Clinical Manifestations and Presentation of Diseases Practice Questions

Q: A female patient of 26 years, presents with oral ulcers, photosensitivity and skin malar rash in face sparing the nasolabial folds of both side.

SLE. ***SLE*** - The combination of **oral ulcers**, **photosensitivity**, and a **malar rash** that spares the nasolabial folds is highly characteristic of **Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)** [1]. - SLE is an autoimmune disease with diverse clinical manifestations involving multiple organ systems. *Sturge weber syndrome* - This is a neurocutaneous disorder characterized by a **port-wine stain** (nevus flammeus) typically on the face, neurological abnormalities like seizures, and ocular involvement. - It does not present with oral ulcers or photosensitivity as primary features. *Dermatitis* - **Dermatitis** is a general term for skin inflammation, often presenting with redness, itching, and sometimes blisters. - It does not typically involve the specific constellation of oral ulcers, photosensitivity, and a malar rash that spares nasolabial folds. *Psoriasis* - **Psoriasis** is a chronic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the skin, characterized by red, scaly patches (plaques) [2]. - While it can cause nail changes and sometimes joint pain, it does not present with photosensitivity, oral ulcers, or the characteristic malar rash described.

Q: Which vitamin deficiency is commonly associated with night blindness and other vision problems?

Vitamin A. ### Vitamin A - **Vitamin A** (retinol) is a crucial component of **rhodopsin**, a pigment found in the **rod cells** of the retina, which is essential for vision in **low light conditions** [1], [2]. - A deficiency in Vitamin A leads to **impaired rhodopsin regeneration**, causing **night blindness** (nyctalopia) and, in severe cases, can progress to **xerophthalmia** and permanent blindness due to damage to the cornea and conjunctiva [1], [4]. ### Vitamin C - **Vitamin C** (ascorbic acid) is important for **collagen synthesis**, acting as an antioxidant, and supporting immune function. - Deficiency leads to **scurvy**, characterized by gum inflammation, bleeding, and poor wound healing, but it is not directly associated with night blindness. ### Vitamin E - **Vitamin E** is a powerful **antioxidant** that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. - While it plays a role in nerve and muscle health, its deficiency is mainly associated with neurological problems like **ataxia** and peripheral neuropathy, not night blindness [3]. ### Vitamin B12 - **Vitamin B12** (cobalamin) is vital for **red blood cell formation**, neurological function, and DNA synthesis. - Deficiency can cause **megaloblastic anemia** and neurological damage, including **peripheral neuropathy** and visual disturbances such as optic neuropathy, but night blindness is not a primary symptom.

Q: Identify the condition given in the image below?

Chronic lymphedema. ***Chronic lymphedema*** - The image shows a **swollen foot** with **thickened, dry, and hyperkeratotic skin**, and **deep skin folds**, particularly between the toes. This is characteristic of **chronic lymphedema** due to impaired lymphatic drainage. - The presence of the **Stemmer's sign** (inability to pinch and lift the skin at the base of the second toe) is a common finding in lymphedema, which can be inferred from the overall appearance of the toes. *Cushing syndrome* - Cushing syndrome is characterized by **central obesity**, **moon facies**, **buffalo hump**, and **thin, fragile skin** with **striae**, not typically severe localized edema and skin changes as seen in the image. - While fluid retention can occur, it does not manifest as the characteristic cutaneous changes of chronic lymphedema. *Osteoporosis* - Osteoporosis is a condition of **decreased bone density**, making bones fragile and prone to fractures. - It does not present with visible skin changes or edema as depicted in the image. *None of the options* - The image clearly shows severe manifestations identifiable as **chronic lymphedema**, therefore one of the provided options is correct.

Q: Casal's necklace is associated with the deficiency of:

Deficiency of Niacin (Vitamin B3). ***Deficiency of Niacin (Vitamin B3)*** - **Casal's necklace** is a characteristic dermatological manifestation of **pellagra**, which is caused by **niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency**. - It presents as a **symmetrical, photosensitive dermatitis** on the neck and other sun-exposed areas, resembling a necklace. *Deficiency of Vitamin A* - Vitamin A deficiency primarily affects **vision**, leading to **night blindness** and **xerophthalmia**. - It can also cause follicular **hyperkeratosis** (dry, rough skin), but not the distinct 'necklace' pattern seen in pellagra. *Deficiency of Iron* - Iron deficiency typically causes **anemia**, leading to symptoms like **fatigue**, **pallor**, and **koilonychia** (spoon-shaped nails). - It does not directly cause skin lesions like Casal's necklace. *Deficiency of Vitamin B12* - Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with **megaloblastic anemia** and **neurological symptoms** (e.g., peripheral neuropathy, cognitive impairment). - While it can cause **hyperpigmentation** in some cases, it does not specifically manifest as Casal's necklace.

Q: A patient presents to you with fever, night sweats, ptosis, and bilateral facial nerve palsy. Investigations showed leukocytosis and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Sarcoidosis. ***Sarcoidosis*** - The combination of **fever**, **night sweats**, **bilateral facial nerve palsy**, **ptosis**, and **bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy** is highly suggestive of **neurosarcoidosis** manifesting as Heerfordt's syndrome (uveoparotid fever) [1]. - **Leukocytosis** is a non-specific finding but can be present due to inflammatory processes in sarcoidosis. *Tuberculosis* - While tuberculosis can cause **fever**, **night sweats**, and **hilar lymphadenopathy** [2] [3], it is less likely to present with **bilateral facial nerve palsy** and **ptosis** simultaneously. - Pulmonary tuberculosis often shows specific patterns like **apical infiltrates** or cavitations, rather than solely bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, especially without other classic symptoms like productive cough. *Lymphoma* - Lymphoma can cause **fever**, **night sweats**, and **lymphadenopathy** (including hilar) [4]. - However, **bilateral facial nerve palsy** and **ptosis** are not typical primary manifestations of lymphoma and would require other evidence of direct mass effect or widespread infiltration. *Hypersensitive pneumonitis* - This condition is characterized by **inflammation of the lung alveoli** and small airways due to repeated exposure to inhaled antigens, leading to symptoms like cough, dyspnea, and fever. - It typically does **not cause neurological symptoms** such as facial nerve palsy or ptosis, nor is it prominently associated with hilar lymphadenopathy.

Q: What is the most common cause of delirium?

Infection. ***Infection*** - **Infections**, particularly urinary tract infections (UTIs) or pneumonia, are a very common and often reversible cause of **delirium**, especially in elderly or immunocompromised patients [1]. - The systemic inflammatory response to infection can lead to neuroinflammation and direct effects on brain function, manifesting as acute changes in attention and cognition. *Liver failure* - While **liver failure** can cause **hepatic encephalopathy**, which presents with altered mental status, it typically has a more gradual onset and a different neurochemical profile than acute delirium caused by infection. - Hepatic encephalopathy is characterized by abnormal ammonia metabolism and often includes motor signs like **asterixis**, which are not universally present in delirium from infection. *Belladonna poisoning* - **Belladonna poisoning** (due to **anticholinergic toxicity**) can cause **delirium**, along with a constellation of symptoms like dilated pupils, dry mouth, and tachycardia. - However, it is a specific toxicological cause and not as broad or commonly encountered as infection as a general cause of new-onset delirium in hospitalized or elderly populations. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **infection** is indeed a very common and recognized cause of delirium [1].

Q: Which of the following exocrine glandular ducts are not obstructed in cystic fibrosis?

Sweat gland. ***Sweat gland*** - In cystic fibrosis, the **CFTR protein** in sweat glands is defective, leading to **impaired chloride reabsorption** and excessively salty sweat [1]. - This defect causes dysfunctional sweat production but **does not result in obstruction** of the sweat gland ducts, which continue to secrete. *Pancreas* - The **exocrine pancreatic ducts** are frequently obstructed in cystic fibrosis due to the production of **thick, sticky mucus**. - This obstruction leads to maldigestion and **pancreatic insufficiency**, requiring enzyme replacement therapy. *Lung* - **Bronchial ducts** and airways in the lungs are severely affected by the accumulation of **viscous mucus**, leading to chronic obstruction [1]. - This obstruction impairs mucociliary clearance, making patients susceptible to recurrent **pulmonary infections** and progressive lung damage [1], [2]. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because sweat glands are indeed not obstructed, making option C the appropriate answer.

Q: A 50 year old male presents with fever and malaise for 4 months and pain in the knees and ankles. Blood tests are normal apart from a raised ESR. Chest x-ray shows bilateral hilar adenopathy and pulmonary infiltrates most severe in the upper and mid zones. Mantoux test is negative. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Sarcoidosis. ***Sarcoidosis*** - The constellation of **bilateral hilar adenopathy**, pulmonary infiltrates (especially in upper/mid zones), **arthralgia** (knees and ankles), and a **negative Mantoux test** in a patient with unexplained fever and malaise is highly suggestive of sarcoidosis [1]. - A **raised ESR** is a non-specific inflammatory marker often seen in sarcoidosis. *Tuberculosis* - While tuberculosis can cause fever, malaise, pulmonary infiltrates, and elevated ESR, a **negative Mantoux test** makes primary or active tuberculosis less likely in an immunocompetent individual. - **Bilateral hilar adenopathy** is also less typical of primary pulmonary tuberculosis compared to sarcoidosis. *Asbestosis* - This is an **occupational lung disease** caused by asbestos exposure, primarily presenting with **progressive dyspnea** and **restrictive lung disease**. - It characteristically involves the **lower lobes**, causes **pleural plaques**, and is not typically associated with acute arthralgia, fever, or prominent hilar adenopathy. *Berylliosis* - This is another **occupational lung disease** resulting from beryllium exposure, often mimicking sarcoidosis both clinically and pathologically [2]. - However, without a history of **beryllium exposure** and given the classic presentation, sarcoidosis is a more prevalent default diagnosis [2].

Q: Crush Syndrome is associated with all of the following features except -

Hypercalcemia. ***Hypercalcemia*** - Crush syndrome involves massive **muscle damage** leading to the release of intracellular contents, but hypercalcemia is not typically seen acutely. - While skeletal muscle contains calcium, its release, if any, is usually outweighed by other electrolyte shifts and renal dysfunction, often leading to **hypocalcemia** due to calcium binding to damaged tissues and phosphate. *Hypocalcemia* - This is a common feature of **crush syndrome** because calcium ions move into damaged cells and bind to free fatty acids and damaged tissue. - The elevated **phosphate levels** released from damaged cells can also bind to circulating calcium, further reducing serum calcium. *Hyperkalemia* - One of the most dangerous complications of **crush syndrome**, resulting from the massive release of **intracellular potassium** from damaged muscle cells. - Can lead to **life-threatening arrhythmias** if not promptly managed. *Increased serum creatinine* - Damaged muscle releases large amounts of **creatinine**, which is a byproduct of muscle metabolism; this, along with **myoglobin** (leading to acute kidney injury), causes a significant increase in serum creatinine levels. - **Acute kidney injury** due to rhabdomyolysis is a hallmark of crush syndrome, leading to impaired clearance of waste products.

Q: Which zone of the prostate is primarily involved in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

Transitional zone. ***Transitional zone*** - The **transitional zone** surrounds the urethra and is the primary site of origin and enlargement in **Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)**. - Its hypertrophy leads to compression of the urethra, causing **lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)**. *Central zone* - The **central zone** surrounds the ejaculatory ducts and is less commonly involved in BPH. - It is more frequently associated with the development of **prostate carcinoma**. *Peripheral zone* - The **peripheral zone** is the largest zone of the prostate and is where the majority of prostate cancers originate. - While it can be affected by BPH, it is not the primary zone for hypertrophy. *Prostate capsule* - The **prostate capsule** is the outer fibrous layer that encloses the prostate gland. - It does not undergo hyperplasia in BPH; rather, it encases the enlarging gland.

Question 1

A female patient of 26 years, presents with oral ulcers, photosensitivity and skin malar rash in face sparing the nasolabial folds of both side.

Accepted Answer

SLE

Answer

Sturge weber syndrome

Answer

Dermatitis

Answer

Psoriasis

Question 2

Which vitamin deficiency is commonly associated with night blindness and other vision problems?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin A

Answer

Vitamin C

Answer

Vitamin E

Answer

Vitamin B12

Question 3

Identify the condition given in the image below?

Accepted Answer

Chronic lymphedema

Answer

Cushing syndrome

Answer

Osteoporosis

Answer

None of the options

Question 4

Casal's necklace is associated with the deficiency of:

Accepted Answer

Deficiency of Niacin (Vitamin B3)

Answer

Deficiency of Vitamin A

Answer

Deficiency of Iron

Answer

Deficiency of Vitamin B12

Question 5

A patient presents to you with fever, night sweats, ptosis, and bilateral facial nerve palsy.    Investigations showed leukocytosis and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Which of the    following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Sarcoidosis

Answer

Tuberculosis

Answer

Lymphoma

Answer

Hypersensitive pneumonitis

Question 6

What is the most common cause of delirium?

Accepted Answer

Infection

Answer

Liver failure

Answer

Belladonna poisoning

Answer

None of the options

Question 7

Which of the following exocrine glandular ducts are not obstructed in cystic fibrosis?

Accepted Answer

Sweat gland

Answer

Pancreas

Answer

Lung

Answer

None of the options

Question 8

A 50 year old male presents with fever and malaise for 4 months and pain in the knees and ankles. Blood tests are normal apart from a raised ESR. Chest x-ray shows bilateral hilar adenopathy and pulmonary infiltrates most severe in the upper and mid zones. Mantoux test is negative. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Sarcoidosis

Answer

Tuberculosis

Answer

Asbestosis

Answer

Berylliosis

Question 9

Crush Syndrome is associated with all of the following features except -

Accepted Answer

Hypercalcemia

Answer

Hypocalcemia

Answer

Hyperkalemia

Answer

Increased serum creatinine

Question 10

Which zone of the prostate is primarily involved in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

Accepted Answer

Transitional zone

Answer

Central zone

Answer

Peripheral zone

Answer

Prostate capsule

Clinical Manifestations and Presentation of Diseases — MCQs

Clinical Manifestations and Presentation of Diseases — MCQs

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