications (bleeding). CT scan is performed. This is which kind of ADR? (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17) Warfarin Sodium Tablets, USP Crystalline 2 mg Protect from light

Accepted Answer

Type A

Answer

Type B

Answer

Type C

Answer

Type D

Question 9

The effect of both drugs given together on the blood pressure of a patient was evaluated in comparison with the effect of individual drugs on BP. The following curve represents: (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)

Accepted Answer

Synergism

Answer

Summation

Answer

Additive effects

Answer

Antagonism

Question 10

Drug A is epinephrine and drug B is cocaine. The effect of both drugs given together on the blood pressure of a patient was evaluated in comparison with effect of individual drugs on BP. The following curve represents:

Accepted Answer

Synergism

Answer

Summation

Answer

Additive effects

Answer

Antagonism

NEET-PG 2017

Community Medicine

Microbiology

Pediatrics

Pharmacology