Non-Communicable Diseases — MCQs

Non-Communicable Diseases Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 591: All of the following come under priority of Stroke control programme EXCEPT:

A. Control of alcoholism (Correct Answer)
B. Control of smoking
C. Control of diabetes
D. Control of hypertension

Explanation: ***Control of alcoholism*** - While **alcoholism** is a health concern, its direct and immediate impact as a primary modifiable risk factor for stroke in large-scale stroke control programs is generally less emphasized compared to other factors. - Stroke control programs typically prioritize risk factors with a more direct and significant impact on stroke incidence and severity, such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. *Control of smoking* - **Smoking** is a major modifiable risk factor for stroke, significantly increasing the risk of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke due to its effects on atherosclerosis and clotting. - Quitting smoking is a cornerstone of any stroke prevention strategy, and thus its control is a high priority. *Control of diabetes* - **Diabetes** significantly increases the risk of stroke by promoting atherosclerosis and affecting blood vessel health. - Strict glycemic control is essential in preventing stroke and is a priority in stroke control programs. *Control of hypertension* - **Hypertension** is the most important modifiable risk factor for stroke, contributing to both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. - Effective blood pressure management is critical for primary and secondary stroke prevention and is a top priority in stroke control programs.

Question 592: Which of the following is a primary prevention strategy for coronary heart disease?

A. BP monitoring
B. Exercise promotion in high risk geographical areas
C. All of the options
D. Salt restriction (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Salt restriction*** - **Salt restriction** is a primary prevention strategy as it helps in maintaining healthy blood pressure, which in turn reduces the risk of **coronary heart disease (CHD)**. - By reducing **sodium intake**, the workload on the heart is decreased, preventing the development of hypertension, a major risk factor for CHD. - This is a clear, individual-level **primary prevention** measure that directly addresses a modifiable risk factor. *BP monitoring* - While important for managing and detecting hypertension, **BP monitoring** is a **secondary prevention** or screening activity, aiming to identify existing risk factors, not prevent their initial development. - It helps in early detection and management of high blood pressure, but does not prevent the underlying condition from occurring. *Exercise promotion in high risk geographical areas* - While exercise is indeed a key component of **primary prevention**, this option describes a **population-level public health strategy** rather than an individual primary prevention measure. - The question asks for "a primary prevention strategy," which typically refers to individual-level interventions in clinical/community medicine context. - **Salt restriction** is a more direct and specific individual-level answer. *All of the options* - This option is incorrect because **BP monitoring** is primarily a screening/secondary prevention measure, not a direct primary prevention strategy. - While exercise has preventive benefits, the phrasing as a population-level geographical strategy makes it less precise than **salt restriction** as the best answer.

Question 593: WHO global target for prevention and control of non communicable diseases by 2025 is to decrease the prevalence of raised blood pressure (hypertension) by

A. 75%
B. 25% (Correct Answer)
C. 90%
D. 55%

Explanation: ***25%*** - The World Health Organization (WHO) set a **global target** to achieve a **25% relative reduction** in the prevalence of **raised blood pressure (hypertension)** by 2025 (compared to 2010 baseline). - This target is part of the **WHO Global Action Plan for NCDs** and the Global Monitoring Framework to combat **non-communicable diseases (NCDs)**. *75%* - A 75% reduction in hypertension prevalence is an **unrealistically ambitious** target given current global health challenges and interventions. - While significant reductions are desired, the evidence-based target set by WHO is a more achievable 25% reduction. *90%* - A 90% reduction is not one of the specifically stated **WHO global targets** for hypertension by 2025. - Such a drastic reduction would require unprecedented public health interventions and is not supported by current evidence. *55%* - 55% is not a recognized **WHO target** for the prevention and control of hypertension by 2025. - The established global target from the WHO NCD Global Monitoring Framework specifically focuses on a **25% relative reduction**.

Question 594: In the context of clinical monitoring, what does BP tracking primarily involve?

A. Daily BP measurement and recording for monitoring purposes (Correct Answer)
B. Blood pressure should be monitored regularly using appropriate methods
C. Adults with high BP today are likely to have had high BP as children
D. High BP in childhood tends to persist into adulthood

Explanation: ***Daily BP measurement and recording for monitoring purposes*** - **BP tracking** in clinical practice primarily involves routinely taking and documenting **blood pressure readings** over time. - This systematic approach helps in monitoring blood pressure trends, assessing treatment effectiveness, and identifying potential issues like **hypertension** or **hypotension**. - The term "tracking" specifically refers to the **serial measurement and documentation** of BP values. *Blood pressure should be monitored regularly using appropriate methods* - This is a general **recommendation** for BP monitoring, but it is broader than the specific activity of "tracking." - It describes the necessity for surveillance, whereas tracking specifically implies the **recording and systematic analysis of data** over time. *Adults with high BP today are likely to have had high BP as children* - This statement describes the **epidemiological phenomenon** of BP tracking (correlation between childhood and adult BP). - While "BP tracking" can refer to this concept in epidemiology, in the **clinical monitoring context**, it refers to serial measurements. - This relates to the **natural history and epidemiology** of hypertension, not the clinical practice of BP tracking. *High BP in childhood tends to persist into adulthood* - This also describes the **epidemiological tracking phenomenon** rather than the clinical practice. - It highlights a **prognostic trend** and risk factor for adult hypertension. - Does not explain what the clinical activity of BP tracking entails.

Question 595: Primordial prevention in myocardial infarction is all except -

A. Change in life style
B. Change in Nutritional habits
C. Maintenance of normal body weight
D. Screening for hypertension (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Screening for hypertension*** - **Screening for hypertension** falls under **primary prevention**, as it aims to detect and treat a risk factor in individuals who have already developed a predisposition to the disease. - **Primordial prevention** focuses on preventing the development of risk factors themselves, rather than detecting them once they've emerged. *Change in life style* - **Lifestyle changes** such as promoting regular physical activity and avoiding smoking are key components of **primordial prevention**, preventing the development of risk factors like obesity and hypertension. - These interventions aim to stop risk factors from even appearing in healthy populations. *Change in Nutritional habits* - Promoting **healthy nutritional habits** from an early age is a fundamental strategy in **primordial prevention**, aiming to prevent the development of conditions like obesity and hyperlipidemia. - This proactive approach seeks to establish healthy patterns before disease risk factors take hold. *Maintenance of normal body weight* - Encouraging and supporting the **maintenance of normal body weight** in the general population is a classic example of **primordial prevention**. - This prevents the emergence of obesity, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases like myocardial infarction.

Question 596: To reduce mortality by CHD, best strategy -

A. Secondary prevention
B. Primordial prevention (Correct Answer)
C. Tertiary prevention
D. None of the options

Explanation: ***Primordial prevention*** * This strategy aims to prevent the **development of risk factors** for CHD in the first place, thus preventing the disease itself. * It focuses on promoting healthy lifestyles and environments from early life, targeting populations rather than individuals. *Secondary prevention* * This involves actions taken after an individual has developed **risk factors** for CHD or has been diagnosed with the disease, to prevent recurrence or worsening. * Examples include medication (e.g., statins, antiplatelets) for people with high cholesterol or a history of heart attack. *Tertiary prevention* * This strategy aims to reduce the **impact of an existing disease** on a patient's daily life and prevent further complications, disability, or death. * For CHD, this would include cardiac rehabilitation, surgical interventions like CABG, and managing co-morbidities to improve quality of life and prolong survival. *None of the options* * Given that primordial prevention directly addresses the prevention of risk factors and thus the disease itself, it is the most effective strategy for **reducing overall mortality** at the population level. * Therefore, one of the provided options is indeed the best strategy.

Question 597: Cancer control programme was launched in India in?

A. 1970
B. 1986
C. 1976 (Correct Answer)
D. 1992

Explanation: **1976** - The **National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP)** was officially launched in India in **1976** to address the growing burden of cancer. - Its initial focus was on **primary prevention**, early detection, treatment, and palliation of cancer cases across the country. *1970* - While there may have been some preliminary discussions or small-scale initiatives related to cancer in the early 1970s, a formal, comprehensive national cancer control programme was **not launched in 1970**. - This year generally predates the systematized approach to cancer control taken by many countries. *1986* - By **1986**, the National Cancer Control Programme was already established and undergoing **revisions and expansions** based on early experiences and evolving needs. - The year 1986 did not mark the initial launch, but rather a period of programme enhancement. *1992* - The year **1992** saw further significant **revisions and strengthening** of the NCCP, particularly in expanding district-level activities and improving infrastructure for cancer care. - However, this was a subsequent development, not the original launch year of the program.

Question 598: Minimum age for routine screening of osteoporosis in women according to USPSTF guidelines:

A. 55 years
B. 60 years
C. 50 years
D. 65 years (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***65 years*** - The **U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)** recommends routine osteoporosis screening with **bone mineral density (BMD) testing** for all women aged 65 years and older. - This recommendation is based on evidence that screening in this age group can effectively reduce the risk of **osteoporotic fractures**. *55 years* - This age is **too early** for routine osteoporosis screening in women according to current USPSTF guidelines. - Screening before age 65 is recommended only for younger women at **increased risk** of osteoporosis. *60 years* - This age is also **too early** for routine osteoporosis screening in women without additional risk factors. - The benefits of universal screening typically outweigh the harms beginning at age 65. *50 years* - This age is generally considered **too young** for routine osteoporosis screening. - Women in this age group are often still premenopausal or early postmenopausal and typically do not have a sufficiently high risk to warrant routine screening.

Question 599: A 45-year-old woman is diagnosed with breast cancer. She undergoes surgery followed by chemotherapy. What level of prevention does this treatment represent?

A. Primary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention (Correct Answer)
D. Quaternary prevention

Explanation: ***Tertiary prevention*** - **Tertiary prevention** aims to minimize the disease’s impact after diagnosis and treatment, prevent complications, and improve quality of life. - In this scenario, surgery and chemotherapy for breast cancer are applied *after* diagnosis to treat the disease and prevent recurrence or progression. *Primary prevention* - **Primary prevention** focuses on preventing the disease or injury from occurring in the first place. - Examples include vaccinations, promoting healthy lifestyles, or avoiding exposure to risk factors. *Secondary prevention* - **Secondary prevention** involves early detection and prompt treatment of a disease to halt its progression or minimize its impact. - **Screening tests** like mammography for breast cancer are an example of secondary prevention, aiming for early diagnosis. *Quaternary prevention* - **Quaternary prevention** aims to protect patients from excessive medical interventions and avoid over-medicalization. - It involves identifying patients at risk of unnecessary medical procedures or treatments and ensuring that interventions are appropriate and beneficial.

Question 600: Which of the following is a major focus of the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Stroke (NPCDCS)?

A. Promoting the use of alternative medicines
B. Screening and early detection of these diseases (Correct Answer)
C. Providing financial compensation to patients
D. Promoting private healthcare facilities

Explanation: ***Screening and early detection of these diseases*** - The **NPCDCS** specifically aims to reduce the morbidity and mortality from **non-communicable diseases (NCDs)** through a focus on **early diagnosis** and management. - This includes **population-based screening** for common NCDs like diabetes, hypertension, and common cancers (oral, breast, cervical) at the primary healthcare level. *Promoting the use of alternative medicines* - While integration of traditional medicine might occur in broader health policies, the **NPCDCS**'s primary focus is on evidence-based prevention, control, and management strategies for the listed diseases. - This program emphasizes **allopathic medical interventions** and public health approaches rather than promoting alternative medicine as a standalone focus. *Providing financial compensation to patients* - The **NPCDCS** focuses on **health services delivery**, prevention, and control, not on direct financial compensation to patients. - Financial assistance for healthcare is typically addressed through other government schemes, not as a core objective of disease prevention and control programs. *Promoting private healthcare facilities* - The program primarily works to strengthen the **public healthcare system** to deliver comprehensive NCD services. - Its objective is to ensure equitable access to care through government facilities, rather than promoting the private sector.

Practice by Chapter

Epidemiology of NCDs

Practice Questions

Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

Practice Questions

Diabetes Control Program

Practice Questions

Cancer Screening and Control

Practice Questions

Chronic Respiratory Diseases

Practice Questions

Mental Health Program

Practice Questions

Blindness Control Program

Practice Questions

Accident and Injury Prevention

Practice Questions

NCD Risk Factor Surveillance

Practice Questions

National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD, and Stroke

Practice Questions

Oral Health Program

Practice Questions

Geriatric Health Issues

Practice Questions

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