FMGE 2022 Previous Year Questions Practice Questions

Q: What is the pattern of inheritance in neural tube defects?

Multifactorial inheritance. ***Multifactorial inheritance*** - Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a classic example of **multifactorial inheritance**, meaning they result from a combination of **genetic predispositions** and **environmental factors**. - Risk is influenced by multiple genes, and environmental factors like **folate deficiency** play a significant role. *Autosomal recessive* - This pattern involves two copies of an altered gene to cause disease, typically resulting in a **25% recurrence risk** for siblings. - While some rare isolated NTDs might have an autosomal recessive component, the general presentation of NTDs does not fit this classic mendelian pattern. *X-linked dominant* - Involves genes on the **X chromosome** where one altered copy is sufficient to cause disease; affected fathers pass it to all daughters, but no sons. - This inheritance pattern is very rare for NTDs and would present with a distinct sex-linked pattern of affected individuals. *Autosomal dominant* - Requires only one copy of an altered gene to cause disease, leading to a **50% recurrence risk** for offspring. - While some syndromes associated with NTDs can be autosomal dominant, the primary mechanism for isolated NTDs is not solely due to a single dominant gene. *X-linked recessive* - Involves genes on the **X chromosome** where two altered copies are needed in females, but only one in males; typically affects males predominantly. - This inheritance pattern does not account for the observed familial clustering and environmental contribution seen in NTDs. [Practice more FMGE 2022 questions on OnCourse]

Q: The major contributor to the demographic burden is

Increased old age dependency ratio. ***Increased old age dependency ratio*** - An **increased old-age dependency ratio** indicates a larger proportion of older, non-working individuals relative to the working-age population. - This demographic shift places a significant **economic and social burden** on the working population and social welfare systems due to increased healthcare and pension costs. *Decreased old age dependency ratio* - A **decreased old-age dependency ratio** would imply a smaller proportion of elderly dependents, which would actually reduce the demographic burden, making it an unlikely correct answer. - This scenario would generally be considered economically favorable as it suggests more working-age individuals supporting fewer retirees. *Decreased young age dependency ratio* - A **decreased young-age dependency ratio** means fewer children are dependent on the working-age population, which generally lessens the demographic burden. - While it has its own long-term implications (e.g., future workforce shortages), in the immediate sense, it does not contribute to an increased demographic burden. *Increased young age dependency ratio* - An **increased young-age dependency ratio** does contribute to a demographic burden, as more children need support from the working-age population. - However, in many developed and transitioning countries, the **old-age dependency ratio** is emerging as the major or growing contributor to the overall demographic burden due to increasing life expectancy and declining birth rates. [Practice more FMGE 2022 questions on OnCourse]

Q: Blood spill in the operation theater is cleaned with _____?

Chlorine compound. ***Chlorine compound*** - **Chlorine-releasing agents** like 1% sodium hypochlorite (bleach) are highly effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including **blood-borne pathogens** such as HIV and Hepatitis B. - Their rapid action and strong oxidizing properties make them the preferred choice for disinfecting surfaces contaminated with blood spills in healthcare settings, ensuring efficient **decontamination**. *Phenolic compounds* - Phenolic compounds are generally used for cleaning and disinfecting **hard, non-porous surfaces** but are less preferred for blood spills due to their slower action and potential for leaving residues. - They are effective against some bacteria and fungi but may not be as rapidly virucidal as chlorine compounds, especially against enveloped viruses in organic matter. *Quaternary ammonium compounds* - **Quaternary ammonium compounds** (Quats) are good general disinfectants for routine cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces but have a **lower efficacy against non-enveloped viruses** and spores. - They tend to be inactivated by organic matter, making them less suitable for effective decontamination of **blood spills with high protein content**. *Alcoholic compounds* - **Alcoholic compounds** (e.g., 70% ethanol or isopropanol) are effective disinfectants but are often limited to **small surface areas** or for antiseptic use on skin. - They evaporate quickly and are not ideal for cleaning large blood spills as they may not provide sufficient contact time for effective sterilization in the presence of organic material. [Practice more FMGE 2022 questions on OnCourse]

Q: Which of the following diagnoses give the hematological picture as given below?

Saturnism. ***Saturnism*** - The image displays **basophilic stippling** in red blood cells, which is a classic hematological finding in **lead poisoning** (saturnism). - Lead inhibits enzymes involved in **heme synthesis**, leading to the accumulation of ribosomal RNA aggregates detected as basophilic stippling. *Arsenic poisoning* - Arsenic poisoning can cause various hematological abnormalities, including **anemia** and **pancytopenia**, but **basophilic stippling** is not a characteristic feature. - Its mechanism of toxicity involves inhibiting enzyme function and cellular respiration, distinct from lead's effect on heme synthesis. *Chronic iron toxicity* - Chronic iron toxicity typically leads to **hemochromatosis**, with iron deposition in various organs, and can cause **liver damage** and **cardiomyopathy**. - It does not primarily manifest with **basophilic stippling** in red blood cells. *Minamata disease* - Minamata disease is a severe neurological syndrome caused by **mercury poisoning**, particularly **methylmercury**. - It primarily affects the **nervous system**, causing symptoms like ataxia, sensory disturbances, and tremors, and does not typically present with **basophilic stippling**. [Practice more FMGE 2022 questions on OnCourse]

Q: A 34-year-old woman presents at 6 weeks of delivery. She wants contraception for the next 3 years. What will be the best contraceptive method in this case?

Copper T. ***Copper T*** - A **Copper T intrauterine device (IUD)** is an excellent choice for long-term contraception (up to 10 years), making it suitable for her 3-year requirement. - It's **non-hormonal**, making it safe for breastfeeding mothers and avoiding potential hormonal side effects. *Nothing besides lactation amenorrhea* - **Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM)** is effective for only the first six months postpartum, provided the mother is exclusively breastfeeding and her periods have not returned. - It is not a reliable method for contraception beyond six months postpartum or for the requested 3-year duration. *IUCD with progesterone* - An **intrauterine device (IUD) with progesterone** (e.g., Mirena) can be a good long-term option, but it releases hormones which can potentially affect breastfeeding, especially if initiated very early postpartum. - While generally safe for breastfeeding, a non-hormonal option like the copper T is often preferred if there are concerns about hormonal exposure or side effects. *Injectable progesterone* - **Injectable progesterone** (e.g., Depo-Provera) is an effective contraceptive, but it needs to be administered every 3 months. - While safe for breastfeeding, it's not considered as convenient for a 3-year duration as a single-insertion IUD, and some women experience side effects like irregular bleeding or weight gain. [Practice more FMGE 2022 questions on OnCourse]

Question 1

What is the pattern of inheritance in neural tube defects?

Accepted Answer

Multifactorial inheritance

Answer

Autosomal recessive

Answer

X-linked dominant

Answer

Autosomal dominant

Answer

X-linked recessive

Question 2

The major contributor to the demographic burden is

Accepted Answer

Increased old age dependency ratio

Answer

Decreased old age dependency ratio

Answer

Decreased young age dependency ratio

Answer

Increased young age dependency ratio

Question 3

Blood spill in the operation theater is cleaned with _____?

Accepted Answer

Chlorine compound

Answer

Phenolic compounds

Answer

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Answer

Alcoholic compounds

Question 4

Which of the following diagnoses give the hematological picture as given below?

Accepted Answer

Saturnism

Answer

Arsenic poisoning

Answer

Chronic iron toxicity

Answer

Minamata disease

Question 5

A 34-year-old woman presents at 6 weeks of delivery. She wants contraception for the next 3 years. What will be the best contraceptive method in this case?

Accepted Answer

Copper T

Answer

Nothing besides lactation amenorrhea

Answer

IUCD with progesterone

Answer

Injectable progesterone

Question 6

A laborer's younger child is brought to the OPD with a swollen belly and dull face. He has been fed rice water (rice milk) in his diet mostly. On investigations, the child is found to have low serum protein and low albumin. What is the probable diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Kwashiorkor

Answer

Kawasaki disease

Answer

Marasmus

Answer

Indian childhood cirrhosis

Answer

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 7

Which antithyroid drug is safer during the first trimester of pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Propylthiouracil

Answer

Radioactive iodine

Answer

Carbimazole

Answer

Methimazole

Answer

Propranolol

Question 8

A chronic smoker wants to quit smoking. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate first-line pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation?

Accepted Answer

Varenicline

Answer

Mirtazapine

Answer

Bupropion

Answer

Nicotine replacement therapy

Answer

Clonidine

Question 9

A patient presents with swelling in MCP joints, and his serum uric acid levels were found to be elevated. His physician prescribed a drug which is considered as the first line agent in the management of this condition. What is the mechanism of this drug?

Accepted Answer

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor

Answer

Uricosuric drug

Answer

Pyrimidine antimetabolite

Answer

Inhibitor of neutrophil recruitment

Question 10

A man regularly derives sexual gratification by inflicting pain upon his partner. He would often produce cuts and cigarette burns on his partner's arms. This is best described as?

Accepted Answer

Sadism

Answer

Masochism

Answer

Voyeurism

Answer

Fetishism

FMGE 2022

Anatomy

Community Medicine

Internal Medicine

OB/GYN

Pediatrics

Pharmacology

Psychiatry