UPSC-CMS 2023

227 Questions — Page 20 of 23

All (227)Anatomy (8)Biochemistry (3)Community Medicine (52)Dermatology (1)Forensic Medicine (2)Internal Medicine (29)Microbiology (4)Obstetrics and Gynecology (66)Ophthalmology (2)Orthopaedics (1)Pathology (9)Pediatrics (6)Pharmacology (3)Physiology (10)Psychiatry (1)Radiology (6)Surgery (24)

Biochemistry

2 questions

Q191

Which food proteins among the following are considered to be the best and are used in nutritional studies as 'reference protein' ?

Q192

Consider the following statements with reference to 'trans fatty acids' : 1. They are geometrical isomers of cis-unsaturated fatty acids. 2. Though atherogenic, being unsaturated they are less so than saturated fatty acids. 3. It takes years for trans fatty acids to be flushed from the body. 4. They lower both LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in the body. Which of the statements given above are correct ?

UPSC-CMS 2023 - Biochemistry UPSC-CMS Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 191: Which food proteins among the following are considered to be the best and are used in nutritional studies as 'reference protein' ?

A. Milk proteins
B. Legume proteins
C. Wheat proteins
D. Egg proteins (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Egg proteins*** - **Egg proteins** provide all **essential amino acids** in proportions that closely match human requirements, making them a **high-quality protein**. - Due to their excellent amino acid profile and high digestibility, **egg proteins** are often used as a **reference protein** in nutritional studies to evaluate the biological value of other proteins. *Milk proteins* - While **milk proteins** (casein and whey) are generally considered high-quality, their amino acid profile is not as perfectly balanced for human needs as egg protein. - They are commonly used as a reference for assessing protein quality, but **egg protein** often serves as the gold standard for comparison. *Legume proteins* - **Legume proteins** are typically deficient in **methionine and cysteine**, essential amino acids, making them an incomplete protein when consumed alone. - Their overall **biological value** is lower than animal proteins, and they are not considered a reference protein. *Wheat proteins* - **Wheat proteins** (gluten) are deficient in the **essential amino acid lysine**. - They have a lower **biological value** and are not as easily digestible as animal proteins, thus not suitable as a reference protein.

Question 192: Consider the following statements with reference to 'trans fatty acids' : 1. They are geometrical isomers of cis-unsaturated fatty acids. 2. Though atherogenic, being unsaturated they are less so than saturated fatty acids. 3. It takes years for trans fatty acids to be flushed from the body. 4. They lower both LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in the body. Which of the statements given above are correct ?

A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2, 3 and 4
C. 1 only (Correct Answer)
D. 1, 3 and 4

Explanation: ***1 only*** - **Statement 1 is CORRECT**: Trans fatty acids are **geometrical isomers of cis-unsaturated fatty acids**, differing in the spatial arrangement of hydrogen atoms around the carbon-carbon double bond. This structural difference gives them physical and biological properties more similar to saturated fats. - **Statement 2 is INCORRECT**: Trans fatty acids are **MORE atherogenic** than saturated fatty acids, not less. They raise LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol more significantly than saturated fats. - **Statement 3 is INCORRECT**: Trans fatty acids are metabolized and eliminated from the body within **days to weeks**, not years. Long-term cardiovascular damage results from chronic dietary exposure, not slow elimination kinetics. - **Statement 4 is INCORRECT**: Trans fatty acids **raise LDL cholesterol** ("bad" cholesterol) and **lower HDL cholesterol** ("good" cholesterol). They do not lower both as stated. *1 and 3 only* - Statement 1 is correct, but statement 3 is **incorrect**. The body processes and eliminates trans fatty acids relatively quickly (days to weeks), not years. The detrimental cardiovascular effects accumulate due to chronic dietary exposure, not slow metabolism of individual molecules. *2, 3 and 4* - All three statements are **incorrect**. Statement 2 is wrong because trans fats are **more atherogenic** than saturated fats. Statement 3 is wrong because trans fats are metabolized within weeks, not years. Statement 4 is wrong because trans fats **raise LDL** (not lower it) while lowering HDL. *1, 3 and 4* - Only statement 1 is correct. Statement 3 is **incorrect** as trans fatty acids are metabolized within weeks, not years. Statement 4 is **incorrect** because trans fatty acids **increase LDL cholesterol** and **decrease HDL cholesterol** - they do not lower both.

Community Medicine

4 questions

Q191

Which one among the following types of ventilation, best fits the following description - "A system of ventilation in which fresh air is blown into the room by centrifugal fans so as to create a positive pressure, and displace the vitiated air" ?

Q192

The 'Nalgonda Technique' developed by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) was developed primarily for the removal of which one of the following from water ?

Q193

The expected outcome of Government of India's initiative 'SUMAN' is :

Q194

Water contamination with which chemical can lead to methaemoglobinaemia?

UPSC-CMS 2023 - Community Medicine UPSC-CMS Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 191: Which one among the following types of ventilation, best fits the following description - "A system of ventilation in which fresh air is blown into the room by centrifugal fans so as to create a positive pressure, and displace the vitiated air" ?

A. Exhaust ventilation
B. Balanced ventilation
C. Natural ventilation
D. Plenum ventilation (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Plenum ventilation*** - **Plenum ventilation** involves blowing fresh air into a space using fans, creating a **positive pressure** that displaces stale air. - This method is effective for maintaining good air quality and preventing the infiltration of unconditioned air from outside. *Exhaust ventilation* - **Exhaust ventilation** involves drawing air out of a space, creating a negative pressure, which allows fresh air to enter naturally. - This method is often used to remove contaminated air from specific areas, like kitchens or bathrooms, rather than supplying fresh air to an entire room. *Balanced ventilation* - **Balanced ventilation** systems aim to supply and exhaust equal amounts of air, maintaining neutral pressure within the space. - While it uses fans for both supply and exhaust, it doesn't primarily aim to create a positive pressure and displace air as described. *Natural ventilation* - **Natural ventilation** relies on natural forces like wind pressure and thermal buoyancy to move air through a building. - It does not involve mechanical fans to blow air, nor does it typically create a controlled positive pressure to displace vitiated air.

Question 192: The 'Nalgonda Technique' developed by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) was developed primarily for the removal of which one of the following from water ?

A. Chlorine
B. Iron
C. Asbestos
D. Fluoride (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Fluoride*** - The **Nalgonda Technique** is a defluoridation method primarily used to remove excess **fluoride** from drinking water. - This technique utilizes the principles of chemical precipitation, adsorption, and ion exchange, using **alum** (aluminum sulfate), **lime**, and **bleaching powder** as coagulants. - Developed by NEERI to address endemic **fluorosis** in areas with high fluoride content in groundwater, particularly in regions like Nalgonda district in Telangana. *Chlorine* - Chlorine is commonly used as a **disinfectant** in water treatment to kill bacteria and viruses, not as a target for removal by the Nalgonda Technique. - Excess chlorine can be removed via activated carbon filtration or aeration, methods distinct from the Nalgonda process. *Iron* - Iron removal from water typically involves **aeration**, oxidation (e.g., with chlorine or potassium permanganate), followed by filtration. - While alum (a component of the Nalgonda Technique) can aid in iron precipitation, the Nalgonda Technique's primary design is not for iron removal. *Asbestos* - Asbestos fibers are typically removed from water using **filtration methods** like membrane filtration or granular media filtration. - The Nalgonda Technique is a chemical precipitation process not specifically designed or effective for the removal of fibrous materials like asbestos.

Question 193: The expected outcome of Government of India's initiative 'SUMAN' is :

A. Limit preventable maternal and newborn deaths to between 1 - 2%
B. Limit preventable maternal and newborn deaths to between 2 - 5%
C. Zero preventable maternal and newborn deaths (Correct Answer)
D. Limit preventable maternal and newborn deaths to between 0.5 - 1%

Explanation: ***Zero preventable maternal and newborn deaths*** - The **SUMAN (Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan)** initiative aims to provide assured, dignified, and quality healthcare at no cost to every woman and newborn visiting a public health facility. - The ultimate goal of this comprehensive program is to eradicate all **preventable maternal and newborn deaths**, ensuring healthy outcomes for both mother and child. *Limit preventable maternal and newborn deaths to between 1 - 2%* - This percentage represents a reduction target, but not the ultimate aspirational goal of the SUMAN initiative. - The initiative's design emphasizes achieving a state where no preventable deaths occur, rather than settling for a small percentage. *Limit preventable maternal and newborn deaths to between 2 - 5%* - This range of preventable deaths is too high to be considered the desired outcome of such a comprehensive maternal and child health program. - The SUMAN initiative strives for maximum safety and care, making even 2% to 5% an unacceptable target for preventable deaths. *Limit preventable maternal and newborn deaths to between 0.5 - 1%* - While a very low percentage, this still implies that some preventable deaths would be acceptable, which contradicts the core principle of the SUMAN initiative. - The program's foundational premise is that all preventable deaths should be eliminated through quality care and intervention.

Question 194: Water contamination with which chemical can lead to methaemoglobinaemia?

A. Sulphide
B. Nitrate (Correct Answer)
C. Fluoride
D. Cyanide

Explanation: ***Nitrate*** - **Nitrate** compounds in contaminated water can be reduced to **nitrites** in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in infants. - **Nitrites** oxidize the iron in **hemoglobin** from the ferrous (Fe2+) to the ferric (Fe3+) state, forming **methaemoglobin**, which cannot bind oxygen. *Sulphide* - **Sulphide** (e.g., hydrogen sulfide) poisoning primarily affects the **respiratory and nervous systems** by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase. - It does not directly cause the formation of **methaemoglobin** as its primary mechanism of toxicity. *Fluoride* - **Fluoride** contamination is primarily associated with **dental fluorosis** (mottling of teeth) and **skeletal fluorosis** (bone and joint pain, brittle bones). - It does not directly induce **methaemoglobinaemia** as its main toxicological effect. *Cyanide* - **Cyanide** poisoning acts by inhibiting **cytochrome c oxidase** in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, leading to cellular hypoxia. - While it can impair oxygen utilization, it does not primarily cause **methaemoglobinaemia** by oxidizing hemoglobin.

Internal Medicine

1 questions

Q191

Which of the following statements are correct regarding Mantoux test for tuberculosis? 1. It entails injecting 1 TU (Tuberculin Unit) of PPD (Purified Protein Derivative) in 0.1 mL intradermally. 2. The injection should be given with the needle bevel facing downward. 3. When placed correctly, the injection should produce a pale wheal of the skin, 1 - 2 mm in diameter. 4. The injection should be given with a tuberculin syringe. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Pharmacology

1 questions

Q191

Regarding active immunization against Typhoid fever, consider the following statements : 1. The typhoid polysaccharide vaccine is injectable and can be given subcutaneously or intramuscularly. 2. The typhoid polysaccharide vaccine is required to be given in two doses and administered on 0 and 7th day. 3. The typhoid oral Ty21a vaccine requires to be given in three doses on 0, 3rd and 7th days. 4. Protective immunity with typhoid vaccines is achieved immediately after the vaccine is received. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Physiology

2 questions

Q191

Smoking is considered to be a modifiable risk factor for Coronary Heart Disease. Consider the following statements with regard to possible mechanisms on the basis of which it acts as a risk factor : 1. Nicotine stimulation of adrenergic drive raises the blood pressure and myocardial oxygen demand. 2. It increases carbon monoxide and induces atherogenesis. 3. It leads to fall in protective high density lipoproteins. 4. It reduces the apolipoprotein-B plasma levels. Which of the statements given above are correct ?

Q192

With reference to human body's requirement for proteins, they are essential because they are: 1. an important alternative source for energy during specific metabolic states. 2. the primary molecules responsible for maintenance of osmotic pressure within the extracellular compartment. 3. critical for upkeep of cell mediated immune response. 4. vital for the synthesis of certain hormones. Which of the statements given above are correct?

UPSC-CMS 2023 - Physiology UPSC-CMS Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 191: Smoking is considered to be a modifiable risk factor for Coronary Heart Disease. Consider the following statements with regard to possible mechanisms on the basis of which it acts as a risk factor : 1. Nicotine stimulation of adrenergic drive raises the blood pressure and myocardial oxygen demand. 2. It increases carbon monoxide and induces atherogenesis. 3. It leads to fall in protective high density lipoproteins. 4. It reduces the apolipoprotein-B plasma levels. Which of the statements given above are correct ?

A. 2, 3 and 4
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 1 and 2 only
D. 1, 2 and 3 (Correct Answer)

Explanation: **1, 2 and 3** - **Nicotine** in cigarette smoke stimulates the adrenergic nervous system, leading to increased heart rate, **vasoconstriction**, and elevated blood pressure, which **increases myocardial oxygen demand**. - **Carbon monoxide** from smoking binds to hemoglobin, reducing oxygen delivery to the myocardium, and also contributes to **endothelial damage** and **atherogenesis**. Smoking also **lowers HDL ("good" cholesterol)**, which normally helps remove cholesterol from arteries. *2, 3 and 4* - This option is incorrect because statement 4 is false; smoking typically **increases** apolipoprotein-B levels, associated with increased LDL cholesterol, not reduces them. - While statements 2 and 3 are correct mechanisms, the inclusion of statement 4 makes this option incorrect. *1 and 3 only* - This option is incomplete as it misses the crucial role of **carbon monoxide** in inducing atherogenesis (statement 2), which is a well-established mechanism of smoking-related CHD. - While statements 1 and 3 are correct mechanisms, the absence of statement 2 makes this option less comprehensive. *1 and 2 only* - This option omits the significant effect of smoking on **high-density lipoproteins (HDL)**; smoking is known to cause a **fall in protective HDL levels**, contributing to increased CHD risk. - While statements 1 and 2 are correct mechanisms, the exclusion of statement 3, which is also correct, makes this option incomplete.

Question 192: With reference to human body's requirement for proteins, they are essential because they are: 1. an important alternative source for energy during specific metabolic states. 2. the primary molecules responsible for maintenance of osmotic pressure within the extracellular compartment. 3. critical for upkeep of cell mediated immune response. 4. vital for the synthesis of certain hormones. Which of the statements given above are correct?

A. 2, 3 and 4
B. 1, 2 and 3
C. 1, 3 and 4 (Correct Answer)
D. 1, 2 and 4

Explanation: ***1, 3 and 4*** - Proteins can be used as an **alternative energy source** during specific metabolic states, such as prolonged fasting or starvation, when carbohydrate and fat stores are depleted, through processes like **gluconeogenesis** and protein catabolism. - Proteins are critical for the **cell-mediated immune response**, as T-lymphocytes, cytokines, MHC proteins, and various immune mediators are protein-based. Protein-energy malnutrition significantly impairs cell-mediated immunity. - Many hormones, such as **insulin**, **growth hormone**, **ACTH**, and various **peptide hormones**, are protein-based or derived from amino acids, making proteins vital for hormone synthesis. *2, 3 and 4* - Statement 2 is **incorrect** because while proteins (particularly albumin) do contribute to osmotic pressure in the **intravascular compartment**, the statement refers to the "extracellular compartment" broadly, where **electrolytes (especially sodium)** are the primary molecules responsible for osmotic pressure maintenance, not proteins. - Proteins contribute to **oncotic pressure** (colloid osmotic pressure) specifically, which is distinct from total osmotic pressure. *1, 2 and 3* - This option incorrectly includes statement 2, which overstates the role of proteins in osmotic pressure across the entire extracellular compartment. - It correctly identifies proteins as an energy source and their role in cell-mediated immunity, but fails to include their vital role in **hormone synthesis**. *1, 2 and 4* - This option incorrectly includes statement 2 about osmotic pressure in the extracellular compartment. - It correctly recognizes proteins as an alternative energy source and for hormone synthesis, but omits their critical role in the **cell-mediated immune response**.