Non-Communicable Diseases Practice Questions

Q: What is the primary method of primordial prevention for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

Lifestyle change. ***Lifestyle change*** - **Primordial prevention** aims to prevent the development of risk factors themselves, which is best achieved through promoting healthy behaviors like diet, exercise, and avoiding tobacco at the population level. - This approach acts *before* the onset of risk factors, addressing societal and environmental determinants of health. - Examples include promoting healthy eating habits in schools, creating walkable communities, and tobacco-free environments. *Coronary bypass* - **Coronary bypass surgery** is a treatment for established CAD with significant blockages, not a preventive measure. - It falls under the category of **tertiary prevention**, aiming to reduce complications and improve quality of life in existing disease. *Treatment of CAD* - **Treating CAD** (e.g., medications like statins or antiplatelets, procedures like angioplasty) is a form of **secondary** or **tertiary prevention**. - It focuses on managing existing disease or preventing its progression, rather than preventing the initial development of risk factors. *Screening for hypertension* - **Screening** is a form of **secondary prevention** aimed at early detection of risk factors or disease. - While important, it occurs *after* risk factors have already developed, unlike primordial prevention which prevents risk factors from emerging.

Q: A patient prescribed crutches for residual paralysis in poliomyelitis is a type of -

Rehabilitation. ***Rehabilitation*** - Prescribing crutches for residual **paralysis** due to poliomyelitis is a classic example of **rehabilitation**, a component of **tertiary prevention** in public health. - Rehabilitation is the formal medical and public health term for the comprehensive process of restoring function and maximizing independence after an illness or injury has caused permanent impairment. - This intervention focuses on enhancing the patient's physical abilities, mobility, and **quality of life** despite the existing permanent disability. *Preventive strategies to eliminate risk factors* - This option refers to **primordial prevention** - actions taken to prevent the emergence of risk factors in the population (e.g., policy interventions, environmental modifications). - The patient already has **residual paralysis** from poliomyelitis, indicating the disease has occurred and its permanent effects are being managed, not prevented. *Measures to reduce the impact of a disability* - While this accurately describes what crutches functionally achieve, it is a **descriptive phrase** rather than the formal public health/medical terminology being tested. - **Rehabilitation** is the proper, established term that encompasses all measures to reduce disability impact through systematic therapeutic interventions. - In medical terminology and examination contexts, "rehabilitation" is the precise answer, whereas this option describes the outcome rather than naming the intervention category. *Preventive measures to avoid disease onset* - This describes **primary prevention**, such as vaccination against polio to prevent the infection in the first place. - The patient is already experiencing the consequences of the disease (**residual paralysis**), so the focus is on recovery and adaptation through tertiary prevention, not preventing initial disease occurrence.

Q: Which of the following is not a measure of primary prevention of hypertension?

Early diagnosis of hypertension. ***Early diagnosis of hypertension*** - **Early diagnosis** is a measure of **secondary prevention**, aiming to detect and manage a condition that has already developed but is not yet symptomatic or severe. - **Primary prevention** aims to prevent the disease from occurring in the first place, whereas secondary prevention seeks to halt its progression. *Weight reduction* - **Weight reduction** is a key lifestyle modification that can prevent the development of **hypertension**, especially in individuals with overweight or obesity. - Maintaining a **healthy weight** reduces the strain on the cardiovascular system and can normalize blood pressure. *Exercise promotion* - Promoting **regular physical activity** helps to improve cardiovascular health, maintain a healthy weight, and **lower blood pressure**, thereby preventing hypertension. - **Aerobic exercise** strengthens the heart and makes blood vessels more elastic, reducing the risk of developing high blood pressure. *Reduction of salt intake* - **Reducing dietary salt intake** is a well-established strategy to prevent hypertension, as excessive sodium contributes to fluid retention and increased blood pressure. - Limiting **sodium** in the diet can significantly lower the risk of developing hypertension, particularly in salt-sensitive individuals.

Q: A concept directed against the development of risk factors of coronary artery disease is -

Primordial prevention. ***Primordial prevention*** - **Primordial prevention** targets the prevention of the emergence of **risk factors** in the first place, often by addressing social, environmental, and behavioral determinants before they become established. - In the context of coronary artery disease, this would involve preventing the development of risk factors like **obesity**, **hypertension**, and **unhealthy diets** from an early age, even in populations that have not yet developed them. *Health education (general awareness and behavior change)* - While health education is a *method* used in prevention, it is not a level of prevention itself. - It contributes to various levels of prevention, including primordial and primary, by raising **awareness** and promoting **behavior change**. *Primary prevention (preventing disease onset)* - **Primary prevention** focuses on preventing the *onset* of disease in individuals who are already exposed to or have **risk factors**. - For coronary artery disease, this would include interventions like **blood pressure control** or **cholesterol management** in individuals already at risk. *Secondary prevention (early detection and management)* - **Secondary prevention** aims at early **detection** and prompt **management** of an existing disease to prevent its progression or complications. - In coronary artery disease, this would involve screening for asymptomatic heart disease or managing established CAD to prevent events like **heart attacks**.

Q: World Heart Day is celebrated on?

29th September. ***29th September*** - **World Heart Day** is an annual event observed globally on this date to raise awareness about **cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)** including heart disease and stroke - Established by the **World Heart Federation** to promote heart health and encourage preventive measures through lifestyle modification - The day aims to reduce the global burden of CVD through education about risk factors and healthy living *28th September* - This date is not recognized as World Heart Day - Often confused due to proximity to the actual date (29th September) *8th September* - **World Physiotherapy Day** is celebrated on this date, focusing on the role of physical therapy in health and well-being - While physical activity is crucial for cardiovascular health, this is a distinct observance from World Heart Day *1st December* - **World AIDS Day** is observed on this date to raise awareness about the AIDS pandemic and HIV infection - This date is unrelated to cardiovascular health awareness

Q: Goal of Prudent diet: Total Cholesterol to HDL ratio should be less than:

3.5. ***3.5*** - A total cholesterol to HDL ratio of less than **3.5** is generally considered optimal for reducing the risk of **atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)**. - This ratio reflects a favorable balance with higher levels of **high-density lipoprotein (HDL)**, often referred to as "good cholesterol". *1.5* - While a ratio of 1.5 would indicate excellent lipid health, it is an **unrealistically low** and rarely achievable target for most individuals through lifestyle changes alone. - This value is significantly below typical healthy ranges and is not a standard goal for a **prudent diet**. *4.5* - A ratio of **4.5** or higher indicates an **increased risk** of cardiovascular disease, suggesting a less favorable lipid profile. - This value is generally considered **suboptimal** and would be a target for intervention rather than a goal of a prudent diet. *2.5* - A ratio of 2.5 would be considered a **very good** and healthy lipid profile, indicating a low risk of cardiovascular disease. - Although beneficial, the standard guideline for a healthy target is typically less than **3.5**, making 2.5 a more aggressive but still positive target.

Question 1

What is the primary method of primordial prevention for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

Accepted Answer

Lifestyle change

Answer

Coronary bypass

Answer

Treatment of CAD

Answer

Screening for hypertension

Question 2

A patient prescribed crutches for residual paralysis in poliomyelitis is a type of -

Accepted Answer

Rehabilitation

Answer

Preventive strategies to eliminate risk factors

Answer

Measures to reduce the impact of a disability

Answer

Preventive measures to avoid disease onset

Question 3

Which of the following is not a measure of primary prevention of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Early diagnosis of hypertension

Answer

Exercise promotion

Answer

Reduction of salt intake

Answer

Weight reduction

Question 4

Screening for colorectal cancer is recommended when?

Accepted Answer

Early diagnosis can change the disease course due to effective treatment.

Answer

The condition has a low case fatality rate.

Answer

Diagnostic tools are not available.

Answer

There is no effective treatment available.

Question 5

A concept directed against the development of risk factors of coronary artery disease is -

Accepted Answer

Primordial prevention

Answer

Primary prevention

Answer

Secondary prevention

Answer

Health education

Question 6

World Heart Day is celebrated on?

Accepted Answer

29th September

Answer

28th September

Answer

8th September

Answer

1st December

Question 7

Goal of Prudent diet: Total Cholesterol to HDL ratio should be less than:

Accepted Answer

3.5

Answer

4.5

Answer

1.5

Answer

2.5

Non-Communicable Diseases — MCQs

Non-Communicable Diseases — MCQs

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