Cardiology — MCQs

Cardiology Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 1361: Which of the following is NOT a common cause of generalized edema?

A. Pulmonary embolism (Correct Answer)
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Congestive heart failure
D. Nephrotic syndrome

Explanation: ***Pulmonary embolism*** - A **pulmonary embolism** primarily causes **localized edema** due to venous obstruction in a specific limb, or can cause **pulmonary edema** if severe, but it is not a common cause of **generalized edema**. - Generalized edema typically results from systemic fluid retention or widespread capillary leakage, which is not the primary mechanism of PE unless it leads to severe right heart failure and venous congestion. *Hypothyroidism* - **Hypothyroidism** can cause **generalized edema** due to the accumulation of **hyaluronic acid** and **chondroitin sulfate** in the interstitial space, leading to **myxedema**. - This increased interstitial colloid osmotic pressure pulls fluid into the extravascular space, resulting in widespread swelling. *Congestive heart failure* - **Congestive heart failure** leads to **generalized edema** due to increased **hydrostatic pressure** in capillaries and reduced renal perfusion, activating the **renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system**. - These mechanisms cause fluid retention and shifting of fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial space, particularly in dependent areas. *Nephrotic syndrome* - **Nephrotic syndrome** is characterized by severe **proteinuria**, leading to **hypoalbuminemia**, which reduces the plasma **oncotic pressure**. - This decreased oncotic pressure causes fluid to shift from the intravascular space into the interstitial space, resulting in significant **generalized edema**.

Question 1362: A 65-year-old man with congestive heart failure presents with worsening bilateral pitting edema. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

A. Increase diuretic dose (Correct Answer)
B. Add beta-blocker
C. Start corticosteroids
D. Prescribe ACE inhibitor

Explanation: ***Increase diuretic dose*** - Worsening **pitting edema** in a patient with **congestive heart failure** indicates fluid overload, and increasing the diuretic dose is the most direct and effective treatment [1]. - This aims to **reduce fluid retention** and alleviate symptoms like edema and congestion, improving the patient's hemodynamic status [1]. *Add beta-blocker* - Beta-blockers are crucial for **long-term management** of heart failure by improving cardiac function and survival, but they are typically initiated slowly in stable patients. - Adding a beta-blocker acutely in a patient with worsening fluid overload can exacerbate symptoms and is generally **contraindicated** if the patient is not euvolemic. *Start corticosteroids* - **Corticosteroids** have powerful **anti-inflammatory** and immunosuppressive effects but are not indicated for the management of fluid overload in heart failure [1]. - They can actually cause **sodium and fluid retention**, which would worsen the patient's edema and heart failure symptoms [1]. *Prescribe ACE inhibitor* - **ACE inhibitors** are foundational in heart failure therapy for reducing afterload and remodeling, but they do not directly address acute fluid overload [2]. - While beneficial for long-term management, initiating or increasing an ACE inhibitor would not be the most appropriate immediate step for acute worsening edema [2].

Question 1363: Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to cause peripheral edema?

A. Nephrotic syndrome
B. Venous insufficiency (Correct Answer)
C. Congestive heart failure
D. Hyperthyroidism

Explanation: Venous insufficiency - **Venous insufficiency** is a common cause of peripheral edema due to impaired venous return leading to fluid accumulation in the lower extremities. - It is characterized by **pitting edema**, skin changes, and often associated with varicose veins. *Nephrotic syndrome* - **Nephrotic syndrome** causes generalized edema, including peripheral edema, due to significant **proteinuria** [1] leading to hypoalbuminemia and decreased plasma oncotic pressure. - The reduced oncotic pressure causes fluid to shift from the intravascular space into the interstitial space. *Congestive heart failure* - **Congestive heart failure** leads to peripheral edema primarily due to increased hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries as a result of the heart's inability to pump blood effectively. - This results in fluid extravasation into the interstitial tissues, often presenting as **pitting edema** in the ankles and legs. *Hyperthyroidism* - While **hyperthyroidism** is not a classic cause of significant peripheral edema, some patients can develop **pretibial myxedema**, which is a condition associated with autoimmune thyroid disease. - This form of edema is typically non-pitting and localized, and it is not a direct result of increased hydrostatic or decreased oncotic pressure in the same way as conditions like CHF or nephrotic syndrome.

Question 1364: What mechanism primarily leads to cough in patients with congestive heart failure?

A. Fluid accumulation in alveoli (Correct Answer)
B. Stimulation of pulmonary J-receptors
C. Upper airway obstruction due to edema
D. Increased airway resistance

Explanation: ***Fluid accumulation in alveoli*** - In **congestive heart failure (CHF)**, the heart's pumping efficiency decreases, leading to **pulmonary venous congestion** and increased hydrostatic pressure [1]. - This pressure forces fluid from the capillaries into the **interstitial space** and subsequently into the alveoli, triggering a cough reflex to clear the airways [1]. *Stimulation of pulmonary J-receptors* - While J-receptors can be stimulated by **interstitial edema** and distension, this stimulation primarily contributes to **dyspnea** (shortness of breath) and shallow, rapid breathing rather than directly initiating a productive cough [1]. - The cough in CHF is more directly related to the physical presence of fluid within the alveolar spaces [1]. *Upper airway obstruction due to edema* - **Upper airway obstruction** from edema is less common as a primary cause of cough in CHF and is more characteristic of conditions like **angioedema** or **laryngitis** [2]. - The edema in CHF predominantly affects the lower respiratory tract, specifically the **pulmonary parenchyma**. *Increased airway resistance* - **Increased airway resistance** is typically associated with conditions like **asthma** or **chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)** where there is **bronchoconstriction** or inflammation of the bronchioles [3]. - Although some degree of bronchoconstriction can occur due to congestion, the primary mechanism for cough in CHF is not airway resistance but alveolar fluid filling.

Question 1365: A 45-year-old male presents with progressive dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. His echocardiogram shows reduced ejection fraction and pulmonary congestion. What is the most appropriate management?

A. Inhaled corticosteroids
B. IV antibiotics
C. IV diuretics and nitrates (Correct Answer)
D. Thoracentesis

Explanation: The patient's symptoms (dyspnea, orthopnea, PND) and echocardiogram findings (reduced ejection fraction, **pulmonary congestion**) are classic for **acute decompensated heart failure** [1]. - **IV diuretics** (e.g., furosemide) help reduce **preload** and alleviate pulmonary congestion, while **nitrates** (e.g., nitroglycerin) reduce both **preload and afterload**, improving cardiac output and symptoms [1]. *Inhaled corticosteroids* - These are primarily used for managing **inflammatory airway diseases** like **asthma** or COPD. - They would not address the underlying **cardiac pathology** or acute pulmonary congestion in heart failure. *IV antibiotics* - Antibiotics are indicated for **bacterial infections**, which are not suggested by the clinical presentation of progressive dyspnea and isolated cardiac dysfunction. - Giving antibiotics without evidence of infection would be inappropriate and could contribute to **antibiotic resistance**. *Thoracentesis* - Thoracentesis is a procedure to remove fluid from the **pleural space**. While pulmonary congestion and heart failure can lead to **pleural effusions**, it's usually not the first-line management for acute heart failure symptoms. - The primary treatment focuses on reducing **intravascular volume** and improving cardiac function, which would often resolve effusions without the need for an invasive procedure.

Question 1366: Sharp, tearing chest pain radiating to the back is seen in all except?

A. Pulmonary embolism (Correct Answer)
B. Aortic dissection
C. Esophageal rupture
D. Pericarditis

Explanation: ***Pulmonary embolism*** - While pulmonary embolism can cause sudden, sharp chest pain, it is typically described as **pleuritic** (worsened by breathing) and usually does not radiate to the back in a **tearing fashion**. - The pain is primarily due to **pulmonary infarction** or **right ventricular strain**, not mechanical tearing of a vessel wall. *Aortic dissection* - This condition is classically associated with **sharp, tearing chest pain** that often radiates to the **back** (interscapular area) due to the separation of the aortic wall layers [1]. - The sudden onset and severe nature of the pain are highly characteristic of this life-threatening emergency [1]. *Esophageal rupture* - Known as **Boerhaave syndrome**, it presents with sudden, severe, and **sharp retrosternal chest pain** that can radiate to the back, often following forceful vomiting. - The pain is excruciating and can be accompanied by symptoms like **dyspnea** and **subcutaneous emphysema**. *Pericarditis* - Pericarditis causes **sharp, pleuritic chest pain** that is typically retrosternal and can radiate to the neck, shoulders, or back [2]. - The pain is characteristically **relieved by sitting up and leaning forward** and worsened by lying flat or inspiration [2].

Question 1367: A 50-year-old male presents with sharp, localized chest pain, worse with deep breaths and relieved by sitting up. ECG is normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Pneumothorax
B. Myocardial infarction
C. Pleuritis
D. Pericarditis (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Pericarditis*** - The classic presentation of **sharp, localized chest pain** that is **worse with deep breaths** and **relieved by sitting up and leaning forward** is highly characteristic of pericarditis [2]. - A **normal ECG** makes other cardiac causes less likely, supporting the diagnosis of pericarditis, which can have diffuse ST elevation or PR depression as ECG findings, but a normal ECG doesn't rule it out, especially early on [2]. *Pneumothorax* - While pneumothorax can cause **sharp chest pain** and be **respiratory variation**, it is typically associated with **dyspnea** and **diminished breath sounds** on examination, which are not mentioned here. - The pain relief with sitting up is not characteristic of pneumothorax. *Myocardial infarction* - **Myocardial infarction** pain is typically described as a **heavy, pressure-like sensation**, often radiating to the arm, jaw, or back, and is usually not relieved by position changes [1]. - A **normal ECG** makes acute myocardial infarction less likely, though it does not entirely rule out non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). *Pleuritis* - **Pleuritis** also causes **sharp, pleuritic chest pain** that worsens with deep inspiration or coughing. - However, the classic relief with **sitting up and leaning forward** is more specific to pericarditis than pleuritis.

Question 1368: Which of the following conditions is least likely to present with pleuritic chest pain?

A. Aortic dissection (Correct Answer)
B. Acute pericarditis
C. Pneumothorax
D. Pulmonary embolism

Explanation: ### Aortic dissection - While it causes severe chest pain, the pain from **aortic dissection** is typically described as **ripping or tearing** and does not usually worsen with breathing, making pleuritic pain unlikely [2]. - The pain is usually due to the dissection of the **aortic wall** itself, which is not innervated in a way that produces pleuritic pain. *Acute pericarditis* - **Acute pericarditis** frequently causes pleuritic chest pain that is often described as sharp, **stabbing**, and worse with inspiration or lying flat [1]. - This is because the inflamed pericardium can irritate the adjacent pleura, leading to pain that is exacerbated by respiratory movements. *Pneumothorax* - **Pneumothorax** (collapsed lung) classically presents with sudden onset **sharp**, pleuritic chest pain and shortness of breath [3]. - The pain is due to the stretching of the **pleura** as air accumulates in the pleural space, leading to irritation and inflammation [3]. *Pulmonary embolism* - **Pulmonary embolism (PE)** can cause pleuritic chest pain, particularly if it leads to **pulmonary infarction** affecting the pleural surface. - The pain is often sudden, sharp, and worsened by deep breathing or coughing, reflecting irritation of the parietal pleura.

Question 1369: A 45-year-old man presents with intermittent pain in the chest, radiating to the left arm, aggravated by exertion, and relieved by rest. What is the most appropriate initial investigation?

A. Chest X-ray
B. Cardiac enzymes
C. ECG (Correct Answer)
D. Echocardiogram

Explanation: ***ECG*** - An **ECG** is the most appropriate initial investigation for suspected **angina pectoris** due to its rapid availability and ability to detect signs of **myocardial ischemia** or infarction [1]. - It can reveal changes such as **ST-segment depression** or elevation, **T-wave inversion**, or pathological Q waves [1]. *Chest X-ray* - A **chest X-ray** is useful for evaluating conditions like **pneumonia**, **pneumothorax**, or **heart failure** (cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema). - It is generally not the first-line diagnostic tool for **ischemic heart disease** as it cannot directly visualize coronary arteries or myocardial ischemia. *Cardiac enzymes* - **Cardiac enzymes** (e.g., troponin, CK-MB) are crucial for diagnosing **acute myocardial infarction** but are typically elevated hours after the onset of chest pain. - While important for confirming an MI, they are not the *initial* investigation for transient, exertion-related chest pain suggestive of **stable angina** [1]. *Echocardiogram* - An **echocardiogram** provides detailed information about **cardiac structure** and function, including **wall motion abnormalities**, valve function, and overall ejection fraction [1]. - While valuable, it is usually performed after an ECG to further evaluate the heart's pumping ability and identify **regional wall motion abnormalities** indicative of ischemia, rather than as the very first step [1].

Question 1370: A 55-year-old male presents with severe, crushing chest pain and shortness of breath. ECG shows ST elevation in the inferior leads. What is the most appropriate immediate management?

A. Beta blockers
B. Oxygen and nitroglycerin
C. Percutaneous coronary intervention (Correct Answer)
D. Thrombolysis

Explanation: Percutaneous coronary intervention - The patient's symptoms (severe, crushing chest pain, shortness of breath, ST elevation in inferior leads) are classic for an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) [1]. - Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred treatment for STEMI when available within recommended timeframes, as it directly opens the occluded coronary artery to restore blood flow [2]. Beta blockers - While beta blockers are part of long-term STEMI management, they are not the most appropriate immediate intervention when revascularization is paramount. - They can be administrated after reperfusion therapy, typically within 24 hours (unless contraindicated), to reduce myocardial oxygen demand [2]. Oxygen and nitroglycerin - Oxygen is indicated for hypoxia, but routine use in normoxia has not shown benefit; nitroglycerin can relieve chest pain but does not address the underlying coronary occlusion in STEMI. - These therapies are largely supportive and do not treat the root cause of STEMI, which is an occluded coronary artery [1]. Thrombolysis - Thrombolysis is an alternative reperfusion strategy for STEMI when PCI is not available or cannot be performed within the recommended time [2]. - Given that the question does not suggest PCI is unavailable, it is not the most appropriate immediate choice in comparison to PCI for STEMI [2].

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Coronary Artery Disease and Angina

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Acute Coronary Syndromes

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Heart Failure

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Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Valvular Heart Diseases

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Cardiomyopathies

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Pericardial Diseases

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Congenital Heart Disease in Adults

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Hypertension and Hypertensive Emergencies

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Pulmonary Hypertension

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Non-invasive Cardiac Diagnostics

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Preventive Cardiology

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Cardiology — MCQs

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