Vaccine and Vaccination Practice Questions

Q: All are live vaccines except

Tetanus. ***Tetanus*** - The **tetanus vaccine** is an **inactivated (toxoid) vaccine**, meaning it contains an inactivated form of the bacterial toxin, not a live attenuated pathogen. - Toxoid vaccines work by stimulating an immune response to the **toxin produced by the bacteria**, thereby preventing the disease but not necessarily the infection itself. *BCG* - The **BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine** is a **live attenuated vaccine** used to prevent tuberculosis. - It contains a live, weakened strain of *Mycobacterium bovis* that stimulates a protective immune response. *OPV* - The **OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)** is a **live attenuated vaccine** that contains weakened forms of all three poliovirus serotypes. - It provides both humoral and intestinal immunity, leading to **herd immunity** through fecal-oral transmission of the vaccine virus. *Measles* - The **measles vaccine** (often given as part of MMR) is a **live attenuated vaccine**. - It contains a weakened form of the **measles virus**, which can replicate in the host to induce a strong, long-lasting immune response.

Q: From which strain of virus is the rabies vaccine prepared?

Fixed Virus. ***Fixed Virus*** - The rabies vaccine is prepared from **fixed virus strains**, which are **attenuated** forms of the rabies virus that have lost their pathogenicity for humans through serial passages in animals or cell cultures. - This attenuation allows the virus to induce an immune response without causing disease, making it safe and effective for vaccination. - Examples include **Pitman-Moore strain**, **Flury strain (HEP/LEP)**, and **SAD strain**. *Street virus* - The **street virus** is the term used for the **wild-type rabies virus** as it occurs naturally in infected animals and causes clinical rabies disease. - Due to its high pathogenicity and ability to cause lethal infection, the street virus is **not used** for vaccine production. *Wild virus* - **Wild virus** is another term referring to the naturally occurring, **virulent rabies virus** found in infected animals. - Like the street virus, it is too pathogenic to be used directly in vaccine preparation. *Pasteur virus* - While **Louis Pasteur** pioneered rabies vaccination, "Pasteur virus" is not a standard terminology for vaccine strains. - The term **"fixed virus"** specifically denotes laboratory-adapted, attenuated strains regardless of their origin.

Q: Which of the following is not a component of the influenza trivalent vaccine?

H5N1 virus. ***H5N1 virus*** - The **H5N1 virus** is not a standard component of seasonal influenza trivalent vaccines because it is primarily an **avian influenza** strain, rarely infecting humans. - While it can cause severe disease in humans, it has not achieved sustained human-to-human transmission, unlike the circulating seasonal influenza strains. *H1N1 virus* - The **H1N1 virus** is a common component of seasonal influenza vaccines, including trivalent ones, as it is a prevalent **influenza A** strain responsible for human infections worldwide. - It was notably associated with the **2009 influenza pandemic** and continues to circulate annually. *Influenza B virus* - **Influenza B virus** is a standard component of both trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccines, as it causes significant seasonal illness in humans. - Trivalent vaccines typically include one lineage of **influenza B** (either Victoria or Yamagata), while quadrivalent vaccines include both. *H3N2 virus* - The **H3N2 virus** is another common and important component of seasonal influenza vaccines, including trivalent ones, as it is a prevalent **influenza A** strain. - It is often associated with more severe disease and hospitalizations, particularly in older adults and young children.

Q: Which HPV types are covered by the quadrivalent vaccine?

6, 11, 16, 18. ***6, 11, 16, 18*** - The **quadrivalent HPV vaccine** (Gardasil) specifically targets these four HPV types. - **HPV types 16 and 18** are responsible for approximately 70% of **cervical cancers**, while **HPV types 6 and 11** cause about 90% of **genital warts**. - This is a **WHO-recommended vaccine** for prevention of cervical cancer and genital warts. *6, 11, 31, 32* - While 6 and 11 are included, the quadrivalent vaccine does not cover **HPV types 31 and 32**. - HPV 31 is an oncogenic type, but it is covered by the **nonavalent vaccine** (Gardasil 9), not the quadrivalent. *16, 18, 31, 35* - This option includes the high-risk types **16 and 18**, but also includes **HPV 31 and 35**, which are not covered by the quadrivalent vaccine. - HPV 35 is another high-risk type covered by the **nonavalent vaccine**. *11, 16, 30, 33* - This combination includes **HPV 11 and 16**, but **HPV 30 and 33** are not part of the quadrivalent vaccine formulation. - HPV 33 is a high-risk type included in the **nonavalent vaccine**.

Q: Which of the following vaccines is classified as a killed vaccine?

Meningococcal vaccine. ***Meningococcal vaccine*** - The meningococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines are **killed vaccines**, containing inactivated bacterial components (polysaccharides) that stimulate an immune response. - They provide protection against *Neisseria meningitidis* and are considered safe for most populations due to their non-live nature. *Varicella* - The varicella vaccine is a **live-attenuated vaccine**, meaning it contains a weakened form of the **varicella-zoster virus**. - This attenuated virus can replicate in the recipient, eliciting a strong and long-lasting immune response, similar to natural infection. *BCG* - The **Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)** vaccine is a **live-attenuated vaccine** used to prevent tuberculosis. - It contains a weakened strain of **_Mycobacterium bovis_**, which is closely related to *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* but has lost its virulence. *OPV* - The **Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)** is a **live-attenuated vaccine** that contains weakened but live strains of all three poliovirus serotypes. - It induces strong mucosal immunity in the gut, which is crucial for preventing the wild poliovirus from replicating and spreading.

Q: Rotavirus vaccine is classified as a...?

Live oral. **Live oral** - Rotavirus vaccines contain **live-attenuated strains** of the virus, meaning they are weakened but still capable of replicating to induce an immune response. - They are administered **orally**, ensuring exposure to the gastrointestinal tract where the virus naturally infects. *Killed intramuscular* - Killed vaccines contain inactivated pathogens and typically require **intramuscular injection** to stimulate a systemic immune response. - Rotavirus vaccines are not inactivated and are not given via injection. *Killed subcutaneous* - Killed vaccines are inactivated and administered subcutaneously to induce an immune response, but this is not the case for rotavirus vaccines. - The rotavirus vaccine is an **oral, live-attenuated vaccine**, not a killed vaccine. *Live subcutaneous* - While some live vaccines are given subcutaneously (e.g., MMR, varicella), the rotavirus vaccine is explicitly designed for **oral administration**. - Rotavirus vaccine targets the **intestinal immune system** specifically through oral delivery.

Q: What type of vaccine is recommended for prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants?

Live attenuated oral vaccine. ***Live attenuated oral vaccine*** - **Live attenuated oral vaccines** are the standard for rotavirus prevention, providing **strong mucosal immunity** in the gut where rotavirus replicates. - Two WHO-prequalified vaccines are available: **RotaTeq** (pentavalent) and **Rotarix** (monovalent), both with **comparable efficacy** (80-90% against severe disease). - The oral route mimics natural infection and induces **local IgA response** at the intestinal mucosa. *Inactivated vaccine* - **No inactivated rotavirus vaccine** is currently available or licensed for use. - Inactivated vaccines would provide systemic immunity but lack the **mucosal immune response** critical for preventing enteric infections. *Subunit vaccine* - **Subunit vaccines** for rotavirus are not currently used in clinical practice. - Live attenuated vaccines provide broader immunity by presenting **multiple viral antigens** naturally. *Conjugate vaccine* - **Conjugate vaccine technology** is used for bacterial polysaccharide antigens (e.g., Hib, pneumococcus), not for viral vaccines like rotavirus. - Rotavirus requires a vaccine that induces **mucosal immunity**, achieved through live oral vaccines.

Q: Which of the following Human papillomavirus subtypes is not covered by the quadrivalent HPV vaccine, which protects against types 6, 11, 16, and 18?

Type 7. ***Type 7*** - The quadrivalent HPV vaccine, **Gardasil**, specifically targets HPV types **6, 11, 16, and 18**. - Therefore, **Type 7** is not covered by this particular vaccine, as it is not one of the designated strains. *Type 6* - **Type 6** is one of the target strains of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine. - This strain is commonly associated with the development of **genital warts**. *Type 11* - **Type 11** is another target strain of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine. - Like HPV Type 6, it is also a common cause of **genital warts** and **recurrent respiratory papillomatosis**. *Type 16* - **Type 16** is one of the high-risk HPV types targeted by the quadrivalent vaccine. - It is a primary cause of **cervical cancer** and other anogenital cancers. - Along with **Type 18**, these high-risk types account for approximately **70% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide**.

Q: Which of the following describes the type of measles vaccine used in immunization?

It is a live attenuated vaccine.. ***It is a live attenuated vaccine.*** - The **measles vaccine** contains a weakened form of the measles virus, allowing it to replicate in the body without causing disease. - This type of vaccine elicits a strong, **long-lasting immune response** resembling natural infection. - Live attenuated vaccines are preferred for measles because they provide superior cellular and humoral immunity compared to inactivated vaccines. *It provides lifelong immunity.* - While the measles vaccine provides **long-lasting and robust immunity**, it is not always lifelong for everyone, and a second dose is recommended to ensure maximal protection. - Immunity can wane over time in some individuals, making them susceptible to infection. - This describes the vaccine's **effectiveness**, not its type or composition. *The vaccine is given in two doses.* - The standard measles vaccination schedule involves **two doses**, typically given as part of the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine. - This describes the **administration protocol**, not the vaccine type itself. *The vaccine is typically administered at 12 months of age.* - The **first dose** of the measles vaccine (MMR) is commonly administered between **12 and 15 months of age**, with the second dose between 4 and 6 years. - This timing describes the **administration schedule**, not the vaccine type or composition.

Q: Which of the following is a live vaccine?

Sabin polio. ***Sabin polio*** - The Sabin polio vaccine is an **oral polio vaccine (OPV)** that contains **live, attenuated (weakened) poliovirus**. - It induces a strong immune response, including mucosal immunity, which helps prevent transmission of the wild virus. *Salk polio* - The Salk polio vaccine is an **inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)**, meaning it contains **killed poliovirus**. - Unlike live vaccines, inactivated vaccines cannot replicate in the body and do not carry a risk of reversion to virulence. *KFD vaccine* - The KFD (Kyasanur Forest Disease) vaccine is an **inactivated viral vaccine**. - It is prepared from the brains of infected mice or chick embryos and is used to protect against the KFD virus. *Meningococci* - Meningococcal vaccines are typically **polysaccharide or conjugate vaccines**, composed of components of the bacterial capsule, not live organisms. - These vaccines target *Neisseria meningitidis* and do not contain live attenuated bacteria.

Question 1

All are live vaccines except

Accepted Answer

Tetanus

Answer

BCG

Answer

OPV

Answer

Measles

Question 2

From which strain of virus is the rabies vaccine prepared?

Accepted Answer

Fixed Virus

Answer

Street virus

Answer

Wild virus

Answer

Pasteur virus

Question 3

Which of the following is not a component of the influenza trivalent vaccine?

Accepted Answer

H5N1 virus

Answer

H1N1 virus

Answer

Influenza B virus

Answer

H3N2 virus

Question 4

Which HPV types are covered by the quadrivalent vaccine?

Accepted Answer

6, 11, 16, 18

Answer

6, 11, 31, 32

Answer

16, 18, 31, 35

Answer

11, 16, 30, 33

Question 5

Which of the following vaccines is classified as a killed vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Meningococcal vaccine

Answer

Varicella

Answer

BCG

Answer

OPV

Question 6

Rotavirus vaccine is classified as a...?

Accepted Answer

Live oral

Answer

Killed intramuscular

Answer

Killed subcutaneous

Answer

Live subcutaneous

Question 7

What type of vaccine is recommended for prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants?

Accepted Answer

Live attenuated oral vaccine

Answer

Subunit vaccine

Answer

Conjugate vaccine

Answer

Inactivated vaccine

Question 8

Which of the following Human papillomavirus subtypes is not covered by the quadrivalent HPV vaccine, which protects against types 6, 11, 16, and 18?

Accepted Answer

Type 7

Answer

Type 6

Answer

Type 11

Answer

Type 16

Question 9

Which of the following describes the type of measles vaccine used in immunization?

Accepted Answer

It is a live attenuated vaccine.

Answer

The vaccine is given in two doses.

Answer

It provides lifelong immunity.

Answer

The vaccine is typically administered at 12 months of age.

Question 10

Which of the following is a live vaccine?

Accepted Answer

Sabin polio

Answer

Salk polio

Answer

Meningococci

Answer

KFD vaccine

Vaccine and Vaccination — MCQs

Vaccine and Vaccination — MCQs

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