INI-CET 2025 - Forensic Medicine PYQs Practice Questions

Q: What is the minimum age at which a woman can provide valid consent for a Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) in India?

18 years. **18 years** - In India, the legally prescribed **age of majority** for granting consent for medical procedures, including the **Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)**, is **18 years**. - If the woman has attained 18 years, she alone can provide valid consent, as per Section 3(4)(a) of the **MTP Act, 1971** (as amended). *16 years* - While 16 years is a relevant age for sexual consent under the **POCSO Act**, it is not the minimum age for providing **medical consent** for MTP. - If the woman is below 18 years, her consent is not considered valid; instead, the consent of her **guardian** or **parent** is legally required for the procedure. *25 years* - This age is significantly above the required **age of majority (18 years)**; a 25-year-old woman provides her own independent and valid consent. - There is no legal provision under the MTP Act that specifically mandates the age of 25 for consent; the requirement is based only on attaining **adulthood**. *20 years* - This age is higher than the minimum legal requirement of **18 years** for giving consent. - A 20-year-old woman is legally competent to decide on her **MTP** independently without requiring parental or guardian consent. [Practice more Forensic Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: As per the MTP (Amendment) Act, 2021, the opinion of two registered medical practitioners is required for termination of pregnancy at which gestational age?

20-24 weeks. The **MTP (Amendment) Act, 2021** introduced significant changes to the gestational limits and the number of medical opinions required for legal abortions in India. ### **Why Option B is Correct** Under the 2021 Amendment, the requirement for medical opinions is categorized by gestational age: * **20-24 weeks:** The opinion of **two Registered Medical Practitioners (RMPs)** is mandatory. This category is reserved for specific groups (e.g., rape survivors, minors, women with disabilities, or change in marital status). * **Beyond 24 weeks:** Termination is permitted only for **substantial fetal abnormalities**, as determined by a four-member **State-level Medical Board**. ### **Analysis of Incorrect Options** * **Option C (Up to 12 weeks) & Option D (12-16 weeks):** Under the new Act, for any pregnancy **up to 20 weeks**, the opinion of only **one RMP** is required. Previously (1971 Act), two opinions were needed between 12-20 weeks, but this was simplified in 2021. * **Option A (16-20 weeks):** Falls under the "up to 20 weeks" bracket, requiring only one RMP. ### **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for INI-CET** * **Upper Limit Extension:** The general limit for MTP was increased from 20 to **24 weeks** for special categories of women. * **Confidentiality:** Breach of a woman’s privacy regarding MTP is punishable by up to **1 year of imprisonment** and/or a fine. * **Failure of Contraception:** MTP is legal for "failure of contraception" for **both married and unmarried women** (previously only married). * **Medical Board:** Consists of a Gynaecologist, Paediatrician, Radiologist/Sonologist, and other members notified by the State Government. [Practice more Forensic Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: Which X-ray is used to prove that an individual is more than 18 years of age?

Medial end of clavicle and sternum. ### **Explanation** In forensic age estimation, the **medial (inner) end of the clavicle** is the most reliable skeletal marker for determining if an individual has crossed the **18 to 21-year** threshold. **1. Why Option D is Correct:** * **Medial end of Clavicle:** This is the **last epiphysis** in the human body to ossify and fuse. The ossific center appears between 18–21 years and typically fuses with the shaft between **21–25 years**. Therefore, if the medial end is fused, the person is definitely over 18. * **Sternum:** The fusion of the **Xiphoid process** with the body of the sternum occurs around **40 years**, while the fusion of the segments of the body (sternebrae) occurs by age 25. These are used for older age groups. **2. Why Other Options are Incorrect:** * **Option A & C:** The **Wrist joint** (lower end of radius/ulna), **Knee joint** (lower end of femur/upper end of tibia), and **Humerus** (lower end) all typically fuse by **16–18 years**. They are used to prove an individual is a "minor" (under 18) rather than confirming they are over 18. * **Option B:** While the medial end of the clavicle is correct, the **Skull** is unreliable for precise age estimation in young adults. Suture closure (e.g., Sagittal suture) begins only after **25–30 years**. --- ### **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for INI-CET** * **Rule of 2:** The medial end of the clavicle appears at **18-21** and fuses at **21-25**. * **Most reliable bone for age:** Teeth (in children); Pelvis/Clavicle (in young adults). * **Gustafson’s Method:** Used for age estimation from teeth in adults (above 21 years) based on 6 parameters (e.g., Secondary dentin, Cementum apposition). * **Legal Significance:** 18 years is the "Age of Majority" in India; hence, the medial end of the clavicle is frequently used in medico-legal cases involving criminal responsibility and marriage legality. [Practice more Forensic Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Question 1

What is the minimum age at which a woman can provide valid consent for a Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) in India?

Accepted Answer

18 years

Answer

16 years

Answer

25 years

Answer

20 years

Question 2

As per the MTP (Amendment) Act, 2021, the opinion of two registered medical practitioners is required for termination of pregnancy at which gestational age?

Accepted Answer

20-24 weeks

Answer

16-20 weeks

Answer

Up to 12 weeks

Answer

12-16 weeks

Question 3

Match the following substances with their type of poisoning:
Substance:
A. Lead
B. Croton
C. Opium
D. Cocaine
Type of Poisoning:
1. Metallic irritant
2. Organic irritant
3. CNS depressant
4. Deliriant

Accepted Answer

A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

Answer

A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4

Answer

A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

Answer

A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2

Question 4

In a suspected case of poisoning, gastric lavage fluid combined with silver nitrate solution gives rise to a black color in which poisoning?

Accepted Answer

Aluminium phosphide poisoning

Answer

Cocaine poisoning

Answer

Organophosphorus poisoning

Answer

Opium poisoning

Question 5

Which X-ray is used to prove that an individual is more than 18 years of age?

Accepted Answer

Medial end of clavicle and sternum

Answer

Appearance of inner end of clavicle, knee joint, and wrist joint

Answer

Medial end of clavicle and skull

Answer

Fusion of ischial tuberosity and lower end of humerus

Question 6

As per Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), which of the following is not classified as grievous hurt?

Accepted Answer

Severe body pain for 5 days

Answer

Emasculation

Answer

Dislocation of elbow

Answer

Loss of a member

Question 7

In which of the following poisonings does silver nitrate impregnated filter paper turn black when exposed to gastric lavage contents?

Accepted Answer

Aluminium phosphide

Answer

Malathion

Answer

Opium

Answer

Barbiturates

Question 8

The dental numbering system shown below represents: R 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (permanent teeth) and R e d c b a | a b c d e (deciduous teeth) for upper and lower quadrants. Which dental numbering system is this?

Accepted Answer

Palmer's notation

Answer

FDI formula

Answer

Universal system

Answer

Haderup system

Question 9

The triad of abrasions, bruises and punctate lacerations are typically seen in:

Accepted Answer

Road traffic accidents

Answer

Fall from height

Answer

Firearm injuries

Answer

Bomb blast injuries

Question 10

One of the following statements regarding venom is incorrect:

Accepted Answer

Elapidae - Myotoxic

Answer

Viperidae - Hemotoxic

Answer

Common krait - Neurotoxic

Answer

Common cobra - Neurotoxic

INI-CET 2025 — Forensic Medicine