Histology Practice Questions

Q: Respiratory bronchioles are formed from?

Terminal bronchioles. ***Terminal bronchioles*** - **Terminal bronchioles** branch into several **respiratory bronchioles**, which are the smallest bronchioles involved in both conduction and gas exchange [1]. - They represent the transition zone where the respiratory portion of the lung begins, containing scattered **alveoli** buddings. *Principal bronchus* - The **principal (main) bronchi** are large airways that branch from the trachea and lead into the lungs; they are many generations removed from respiratory bronchioles [1]. - They are primarily involved in **air conduction** and contain cartilage, unlike the smaller, more distal airways. *Tertiary Bronchus* - **Tertiary (segmental) bronchi** branch from lobar bronchi and supply specific bronchopulmonary segments, still serving as **conducting airways**. - These bronchi are several branching generations proximal to the terminal and respiratory bronchioles. *Lobar bronchi* - **Lobar (secondary) bronchi** are formed from the principal bronchi and supply the lobes of the lungs; they are primarily involved in **conduction**. - They are much larger in diameter and structural complexity compared to the microscopic respiratory bronchioles.

Q: Type of collagen present in the cornea?

Type I. ***Type I*** - **Type I collagen** is the most abundant type of collagen in the body, found in connective tissues such as **bone**, **skin**, **tendons**, and the **cornea**. [2] - Its high tensile strength and organized fibril structure contribute to the cornea's **transparency** and mechanical stability. [1] *Type II* - **Type II collagen** is primarily found in **hyaline cartilage**, where it forms a mesh-like network that provides resistance to compression. [2] - It is crucial for the structural integrity of joints and is not a major component of the cornea. *Type III* - **Type III collagen** is found in **reticular fibers** and is prominent in **extensible connective tissues** such as skin, blood vessels, and internal organs. - While present in some ocular structures, it is not the dominant collagen type in the cornea. *Type IV* - **Type IV collagen** is a major component of **basement membranes**, where it forms a sheet-like network rather than fibrils. - It provides structural support and filtration properties to tissues like the glomerulus and is found in the corneal basement membrane, but not as the primary structural collagen of the corneal stroma.

Q: Hassall's corpuscles are found in?

Thymus. ***Thymus*** - **Hassall's corpuscles**, also known as thymic corpuscles, are unique structures found in the **medulla of the thymus**. - They are composed of concentrically arranged epithelial reticular cells and play a role in **T-cell education** and the development of **regulatory T cells** [2]. *Lymph nodes* - Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs that filter lymph and house **B cells and T cells**, but they do not contain Hassall's corpuscles [1]. - They are characterized by distinct cortical and medullary regions, with germinal centers in the cortex. *Spleen* - The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ involved in **filtering blood**, removing old red blood cells, and mounting immune responses [1]. - Its parenchyma is divided into **red pulp and white pulp**, but it does not contain Hassall's corpuscles. *Liver* - The liver is primarily involved in **metabolism**, detoxification, and bile production. - It is not a primary lymphoid organ and does not contain structures like Hassall's corpuscles [2].

Q: Cells which surround the oocyte in graafian follicle are called ?

Cumulus oophorus. ***Cumulus oophorus*** - The **cumulus oophorus** is a mound of **granulosa cells** that surrounds the oocyte in the Graafian follicle [2]. - These cells are crucial for the development, maturation, and eventual ovulation of the oocyte. *Discus proligerus* - **Discus proligerus** is an older, less commonly used term for the **cumulus oophorus**. - While it refers to the same structure, **cumulus oophorus** is the more current and preferred terminology. *Luteal cells* - **Luteal cells** are formed from the granulosa and theca cells of the ruptured follicle after ovulation, forming the **corpus luteum** [1]. - They are involved in hormone production (progesterone) after the oocyte has been released, not directly surrounding the oocyte within the intact Graafian follicle [1]. *Villus cells* - **Villus cells** are primarily found in the **placenta** and **intestines**, where they are involved in nutrient exchange and absorption. - They have no role in the structure or function of the ovarian follicle or the oocyte within it.

Q: Identify the type of cartilage shown in the image.

Fibrocartilage. ***Fibrocartilage*** - The image displays **chondrocytes** arranged in rows between bundles of **collagen fibers**, characteristic of fibrocartilage. This structure provides high tensile strength and shock absorption. - Unlike other cartilage types, fibrocartilage lacks a distinct perichondrium and is found in structures requiring extreme strength, such as intervertebral discs and menisci. *Hyaline cartilage* - Hyaline cartilage has an amorphous, **glassy matrix** with chondrocytes typically arranged in small groups (isogenous groups) within lacunae, without prominent collagen bundles. - It is found in articular surfaces, tracheal rings, and the costal cartilages, providing smooth, low-friction surfaces. *Elastic cartilage* - Elastic cartilage is characterized by a high concentration of **elastic fibers** within its matrix, giving it flexibility and resilience. - Chondrocytes are typically scattered and the matrix stains darker due to the elastic fibers, which are not apparent in the image. *Dense connective tissue* - While dense connective tissue contains abundant **collagen fibers**, it lacks chondrocytes in lacunae, instead containing fibroblasts. - The presence of chondrocytes in the image confirms this is cartilage, not dense connective tissue.

Q: Identify the cell type marked in the cerebellum (see image).

Purkinje cells. ***Purkinje cells*** - These are **large flask-shaped neurons** with extensive dendritic trees that are highly characteristic of the cerebellar cortex. - They form the **sole output neurons** of the cerebellar cortex, playing a critical role in motor coordination. *Basket cells* - These are **inhibitory interneurons** located in the molecular layer of the cerebellum, superficial to Purkinje cells. - They have characteristic **axon collaterals** that form a basket-like plexus around the soma of Purkinje cells. *Golgi cells* - These are **inhibitory interneurons** located in the granular layer of the cerebellum, characterized by their dendrites extending into the molecular layer and axons synapsing on granule cells. - They play a role in modulating the **excitatory input** from mossy fibers to granule cells. *Granule cells* - These are the **most numerous neurons** in the cerebellum, located in the granular layer, and are among the smallest neurons in the brain. - Their axons ascend to the molecular layer to bifurcate into **parallel fibers**, which synapse on Purkinje cell dendrites.

Q: Which type of collagen is the most abundant in the human skin?

Type I collagen. ***Type I collagen*** - **Type I collagen** is the **most abundant type** of collagen in the human body, accounting for about 90% of the collagen, and is particularly prevalent in the **dermis** of the skin, where it provides tensile strength and elasticity [1]. - It forms **thick, striated fibrils** and is critical for the structural integrity of skin, bones, tendons, and ligaments [1]. *Type II collagen* - **Type II collagen** is primarily found in **cartilage**, especially **hyaline and elastic cartilage**, where it provides resistance to pressure. - It is not a major component of the skin's dermal structure. *Type III collagen* - **Type III collagen** is found alongside Type I collagen in the skin but is prominent in **reticular fibers** and plays a role in the elasticity and suppleness of the skin, particularly in rapidly growing tissues and blood vessels. - While present in the skin, it is less abundant than Type I collagen and its primary role is in supporting organ structure, not tensile strength. *Type IV collagen* - **Type IV collagen** is a major component of **basement membranes**, forming a mesh-like network that provides structural support and acts as a filter in tissues. - It is not found in the interstitial connective tissue of the dermis but rather underlies the epidermis, forming part of the dermoepidermal junction.

Q: Ceruminous glands present in the ear are:

Modified apocrine glands. ***Modified apocrine glands*** - **Ceruminous glands** in the ear canal are specialized **apocrine glands** responsible for producing cerumen (earwax). - Like other apocrine glands, they secrete their product via **apical budding** of the cell, releasing fragments of the cell along with the secretion [1]. *Modified eccrine glands* - **Eccrine sweat glands** are distributed throughout the skin and produce a watery sweat for thermoregulation [1]. - They secrete their product directly onto the skin surface via **exocytosis**, without loss of cellular material. *Mucous gland* - **Mucous glands** (e.g., salivary glands, respiratory tract glands) produce **mucus**, a viscous secretion primarily for lubrication and protection. - Their secretions are rich in **mucin glycoproteins**, which is distinct from the lipid-rich cerumen. *Modified holocrine glands* - **Holocrine glands** (e.g., sebaceous glands) release their entire cell contents, including lipids and cellular debris, upon cell lysis. - While sebaceous glands contribute to earwax, ceruminous glands themselves operate via an **apocrine mechanism**, not holocrine [1].

Q: What is the type of epithelium of the adenoid?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. ***Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium*** - The adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil) is located in the nasopharynx, which is part of the upper respiratory tract and is lined with **pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium** with goblet cells [1]. - This type of epithelium is also known as **respiratory epithelium**, and its cilia and mucus-producing goblet cells help to trap and clear inhaled particles and pathogens [1]. *Non-keratinized squamous epithelium* - This type of epithelium is found in areas subject to friction and abrasion, such as the oral cavity, oro- and laryngopharynx, and esophagus, not typically in the nasopharynx. - It provides protection but lacks the ciliated and mucus-producing cells necessary for clearing respiratory passages. *Cuboidal epithelium* - This epithelium is typically found in glands and ducts, secretory and absorptive surfaces, such as renal tubules and thyroid follicles. - It does not have the specialized functions (cilia, mucus production) required for the respiratory system's protective lining. *Columnar epithelium with goblet cells* - While the adenoid epithelium does contain **goblet cells** for mucus production, specifically stating "columnar epithelium" is not as precise as "pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium." - The key feature of being **pseudostratified** and **ciliated** is crucial for its function in the nasopharynx [1].

Question 1

Respiratory bronchioles are formed from?

Accepted Answer

Terminal bronchioles

Answer

Principal bronchus

Answer

Tertiary Bronchus

Answer

Lobar bronchi

Question 2

Type of collagen present in the cornea?

Accepted Answer

Type I

Answer

Type II

Answer

Type III

Answer

Type IV

Question 3

Hassall's corpuscles are found in?

Accepted Answer

Thymus

Answer

Lymph nodes

Answer

Spleen

Answer

Liver

Question 4

Cells which surround the oocyte in graafian follicle are called ?

Accepted Answer

Cumulus oophorus

Answer

Discus proligerus

Answer

Luteal cells

Answer

Villus cells

Question 5

Identify the type of cartilage shown in the image.

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage

Answer

Hyaline cartilage

Answer

Elastic cartilage

Answer

Dense connective tissue

Question 6

Identify the cell type marked in the cerebellum (see image).

Accepted Answer

Purkinje cells

Answer

Basket cells

Answer

Granule cells

Answer

Golgi cells

Question 7

Which type of collagen is the most abundant in the human skin?

Accepted Answer

Type I collagen

Answer

Type II collagen

Answer

Type III collagen

Answer

Type IV collagen

Question 8

Which of the following accurately describes the anatomical structure of the hard palate?

Accepted Answer

Keratinised mucosa with a submucosal layer and minor salivary glands.

Answer

Non-keratinised mucosa with a submucosal layer and minor salivary glands.

Answer

Non-keratinised mucosa without a submucosal layer and minor salivary glands.

Answer

Keratinised mucosa without a submucosal layer and minor salivary glands.

Question 9

Ceruminous glands present in the ear are:

Accepted Answer

Modified apocrine glands

Answer

Modified eccrine glands

Answer

Mucous gland

Answer

Modified holocrine glands

Question 10

What is the type of epithelium of the adenoid?

Accepted Answer

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Answer

Non-keratinized squamous epithelium

Answer

Cuboidal epithelium

Answer

Columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Histology — MCQs

Histology — MCQs

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