Systemic Anatomy — MCQs
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All of the following are composite muscles, except:
The ring is denoting the location of?
Absence of lymph nodes is characteristic of -
Bones are held by a long cord or sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue called:
Tubercles of Montgomery are present in
Circumference of an adult eyeball is:
The length of the female urethra is :
Which of the following is an end artery?
The muscle shown in the image is an example of which of the following type of muscle fiber arrangement?
Which is not a fibrous joint:
Systemic Anatomy Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 121: All of the following are composite muscles, except:
- A. Flexor digitorum Profundus
- B. Biceps Femoris
- C. Pectineus (Correct Answer)
- D. Flexor carpi Ulnaris
- E. Adductor Magnus
Explanation: ***Pectineus*** - The pectineus muscle is typically innervated by a **single nerve**, the **femoral nerve**, although it can sometimes receive a branch from the obturator nerve as well. - It is not characterized by distinct heads with different innervations, which is the defining feature of a composite muscle. - **This is the correct answer as pectineus is NOT a composite muscle.** *Flexor digitorum Profundus* - This is a **composite muscle** because its medial half is supplied by the **ulnar nerve**, and its lateral half is supplied by the **median nerve** (anterior interosseous branch). - Its different parts arise embryologically from separate muscle masses, leading to dual innervation. *Biceps Femoris* - The biceps femoris is a **composite muscle** as its **long head** is innervated by the **tibial division** of the sciatic nerve, while its **short head** is innervated by the **common fibular (peroneal) division** of the sciatic nerve. - This dual innervation reflects its development from two distinct muscle precursors. *Adductor Magnus* - The adductor magnus is a **composite muscle** with dual innervation: its **adductor portion** (upper fibers) is supplied by the **obturator nerve**, while its **hamstring portion** (lower fibers forming the ischiocondylar part) is supplied by the **tibial division** of the sciatic nerve. - This reflects its embryological origin from both adductor and hamstring muscle masses.
Question 122: The ring is denoting the location of?
- A. Pulmonary valve
- B. Tricuspid valve (Correct Answer)
- C. Mitral valve
- D. Aortic valve
Explanation: ***Tricuspid valve*** - The image likely displays a **cardiac outline** on an X-ray, and the ring points to the typical location of the **tricuspid valve** within the right side of the heart. - The tricuspid valve separates the **right atrium** from the **right ventricle**. *Pulmonary valve* - The pulmonary valve is located anterior and to the left of the tricuspid valve, separating the **right ventricle** from the **pulmonary artery**. - Its position is generally superior and more towards the midline compared to the ring's location. *Mitral valve* - The mitral valve is situated on the **left side of the heart**, between the **left atrium** and **left ventricle**. - Its location is distinctly different from the highlighted area. *Aortic valve* - The aortic valve is located between the **left ventricle** and the **aorta**, typically found superior and central in relation to the cardiac silhouette. - This position is away from the area indicated by the ring.
Question 123: Absence of lymph nodes is characteristic of -
- A. Placenta
- B. Brain (Correct Answer)
- C. Lung
- D. Liver
Explanation: ***Brain*** - The **central nervous system (CNS)**, including the brain, is the **classic textbook answer** for organs lacking lymph nodes due to its status as an immunologically privileged site [1]. - The **blood-brain barrier** prevents conventional lymphatic drainage, and there are **no organized lymph nodes** within the brain parenchyma [1]. - Recent evidence suggests lymphatic-like drainage pathways (glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics) that clear waste, but these do **not contain lymph nodes**. - Brain is the **most definitive answer** among organs completely devoid of lymph nodes. *Placenta* - The placenta is also an immunologically privileged organ that **lacks organized lymph nodes**. - However, it is a **temporary organ** (present only during pregnancy), whereas the brain is a permanent organ, making brain the more classical answer in exam contexts. - Its immune regulation occurs through specialized cellular mechanisms rather than lymph node-mediated immunity. *Lung* - The lungs are rich in **lymphatic vessels** and contain numerous **lymph nodes**, particularly in the hilar and mediastinal regions [2], [3]. - These lymph nodes play a crucial role in immune surveillance and drainage of lymphatic fluid from the pulmonary tissues. - **Clearly has lymph nodes** - incorrect option. *Liver* - The liver has an extensive **lymphatic system** and contains regional lymph nodes, primarily located in the **porta hepatis**. - These lymph nodes contribute to immune responses against pathogens entering via the portal circulation. - **Clearly has lymph nodes** - incorrect option.
Question 124: Bones are held by a long cord or sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue called:
- A. Synchondrosis.
- B. Gomphosis.
- C. Suture.
- D. Syndesmosis. (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Syndesmosis*** - A **syndesmosis** is a type of fibrous joint where bones are joined by a cord or sheet of **dense fibrous connective tissue**, such as an interosseous membrane. - Examples include the articulation between the **tibia and fibula**, and the **ulna and radius**, allowing for limited movement. *Synchondrosis* - A **synchondrosis** is a cartilaginous joint joined by **hyaline cartilage**, typically seen in temporary joints like epiphyseal plates. - This type of joint eventually **ossifies** in adulthood, forming a synostosis. *Gomphosis* - A **gomphosis** is a fibrous joint that anchors a tooth to its bony socket, characterized by the insertion of a **peg-like structure** into a socket. - The connective tissue in a gomphosis is primarily the **periodontal ligament**. *Suture* - A **suture** is a type of fibrous joint found only in the skull, connecting bones with a narrow, interlocking seam of **dense fibrous connective tissue** [1]. - These joints are **immobile** in adults, providing protection for the brain.
Question 125: Tubercles of Montgomery are present in
- A. Lung
- B. Breast (Correct Answer)
- C. Duodenum
- D. Liver
Explanation: ***Breast*** - **Tubercles of Montgomery** are sebaceous glands found on the **areola**, the pigmented area surrounding the nipple [1]. - They become more prominent during pregnancy and lactation, producing an oily secretion that helps lubricate and protect the nipple and areola [1]. *Lung* - The **lungs** are responsible for gas exchange and contain structures like bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. - There are no anatomical structures within the lung parenchyma or airways referred to as Tubercles of Montgomery. *Duodenum* - The **duodenum** is the first part of the small intestine, primarily involved in digestion and absorption. - Its inner surface is characterized by plicae circularis, villi, and crypts, none of which are known as Tubercles of Montgomery. *Liver* - The **liver** is a large organ with diverse metabolic functions, composed of hepatocytes arranged in lobules. - While it has a complex anatomical structure, it does not contain any Tubercles of Montgomery.
Question 126: Circumference of an adult eyeball is:
- A. 70 mm
- B. 75 mm (Correct Answer)
- C. 65 mm
- D. 80 mm
Explanation: ***75 mm*** - The mean **circumference of an adult human eyeball** is approximately 75 mm. - This corresponds to an approximate diameter of 24 mm. *70 mm* - This value is slightly less than the average circumference of an adult eyeball. - While dimensions can vary, 70 mm is generally considered smaller than the typical range. *65 mm* - This circumference is significantly smaller than the average adult eyeball and would be considered an abnormally small globe, known as **microphthalmia**. - Such a size would likely be associated with visual impairment. *80 mm* - This value represents a circumference larger than the average adult eyeball and would correspond to an abnormally large globe, potentially indicative of conditions like **buphthalmos** (enlargement due to high intraocular pressure). - This increased size can affect ocular function and refraction.
Question 127: The length of the female urethra is :
- A. 20 mm
- B. 60 mm
- C. 45 mm
- D. 40 mm (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***40 mm*** - The typical length of the **female urethra** is approximately **40 mm** (or 4 cm). - This relatively short length is a key reason why females are more susceptible to **urinary tract infections** compared to males. *20 mm* - **20 mm** (2 cm) is significantly shorter than the average female urethral length. - Such a short urethra would drastically increase the risk of **ascending infections** into the bladder. *60 mm* - **60 mm** (6 cm) is longer than the typical female urethra. - A urethra of this length would be more comparable to conditions in males or specific anatomical variations, not the average female. *45 mm* - While closer to the correct answer, **45 mm** is still slightly longer than the generally accepted average length for the female urethra. - The textbook average is usually cited as **4 cm** or 40 mm.
Question 128: Which of the following is an end artery?
- A. Interlobar artery (Correct Answer)
- B. Interlobular artery
- C. Renal artery
- D. Arcuate artery
Explanation: ***Interlobar artery*** - The **interlobar arteries** are true **end arteries** of the kidney with **no anastomoses** between adjacent vessels. - They arise from segmental arteries and run between the renal pyramids toward the corticomedullary junction. - Occlusion of an interlobar artery leads to **segmental infarction** of the kidney tissue it supplies, as there is no collateral circulation. - This is clinically important in cases of renal embolism or thrombosis. *Arcuate artery* - **Arcuate arteries** branch from interlobar arteries and run along the base of the renal pyramids at the corticomedullary junction. - These arteries form **incomplete arches** and have **anastomotic connections** with adjacent arcuate arteries. - Due to these anastomoses, they are **not considered true end arteries**. *Interlobular artery* - **Interlobular arteries** (also called cortical radial arteries) arise from arcuate arteries and extend into the renal cortex. - They give off afferent arterioles to supply glomeruli. - While they have minimal collateral flow, some sources classify them as functional end arteries, but the **interlobar arteries** are the classic example. *Renal artery* - The **renal artery** is the main arterial supply to the kidney and divides into **segmental arteries**. - It is not an end artery as it has multiple large branches that can provide collateral circulation. - The segmental branches further divide into interlobar arteries, which are the actual end arteries.
Question 129: The muscle shown in the image is an example of which of the following type of muscle fiber arrangement?
- A. Bipennate
- B. Cruciate
- C. Spiral
- D. Convergent (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Convergent*** - The image clearly depicts the **Pectoralis major** muscle, which is a classic example of a **convergent muscle** (also known as triangular muscles). - **Convergent muscles** have a broad origin and converge to a single, narrow insertion, allowing for varied actions depending on which portion of the muscle contracts. *Bipennate* - **Bipennate muscles** have muscle fibers that are arranged on both sides of a central tendon, resembling a feather. - Examples include the **Rectus femoris**. This morphology is not depicted in the question's image for the *Pectoralis major*. *Cruciate* - The term **cruciate** describes muscles or ligaments that cross each other in the shape of an "X." - This is not a standard categorization for muscle fiber arrangement as shown in the provided muscle types. *Spiral* - **Spiral muscles** have fibers that twist as they run from origin to insertion, such as the **Latissimus dorsi**. - The muscle in the image (Pectoralis major) does not exhibit this twisting characteristic.
Question 130: Which is not a fibrous joint:
- A. Gomphoses
- B. Cranial sutures
- C. First costochondral joint (Correct Answer)
- D. Inferior tibiofibular joint
Explanation: ***First costochondral joint*** - This is a **cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis)**, where the **first rib connects to its costal cartilage**. - It is classified as a **primary cartilaginous joint** and is immovable. - Unlike other costochondral joints, the first is a true synchondrosis with hyaline cartilage. *Gomphoses* - These are **fibrous joints** that anchor the teeth into the alveolar sockets of the jawbone. - The connection is made by the **periodontal ligament**, composed of dense fibrous connective tissue. *Cranial sutures* - These are **fibrous joints** found only in the skull, connecting the cranial bones. - They are designed for **minimal to no movement** to protect the brain. *Inferior tibiofibular joint* - This is a **fibrous joint known as a syndesmosis**, where the tibia and fibula are united by a strong interosseous ligament. - It allows for **limited movement** and provides stability to the ankle joint.
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