NEET-PG 2025 - Community Medicine PYQs Practice Questions

Q: A diabetic patient with COVID-19 dies in the hospital. Which type of surveillance does this death report fall under?

Passive surveillance. ***Passive surveillance*** - This type involves health facilities (like hospitals) routinely sending reports of diseases or deaths to public health authorities without active prompting or investigation from the authorities. - The hospital staff, having recorded the death, is responsible for initiating the report, making this a classic example of **passive case reporting**. *Active surveillance* - This requires public health staff to **actively seek out cases**, often by visiting healthcare facilities, reviewing records, or interviewing healthcare providers and patients. - It is typically more resource-intensive and used for specific **outbreak investigations** or diseases targeted for elimination. *Sentinel surveillance* - This system relies on a **pre-selected, limited network** of reporting sites (e.g., specific hospitals or clinics) to collect high-quality data on specific diseases or conditions. - It is used to monitor trends when comprehensive reporting across all facilities is impractical, often used for conditions like **Influenza-like Illness (ILI)**. *Syndromic surveillance* - This involves the early detection of potential outbreaks by collecting and analyzing pre-diagnostic health data based on **clusters of symptoms (syndromes)**—like chief complaints in the Emergency Department. - It focuses on nonspecific indicators (e.g., fever and cough) for timely detection, primarily used for **bioterrorism preparedness** or rapid onset epidemics. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: An urban city has a population of 70,00,000, with 30 % residing in slum areas. According to NUHM (National Urban Health Mission) norms, how many Urban Primary Health Centres (UPHCs) are required for the slum population?

42. ***Option: 42 (Correct Answer)*** - The slum population is calculated as 30% of 70,00,000, which equals **21,00,000** (2.1 million). - The **NUHM norm** mandates one Urban Primary Health Centre (UPHC) for a population of **50,000** in urban slum areas. - Required UPHCs = 21,00,000 ÷ 50,000 = **42 UPHCs**. *Option: 22 (Incorrect)* - This figure would imply a required population coverage of approximately **1 UPHC per 95,455** people (21,00,000 ÷ 22 ≈ 95,455). - This significantly exceeds the threshold set by the NUHM for vulnerable slum populations (50,000). - This calculation represents a major **under-provision** of primary healthcare infrastructure contrary to public health guidelines for urban poor. *Option: 32 (Incorrect)* - This number would result from using a population norm of about **1 UPHC per 65,625** people (21,00,000 ÷ 32 ≈ 65,625). - This is higher than the standard **50,000** norm for UPHCs in slums. - Using this higher figure would reduce the accessibility and availability of health services required for high-density **slum populations**. *Option: 52 (Incorrect)* - This calculation uses the **lower limit** of the NUHM range: **1 UPHC per 40,000** population (21,00,000 ÷ 40,000 = 52.5 ≈ 52). - While the NUHM range is 40,000-50,000, the standard practice uses **50,000** as the coverage target (resulting in **42 UPHCs**). - Using 40,000 would provide more facilities but the standard norm for calculation purposes is 50,000. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: Which mosquito larva has no siphon and rests parallel to the water surface?

Anopheles. ***Anopheles*** - **Anopheles** larvae lack a **siphon** (breathing tube) and breathe through spiracles located on the dorsal surface of the abdomen. - This absence of a siphon causes them to rest **parallel** to the water surface, which is a key identifying feature for species differentiation. *Aedes* - **Aedes** larvae possess a **siphon**, which is relatively shorter and stouter compared to *Culex*. - They hang down from the water surface at an angle, utilizing the siphon for air intake, not lying parallel to the surface. *Culex* - **Culex** larvae possess a long, distinct **siphon** (breathing tube) at the posterior end of the abdomen. - Due to the siphon, they rest at an **angle** (typically 45-60 degrees) to the water surface for breathing. *Mansonia* - **Mansonia** larvae have a modified, sharp **siphon** used to pierce the submerged **stems of aquatic plants** for oxygen extraction. - They remain attached to these plants underwater and do not float on or rest parallel to the water surface. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: In a district-level survey, the introduction of breast cancer screening showed an increased 5-year survival rate, but autopsy data revealed no change in mortality. What type of bias does this represent?

Lead time bias. **Correct: Lead time bias** - Screening detects the disease at an earlier, pre-symptomatic stage (the **lead time**), which falsely lengthens the measured survival duration (from diagnosis to death) - The increased 5-year survival rate is an artifact of earlier diagnosis rather than improved treatment - The unchanged mortality (autopsy data) confirms that the **time of death was not actually postponed** by the screening—patients simply lived with the diagnosis longer *Incorrect: Survival bias* - Also known as **prevalence-incidence bias**, this occurs when only long-term survivors of a disease are selected for a study, causing an overestimation of prognosis - It does not specifically describe the phenomenon where starting the survival clock sooner (via screening) inflates the apparent survival without affecting the ultimate outcome *Incorrect: Berksonian bias* - This is a type of **selection bias** observed in hospital-based studies, where both the exposure and disease independently increase the likelihood of **hospital admission** - This leads to an unrepresentative control group in case-control studies - Not related to the screening-survival time relationship *Incorrect: Detection bias* - A form of **information bias** where systematic differences in how thoroughly different groups are monitored leads to higher diagnosis rates in the more closely watched group - While screening involves detection, the specific error of early diagnosis shifting the survival start time without changing actual mortality is precisely **lead time bias**, not detection bias [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Q: In the "De facto" method of census data collection, information is collected based on which of the following?

Location at the time of enumeration. ***Location at the time of enumeration*** - The **De facto** method (or Present-in-Area method) counts people based on where they are physically present at the specific time of the census enumeration, irrespective of their usual residence. - This method is simple, avoids double counting among travelers, but may miss people who were away from their usual residence and were not enumerated elsewhere (e.g., homeless or temporary workers). *Place of birth* - Place of birth is a demographic characteristic collected during the census to understand migration patterns, but it is not the principle used for physical counting and location. - Data based on place of birth is used to analyze demographic factors like **lifetime migration** and does not determine inclusion in the count itself. *Usual place of residence* - This approach is known as the **De jure** method (or Permanent Residence method), which counts individuals based on their usual or legal place of residence. - The **De jure method** is often preferred for calculating essential demographic statistics like birth rates and death rates, as it provides a stable population base. *Place of employment* - The place of employment is an economic characteristic used to determine the **working population** and economic activity, not the method used for the population count itself. - This information helps in planning for infrastructure and labor force needs but is secondary to the primary counting methodology. [Practice more Community Medicine PYQs on OnCourse]

Question 1

A diabetic patient with COVID-19 dies in the hospital. Which type of surveillance does this death report fall under?

Accepted Answer

Passive surveillance

Answer

Sentinel surveillance

Answer

Syndromic surveillance

Answer

Active surveillance

Question 2

An urban city has a population of 70,00,000, with 30 % residing in slum areas. According to NUHM (National Urban Health Mission) norms, how many Urban Primary Health Centres (UPHCs) are required for the slum population?

Accepted Answer

42

Answer

52

Answer

22

Answer

32

Question 3

Which mosquito larva has no siphon and rests parallel to the water surface?

Accepted Answer

Anopheles

Answer

Aedes

Answer

Mansonia

Answer

Culex

Question 4

In a district-level survey, the introduction of breast cancer screening showed an increased 5-year survival rate, but autopsy data revealed no change in mortality. What type of bias does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Lead time bias

Answer

Berksonian bias

Answer

Detection bias

Answer

Survival bias

Question 5

In the "De facto" method of census data collection, information is collected based on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Location at the time of enumeration

Answer

Place of birth

Answer

Usual place of residence

Answer

Place of employment

Question 6

During a Health Mela organized by a medical college, the Nalgonda technique for water purification was demonstrated. Which two chemicals are used in this technique?

Accepted Answer

Alum and Lime

Answer

Alum and Gypsum

Answer

Alum and Charcoal

Answer

Charcoal and Lime

Question 7

A 20-year-old resident of Andhra Pradesh presents with outward bending of the lower limbs and signs of osteoporosis. His diet mainly consists of rice and jowar roti. What should not be done in the management of this patient?

Accepted Answer

Fluoride supplementation

Answer

Provision of running surface water for drinking

Answer

Change the water source

Answer

Add lime and alum to drinking water

Question 8

A study is conducted to compare the mean hemoglobin (Hb) levels between two independent groups. Which statistical test is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Unpaired t-test

Answer

Paired t-test

Answer

Chi-square test

Answer

ANOVA

Question 9

A 3-year-old child presents with difficulty in walking, bowing of legs, is underweight, and has minimal sun exposure. Which of the following government schemes addresses nutritional deficiencies in children under 6 years of age?

Accepted Answer

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)

Answer

Mid-Day Meal Scheme

Answer

Anemia Mukt Bharat

Answer

National Nutritional Deficiency Control Programme

Question 10

Under the Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) scheme, what is the composition of IFA tablets given to children aged 10-19 years?

Accepted Answer

60 mg elemental iron + 500 µg folic acid

Answer

100 mg elemental iron + 100 µg folic acid

Answer

60 mg elemental iron + 100 µg folic acid

Answer

100 mg elemental iron + 500 µg folic acid

NEET-PG 2025 — Community Medicine