INI-CET 2018 Previous Year Questions Practice Questions

Q: What is the action of the muscle marked with an arrow on the mandible?

Elevation of the mandible. ***Elevation of the mandible*** - The muscle indicated by the arrow is the **masseter muscle**, a powerful muscle of mastication. - The primary action of the **masseter** is to **elevate the mandible**, closing the mouth and clamping the teeth. *Lowering of the mandible* - Lowering (depression) of the mandible is primarily performed by the **lateral pterygoid**, digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles. - The **masseter** is directly responsible for the opposite action of elevation. *Pulling back of the mandible* - Pulling back, or **retrusion**, of the mandible is mainly performed by the posterior fibers of the **temporalis muscle** and the suprahyoid muscles. - The **masseter** has a more vertical orientation, making it ineffective for retrusion. *Pushing forward of the mandible* - Pushing forward, or **protrusion**, of the mandible is primarily carried out by the **lateral pterygoid** and medial pterygoid muscles. - The **masseter's** main fibers are not oriented to produce a significant protrusive force. [Practice more INI-CET 2018 questions on OnCourse]

Q: Cranial nerve that is involved in olfaction:

Trigeminal. ***Trigeminal*** - The **trigeminal nerve (CN V)** carries sensory information from the face and contributes to olfactory perception through its **ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2) divisions** [1]. - These divisions detect **chemical irritants, pungency, cooling, and warming sensations** in the nasal cavity (chemesthesis), contributing to the overall perception of smells. - Examples include the stinging sensation of **ammonia**, cooling of **menthol**, and burning of **capsaicin** - all part of the smell experience. - This is distinct from true olfaction (CN I) but is an essential component of how we perceive "smell" in daily life. *Hypoglossal* - The **hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)** is purely a **motor nerve** that controls the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the **tongue**. - It is essential for **speech, swallowing, and tongue movement** but has **no role in olfaction or smell perception**. *Glossopharyngeal* - The **glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)** mediates **taste sensation from the posterior third of the tongue**, swallowing, and salivation. - While important for taste, it has **no role in olfactory pathways or smell detection**. *Vagus* - The **vagus nerve (CN X)** has extensive **parasympathetic functions** and carries taste sensation from the **epiglottis and pharynx**. - It innervates thoracic and abdominal organs but is **not involved in olfactory perception**. [Practice more INI-CET 2018 questions on OnCourse]

Q: Identify the inheritance pattern shown below.

X linked recessive. ***X linked recessive*** - The pattern shows that mainly **males are affected**, and the trait skips generations (e.g., individual I-1 is unaffected, but his children are affected). - Affected fathers (like II-3) do not pass the trait to their sons, but their daughters are carriers and can pass it on to their sons (like IV-1). *Y linked recessive* - In Y-linked inheritance, only **males would be affected**, and all sons of an affected father would inherit the trait. - This pedigree shows unaffected fathers having affected sons, and not all sons of affected males are affected directly. *X linked dominant* - In X-linked dominant inheritance, affected fathers pass the trait to **all their daughters**, and at least one parent would be affected in each generation. - This pedigree shows skipping of generations and affected individuals being born to unaffected parents (e.g., II-3 and III-5). *Y linked dominant* - Y-linked inheritance, whether dominant or recessive, would only affect **males** and would be directly passed from father to all sons. - The pedigree shows unaffected parents having affected offspring (e.g., I-1 and I-2 produced II-3), which rules out Y-linked inheritance. [Practice more INI-CET 2018 questions on OnCourse]

Q: Which of the following tubes contain sodium fluoride as an anti-coagulant?

Gray-top tube. ***a. Gray-top tube*** - The **gray-top tube** contains **sodium fluoride** and **potassium oxalate** as anticoagulants. - Sodium fluoride acts as both an **anticoagulant** and an **antiglycolytic agent**, preserving glucose concentration by inhibiting glycolysis. - This tube is the **standard choice for glucose testing** in clinical laboratories. *b. Green-top tube* - The **green-top tubes** contain **heparin** (either sodium, lithium, or ammonium heparin) as an anticoagulant. - These tubes are used for various tests including **plasma chemistry** and some hormone assays, but not for glucose preservation with sodium fluoride. *c. Pink-top tube* - The **pink-top tube** generally contains **EDTA** (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and is specifically designed for **blood bank** tests due to its special labeling and anticoagulant properties for cross-matching. - While it contains an anticoagulant, it is not sodium fluoride and is not used for glucose measurement. *d. Blue-top tube with yellow checkerboard pattern* - While some manufacturers may use different labeling systems, the **standard tube for sodium fluoride** is the gray-top tube, not the blue-top with checkerboard pattern. - Blue-top tubes typically contain **sodium citrate** and are used for coagulation studies (PT, PTT, INR). [Practice more INI-CET 2018 questions on OnCourse]

Q: Immunofluorescence staining pattern from a kidney biopsy from a 35-year-old patient presenting with proteinuria has been shown below. What is the most probable cause?

Lupus Nephritis. ***Lupus Nephritis*** - The image illustrates a **"full-house" immunofluorescence pattern**, characterized by positive staining for multiple immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA) and complement components (C3, C1q) [1]. - This "full-house" pattern is highly characteristic of **Lupus Nephritis**, reflecting the deposition of immune complexes containing these components in the glomeruli [1]. *FSGS* - Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) typically shows **minimal or no immune complex deposition** on immunofluorescence [2]. - If any staining is present, it is usually focal and segmental, primarily for IgM and C3 in sclerotic lesions, and does not exhibit a widespread "full-house" pattern [2]. *Goodpasture syndrome* - Goodpasture syndrome is characterized by a **linear pattern of IgG deposition** along the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). - This linear pattern is distinctly different from the granular, widespread, and multi-component "full-house" staining seen in the image. *PSGN* - Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) typically presents with a **"lumpy-bumpy" or granular pattern** due to subepithelial immune deposits [3]. - While it involves C3 and IgG, it usually does not show the full spectrum of IgA, IgM, and C1q deposition as prominently or diffusely as seen in the "full-house" pattern of Lupus Nephritis [3]. **References:** [1] Cross SS. Underwood's Pathology: A Clinical Approach. 6th ed. Common Clinical Problems From Diseases Of The Urinary And Male Genital Tracts, pp. 532-533. [2] Cross SS. Underwood's Pathology: A Clinical Approach. 6th ed. Common Clinical Problems From Diseases Of The Urinary And Male Genital Tracts, pp. 530-531. [3] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. The Kidney, pp. 915-916. [Practice more INI-CET 2018 questions on OnCourse]

Question 1

What is the action of the muscle marked with an arrow on the mandible?

Accepted Answer

Elevation of the mandible

Answer

Lowering of the mandible

Answer

Pulling back of the mandible

Answer

Pushing forward of the mandible

Question 2

Cranial nerve that is involved in olfaction:

Accepted Answer

Trigeminal

Answer

Hypoglossal

Answer

Glossopharyngeal

Answer

Vagus

Question 3

Identify the inheritance pattern shown below.

Accepted Answer

X linked recessive

Answer

Y linked recessive

Answer

X linked dominant

Answer

Y linked dominant

Question 4

Which of the following tubes contain sodium fluoride as an anti-coagulant?

Accepted Answer

Gray-top tube

Answer

Green-top tube

Answer

Pink-top tube

Answer

Blue-top tube with yellow checkerboard pattern

Question 5

Immunofluorescence staining pattern from a kidney biopsy from a 35-year-old patient presenting with proteinuria has been shown below. What is the most probable cause?

Accepted Answer

Lupus Nephritis

Answer

FSGS

Answer

Goodpasture syndrome

Answer

PSGN

Question 6

A macrophage engulfs different cells as shown in the image. This is known as?

Accepted Answer

Emperipolesis

Answer

Phagocytosis

Answer

Killing

Answer

Cytotoxicity

Question 7

A patient presents with intermittent fever, no weight loss and enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Peripheral smear is normal. Gross sample and its histopathology slide is shown below. Comment on the diagnosis.

Accepted Answer

Castleman disease

Answer

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Answer

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia

Answer

IgG4 related disease

Question 8

Immunofluorescence staining pattern from a kidney biopsy from a 35-year-old patient presenting with proteinuria has been shown below. What is the most probable cause? (AIIMS Nov 2018)

Accepted Answer

Lupus nephritis

Answer

FSGS

Answer

PSGN

Answer

Goodpasture syndrome

Answer

IgA nephropathy

Question 9

Identify the structure marked in the image of cardiac myocyte. (AIIMS Nov 2018)

Accepted Answer

Lipofuscin granules

Answer

Lysosomes

Answer

Phagolysosome

Answer

Inflammasome

Question 10

What does the given chest X-ray show?

Accepted Answer

Pneumoperitoneum

Answer

Emphysema

Answer

Diaphragmatic hernia

Answer

Diaphragmatic eventration

INI-CET 2018

Anatomy

Biochemistry

Pathology

Radiology