Histology — MCQs

Q: Which of the following cells in the lungs are classified as neuroendocrine cells?

Kulchitsky cells. ***Kulchitsky cells*** - **Kulchitsky cells**, also known as pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs), are found in the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium. - They produce various **bioactive peptides and amines**, regulating airway tone and contributing to lung development and pathology. *Dendritic cells* - **Dendritic cells** are **immune cells** that act as antigen-presenting cells, initiating adaptive immune responses. - They are not classified as neuroendocrine cells and primarily function in immune surveillance. *Type I pneumocytes* - **Type I pneumocytes** are **squamous epithelial cells** that form the primary surface for gas exchange in the alveoli [1]. - Their main function is to facilitate **diffusion of gases** (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and they lack endocrine properties [1]. *Type II pneumocytes* - **Type II pneumocytes** are cuboidal cells responsible for producing and secreting **surfactant**, which reduces alveolar surface tension [1]. - They also act as progenitor cells for Type I pneumocytes but are not considered neuroendocrine cells [1].

Q: Which layers of the epidermis are included in the "Malpighian layer"?

Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale. Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale - The Malpighian layer (stratum malpighi) is a historical term used to refer collectively to the stratum basale (or stratum germinativum) and the stratum spinosum of the epidermis [1]. - These layers are actively involved in cell division and differentiation, producing new keratinocytes and providing structural integrity. Stratum corneum, Stratum granulosum - The stratum corneum is the outermost layer, consisting of dead, flattened keratinocytes, while the stratum granulosum is located deeper, characterized by granular cells containing keratohyalin granules [1]. - These layers are distinct from the Malpighian layer, which focuses on the proliferative and prickly layers. Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum - The stratum lucidum is a thin, clear layer found only in thick skin (palms and soles), located superficial to the stratum granulosum. - The stratum granulosum marks the beginning of keratinization, but neither layer is part of the designated Malpighian layer. Stratum spinosum, Stratum lucidum - While the stratum spinosum is part of the Malpighian layer, the stratum lucidum is not and is only present in thick skin, making this combination incorrect. - The Malpighian layer specifically refers to the proliferative and suprabasal layers responsible for keratinocyte production.

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Epithelial Tissue

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Cardiovascular System Histology

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Lymphoid Organs and Immune System

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Histology — MCQs

Histology — MCQs

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