The symbols shown in the image represent which types of biomedical waste?
Q222
The following symbol depicts:
Q223
The logo shown in the image represents which of the following schemes?
Q224
The program shown in the image is used for monitoring:
Q225
"Objectives are set forth for different units and subunits, each of which prepares its own plan of action, usually on a short-term basis." The definition best sums up which one among the following terms?
Q226
In the National Health Policy 2017, a target of 90 : 90 : 90 has been set for HIV/AIDS. Which among the following are targets for which a 90% level has been set as part of the National Health Policy ?
1. Proportion of couples who have safe sex
2. Proportion of people living with HIV who know their HIV status
3. Proportion of adolescents who have access to contraceptives
4. Proportion of people receiving antiretroviral therapy who have viral suppression
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
Q227
Under the National Leprosy Eradication Programme, ASHAs have been entrusted to which of the following activities ?
1. ASHAs are to search for suspected cases of leprosy in their villages and take them to the PHCs for diagnosis and treatment.
2. ASHAs arrange an amount of ₹ 5,000 as an incentive to each leprosy affected person in their village for undergoing reconstructive surgery.
3. ASHAs ensure that each leprosy affected person in their village receives micro-cellular rubber footwear for protection of insensitive feet.
4. ASHAs follow up all confirmed cases of leprosy in their village to ensure their treatment completion.
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
Q228
Which of the following correctly represent the critical determinants of a healthy facility being declared as a First Referral Unit (FRU) ?
1. Availability of emergency obstetric surgical interventions
2. Availability of immunization services
3. Blood storage facility
4. Newborn care
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
Q229
Frontline health workers are employed to record the births and deaths in countries which have made slow progress in the development of a comprehensive vital registration system. This approach is known as
Q230
Consider the following steps of a planning cycle :
1. Assigning priorities among the problems
2. Evaluation
3. Selecting best programme
4. Operating the programme
Which among the following is the correct sequence of steps?
Public Health Administration Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 221: The symbols shown in the image represent which types of biomedical waste?
A. Biohazard and cytotoxic waste
B. Nuclear waste and cytotoxic waste (Correct Answer)
C. Nuclear waste and cryogenic waste
D. Biohazard and radioactive waste
Explanation: ***Nuclear waste and cytotoxic waste***
- The image on the left is a variant of the **radiation hazard symbol**, specifically indicating **nuclear waste or radioactive material**.
- The image on the right is a standard symbol for **cytotoxic waste**, often used for materials that are toxic to cells, such as chemotherapy drugs.
*Biohazard and cytotoxic waste*
- The symbol on the left is **not the widely recognized biohazard symbol**, which typically has three circles (trefoil design) with a central circle.
- While the right symbol correctly identifies cytotoxic waste, the left symbol is incorrect.
*Nuclear waste and cryogenic waste*
- The right symbol, a black triangle with a white 'C', represents **cytotoxic materials**, not **cryogenic waste**.
- Cryogenic waste refers to extremely cold substances and has a different hazard symbol.
*Biohazard and radioactive waste*
- The symbol on the left is associated with **radioactive material** or **nuclear waste**, not the standard **biohazard symbol**.
- The right symbol is for cytotoxic waste, which is distinct from radioactive hazards.
Question 222: The following symbol depicts:
A. Bureau of Indian Standards (Correct Answer)
B. Agmark Standard
C. Prevention of food adulteration
D. ISI Standard
Explanation: ***Bureau of Indian Standards***
- The image displays the official **logo of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)**, which includes the Hindi phrase "**मानक: पथप्रदर्शकः**" meaning "Standards: The Guiding Light."
- BIS is the **national standards body of India** responsible for the harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking, and quality certification of goods.
*Agmark Standard*
- **Agmark** is a certification mark employed on agricultural products in India, assuring their quality and purity.
- The Agmark logo typically features **two hands holding a sheaf of wheat** or other grain, which is distinctly different from the given image.
*Prevention of food adulteration*
- The "Prevention of Food Adulteration" (PFA) Act was a former Indian law aimed at **preventing misbranding and adulteration of food articles**.
- While related to food safety, it does not have a specific, universally recognized symbol as depicted in the question.
*ISI Standard*
- The **ISI mark** is a certification mark for industrial products in India, indicating conformity to Indian Standards.
- The ISI mark is issued by BIS, but it is a specific certification mark for products, whereas the given image is the broader organizational logo of the **Bureau of Indian Standards**.
Question 223: The logo shown in the image represents which of the following schemes?
A. Rashtriya Swasthya Suraksha Karyakram
B. Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (Correct Answer)
C. Mid-day meal scheme
D. NPCDCS
Explanation: ***Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram***
- The logo, depicting an infant embraced in caring hands, symbolically represents the focus of the **Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (NSSK)** on protecting and ensuring the survival of newborns.
- NSSK is a program aimed at training healthcare providers in essential newborn care to reduce **neonatal mortality and morbidity**.
*Rashtriya Swasthya Suraksha Karyakram*
- This scheme generally focuses on providing **health insurance coverage** to vulnerable families for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization.
- Its logo would typically reflect themes of **financial protection** or medical access, not specifically newborn care.
*Mid-day meal scheme*
- The Mid-day Meal Scheme (now called PM Poshan) provides **nutritious meals** to school-going children.
- Its logo would usually feature elements related to **food, education**, or children in a school setting.
*NPCDCS*
- NPCDCS stands for **National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke**.
- Its logo would emphasize aspects of **disease prevention, treatment**, or healthy living for adults and the elderly, not infants.
Question 224: The program shown in the image is used for monitoring:
A. OCP usage
B. Chandler index
C. Leprosy
D. TB (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***TB***
- The image shows the **Nikshay** portal logo, which is India's web-based solution for **monitoring and management of Tuberculosis (TB)** patients under the **National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP)**, formerly known as RNTCP.
- **Nikshay** serves as a comprehensive platform for recording patient data, treatment outcomes, and program performance specifically related to **TB surveillance and control**.
*Leprosy*
- **Leprosy monitoring** in India is handled through different programs like **NLEP (National Leprosy Eradication Programme)**, not through the Nikshay portal.
- The Nikshay system is specifically designed for **TB management**, not for leprosy case detection or monitoring.
*OCP usage*
- **OCP (Oral Contraceptive Pill)** usage monitoring is part of **family planning programs** and reproductive health initiatives, completely unrelated to infectious disease surveillance.
- There is no connection between the **Nikshay portal** and contraceptive usage monitoring systems.
*Chandler index*
- The **Chandler index** is a forensic pathology measure used to describe **postmortem blood flow changes** in deceased individuals.
- It has no relevance to **public health monitoring programs** or disease surveillance systems like Nikshay.
Question 225: "Objectives are set forth for different units and subunits, each of which prepares its own plan of action, usually on a short-term basis." The definition best sums up which one among the following terms?
A. Management by objectives (Correct Answer)
B. Input-Output analysis
C. Personnel management
D. Work sampling
Explanation: ***Management by objectives***
- This definition directly describes **Management by Objectives (MBO)**, where clear objectives are set at various levels, and action plans are developed to achieve them.
- MBO emphasizes a **participative approach** where employees and managers collaborate to set realistic and achievable goals, often on a short-term basis.
*Input-Output analysis*
- **Input-Output analysis** studies the interdependencies within an economy, detailing how the output of one industry serves as input for another.
- It does not focus on goal-setting and planning for different organizational units.
*Personnel management*
- **Personnel management** deals with the administrative aspects of employee relations, such as recruitment, training, compensation, and employee welfare.
- While it involves setting objectives related to human resources, it is not the overarching definition for setting objectives across different units and subunits with associated action plans.
*Work sampling*
- **Work sampling** is a method used to determine the proportion of time spent by workers on different tasks over a period.
- It is a tool for **measuring work activities** and efficiency, not a framework for objective setting and action planning within an organization.
Question 226: In the National Health Policy 2017, a target of 90 : 90 : 90 has been set for HIV/AIDS. Which among the following are targets for which a 90% level has been set as part of the National Health Policy ?
1. Proportion of couples who have safe sex
2. Proportion of people living with HIV who know their HIV status
3. Proportion of adolescents who have access to contraceptives
4. Proportion of people receiving antiretroviral therapy who have viral suppression
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
A. 1 and 4
B. 1 and 3
C. 2 and 3
D. 2 and 4 (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***2 and 4***
The **90-90-90 targets** for HIV/AIDS established by UNAIDS and adopted in India's National Health Policy 2017 have three specific goals:
- **First 90**: 90% of all people living with HIV know their HIV status
- **Second 90**: 90% of all people diagnosed with HIV receive sustained antiretroviral therapy (ART)
- **Third 90**: 90% of all people receiving ART achieve viral suppression
**Statement 2** correctly identifies the **first 90** (proportion of people living with HIV who know their status), and **Statement 4** correctly identifies the **third 90** (proportion on ART achieving viral suppression).
*1 and 4*
While promoting safe sex is crucial for HIV prevention, the **90-90-90 targets specifically focus on the cascade of diagnosis, treatment, and viral suppression** among people already living with HIV. The proportion of couples having safe sex is not part of these specific targets.
*1 and 3*
Neither the **proportion of couples having safe sex** nor **adolescent access to contraceptives** are part of the 90-90-90 targets for HIV/AIDS. These are important broader public health goals but not the precise metrics of the 90-90-90 HIV strategy.
*2 and 3*
While **Statement 2** (proportion knowing their HIV status) is indeed the first component of the 90-90-90 targets, the **proportion of adolescents with access to contraceptives** is not part of these HIV-specific targets. This is a separate reproductive health goal unrelated to the 90-90-90 framework.
Question 227: Under the National Leprosy Eradication Programme, ASHAs have been entrusted to which of the following activities ?
1. ASHAs are to search for suspected cases of leprosy in their villages and take them to the PHCs for diagnosis and treatment.
2. ASHAs arrange an amount of ₹ 5,000 as an incentive to each leprosy affected person in their village for undergoing reconstructive surgery.
3. ASHAs ensure that each leprosy affected person in their village receives micro-cellular rubber footwear for protection of insensitive feet.
4. ASHAs follow up all confirmed cases of leprosy in their village to ensure their treatment completion.
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
A. 2 and 3 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 4 only (Correct Answer)
D. 3 and 4 only
Explanation: ***1 and 4 only***
- ASHAs are actively involved in **community-based surveillance**, including **searching for suspected cases of leprosy** in their villages and referring them to Primary Health Centers (PHCs) for diagnosis and treatment.
- They also play a crucial role in ensuring **treatment adherence** by following up on all confirmed cases to ensure **treatment completion**, which is vital for leprosy eradication.
*2 and 3 only*
- While ASHAs facilitate access to services, their role does not directly include arranging **incentive payments** for reconstructive surgery or directly providing **micro-cellular rubber footwear**. These services are typically handled by other program components or higher levels of the healthcare system.
- ASHAs primarily focus on **case detection, referral, and treatment supervision**, not direct financial or material provision for reconstructive surgery incentives or specialized footwear.
*1 and 2 only*
- ASHAs are indeed involved in **case detection and referral (statement 1)**.
- However, they are **not responsible for arranging direct incentive payments (statement 2)** for reconstructive surgery; this falls outside their designated activities within the National Leprosy Eradication Programme.
*3 and 4 only*
- ASHAs are primarily involved in **follow-up for treatment completion (statement 4)**.
- However, their role does not include directly **providing micro-cellular rubber footwear (statement 3)**; this is usually provided through other channels within the healthcare system to support prevention of disabilities.
Question 228: Which of the following correctly represent the critical determinants of a healthy facility being declared as a First Referral Unit (FRU) ?
1. Availability of emergency obstetric surgical interventions
2. Availability of immunization services
3. Blood storage facility
4. Newborn care
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
A. 1, 2 and 3
B. 1, 3 and 4 (Correct Answer)
C. 1, 2 and 4
D. 2, 3 and 4
Explanation: ***1, 3 and 4***
- A **First Referral Unit (FRU)** is a health facility equipped to provide basic and comprehensive essential obstetric and newborn care services, including **emergency obstetric surgical interventions** (like C-sections), a **blood storage facility**, and comprehensive **newborn care**.
- These components are crucial for managing obstetric emergencies and ensuring the survival of mothers and newborns, which defines the core function of an FRU.
*1, 2 and 3*
- While immunization services are important for public health, they are not a critical determinant for classifying a facility specifically as a **First Referral Unit (FRU)**, which focuses on emergency obstetric and newborn care.
- The absence of comprehensive newborn care as a listed determinant makes this option incomplete for FRU criteria.
*1, 2 and 4*
- This option misses the critical determinant of having a **blood storage facility**, which is essential for managing obstetric hemorrhages and is a core requirement for an FRU.
- Again, **immunization services** are not a primary defining characteristic of an FRU.
*2, 3 and 4*
- This option incorrectly includes **immunization services** as a critical determinant while omitting **emergency obstetric surgical interventions**, which are fundamental to an FRU's ability to handle life-threatening situations during childbirth.
- An FRU must be capable of performing C-sections and other emergency surgeries.
Question 229: Frontline health workers are employed to record the births and deaths in countries which have made slow progress in the development of a comprehensive vital registration system. This approach is known as
A. census
B. lay reporting (Correct Answer)
C. registration of vital events
D. sample registration system
Explanation: ***lay reporting***
- **Lay reporting** involves non-medical or community health workers collecting basic health information, such as births and deaths, especially in regions with inadequate formal registration systems.
- This method is valuable for gathering **community-level data** and improving the reach of health surveillance where professional healthcare infrastructure is limited.
*census*
- A **census** is a complete enumeration of a population at a specific point in time, usually conducted by the government to collect demographic and socioeconomic data.
- While it counts individuals, it does not typically involve the continuous recording of **vital events** like births and deaths by frontline health workers.
*registration of vital events*
- **Registration of vital events** refers to the official and continuous recording of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces by civil authorities, which is part of a comprehensive vital registration system.
- The question describes a scenario where this comprehensive system is underdeveloped, necessitating an alternative like **lay reporting**.
*sample registration system*
- A **sample registration system** involves collecting vital statistics from a representative sample of the population rather than the entire population.
- While it's used to estimate demographic indicators, it typically involves more structured data collection methods and is distinct from utilizing **frontline health workers** for primary recording in underserved areas.
Question 230: Consider the following steps of a planning cycle :
1. Assigning priorities among the problems
2. Evaluation
3. Selecting best programme
4. Operating the programme
Which among the following is the correct sequence of steps?
A. 1 → 3 → 4 → 2 (Correct Answer)
B. 2 → 3 → 4 → 1
C. 3 → 4 → 1 → 2
D. 1 → 2 → 3 → 4
Explanation: ***1 → 3 → 4 → 2***
- The planning cycle begins with **identifying and prioritizing problems**, as this guides all subsequent decisions.
- After prioritizing, the next logical step is to **select the best program** or intervention to address the identified problems. Following this, the chosen program is **operated** or implemented, and finally, its effectiveness is **evaluated**.
*2 → 3 → 4 → 1*
- This sequence incorrectly places **evaluation** at the beginning, before problems have been identified or prioritized.
- **Prioritizing problems** (step 1) must occur early in the cycle to set the foundation for action, not after initial program selection and operation.
*3 → 4 → 1 → 2*
- This option incorrectly suggests **selecting a program** before **prioritizing problems**, which is illogical as program selection should be driven by identified needs.
- **Prioritizing problems** (step 1) happens too late in this sequence, as it should precede program selection (step 3).
*1 → 2 → 3 → 4*
- This sequence is incorrect because **evaluation** (step 2) must occur after the program has been **operated** (step 4) to assess its outcomes.
- The order of **selecting the best program** (step 3) and **operating the program** (step 4) is reversed, as selection logically precedes operation.
