NEET-PG 2012 - Surgery Practice Questions

Q: What is the most common abdominal surgical procedure for complete rectal prolapse?

Rectopexy. ***Rectopexy*** - **Rectopexy** is the most common abdominal surgical procedure for full-thickness rectal prolapse - It involves fixing the rectum to the sacral promontory or presacral fascia (with sutures or mesh) to prevent prolapse - Various modifications exist including suture rectopexy, mesh rectopexy, ventral rectopexy, and resection rectopexy - **Abdominal approach** is preferred in fit patients with better long-term outcomes compared to perineal procedures *Rectal mucosal stapling* - This procedure refers to **stapled hemorrhoidopexy (PPH)** or **STARR procedure** - Primarily used for **internal mucosal prolapse** and hemorrhoids, not full-thickness external rectal prolapse - Involves excising redundant rectal mucosa using circular staplers - Does not address the full-thickness prolapse or provide proper fixation *Placation/wiring* - **Thiersch wiring** is a historical perineal procedure involving placement of a wire or suture around the anus to narrow the anal canal - Now largely abandoned due to high recurrence rates and complications - **Plication** refers to folding tissue but is not a standalone procedure name for rectal prolapse - This terminology is not standard in modern colorectal surgery *Mucosal resection* - Refers to **Delorme's procedure**, a perineal approach involving mucosal sleeve resection with underlying muscle plication - Used in elderly or high-risk patients who cannot tolerate abdominal surgery - Associated with higher recurrence rates compared to abdominal rectopexy - Does not provide the same level of fixation as abdominal procedures

Q: What are the metabolic consequences of ureterosigmoidostomy?

Hyperchloremic with hypokalemic acidosis. ***Hyperchloremic with hypokalemic acidosis*** - In ureterosigmoidostomy, the reabsorption of urinary constituents like **chloride** and **urea** from the bowel mucosa leads to **hyperchloremia**. - The exchange of **chloride** for **bicarbonate** and the concomitant loss of **potassium** from the colon results in **hypokalemic metabolic acidosis**. *Hyperkalemia* - Colonic reabsorption of urinary products typically causes **potassium wasting** and **hypokalemia**, not hyperkalemia. - While some potassium is reabsorbed, the overall effect due to the exchange for hydrogen ions and fluid loss from the colon is a net decrease in serum potassium. *Metabolic alkalosis* - Metabolic alkalosis involves an increase in **bicarbonate**, which is the opposite of what occurs in ureterosigmoidostomy where bicarbonate is lost. - The increased reabsorption of urea and chloride from the urine in the colon leads to an **acidic state** due to increased **hydrogen ion production** and **bicarbonate depletion**. *Hyponatremia* - Although some **sodium** reabsorption can occur, the primary electrolyte imbalances are related to chloride, potassium, and bicarbonate. - While some intestinal urinary diversion procedures can lead to hyponatremia due to volume changes or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), it is not the most characteristic or direct metabolic consequence of ureterosigmoidostomy itself.

Q: What is the primary condition treated by the Kasai operation?

Biliary atresia. ***Biliary atresia*** - The **Kasai operation**, or **hepatoportoenterostomy**, is the primary surgical treatment for **biliary atresia**, a condition where the bile ducts are blocked or absent. - The procedure aims to establish bile flow from the liver to the small intestine to prevent liver damage. *Choledochal cyst* - A **choledochal cyst** is a congenital dilation of the bile ducts and is typically treated by surgical excision of the cyst and a **Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy**. - While it involves the biliary system, it is a distinct condition from biliary atresia and requires a different surgical approach. *Hepatocellular carcinoma* - **Hepatocellular carcinoma** is a primary liver cancer, and its treatment options range from **surgical resection** and **transplantation** to **chemotherapy** and **radiation**, which are distinctly different from the Kasai operation. - The Kasai operation is not used for malignant conditions of the liver or bile ducts. *Primary biliary cirrhosis* - **Primary biliary cirrhosis** is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the small bile ducts within the liver, causing progressive cholestasis. - Its management is primarily medical, focusing on symptom control and preventing disease progression with drugs like **ursodeoxycholic acid**, and surgery is not a primary treatment.

Q: In the Bismuth-Corlette classification, which type involves the hepatic duct confluence WITHOUT extension into secondary intrahepatic ducts?

Type II. ***Type II*** - This classification specifically describes **cholangiocarcinomas** located at the **hepatic duct confluence** without extension into secondary intrahepatic ducts. - **Type II tumors** involve the hepatic duct confluence but **do not extend** into the right or left secondary intrahepatic ducts. - This is the defining feature that distinguishes Type II from Type III variants. *Type I* - **Type I tumors** are located at least **2 cm distal to the hepatic duct bifurcation**. - This type involves the **common hepatic duct** and **spares the confluence** completely. - Does not meet the criteria of involving the confluence. *Type IIIa* - **Type IIIa tumors** involve the **hepatic duct confluence** with extension into the **right secondary intrahepatic ducts**. - This represents extension **beyond** the confluence, unlike Type II. - The extension into secondary ducts is the key differentiating feature. *Type IIIb* - **Type IIIb tumors** involve the **hepatic duct confluence** with extension into the **left secondary intrahepatic ducts**. - This represents extension **beyond** the confluence, unlike Type II. - The extension pattern differs from Type IIIa by involving the left rather than right system.

Q: What is the investigation of choice for detecting recurrence after parathyroid gland surgery?

Sestamibi scan. ***Sestamibi scan*** - A **sestamibi scan** is the investigation of choice for **localizing recurrent or persistent hyperparathyroidism** because **parathyroid tissue preferentially retains the tracer** longer than thyroid tissue. - This nuclear medicine imaging technique helps identify ectopic or very small parathyroid adenomas, which may be difficult to locate with other methods. *SPECT* - **Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)** can be used as an adjunct to a sestamibi scan (SPECT-Sestamibi) to provide 3D images and improve localization, but it is typically not the initial or standalone investigation of choice for recurrence. - While SPECT offers increased sensitivity and specificity over planar imaging by removing superimposed structures, the **sestamibi uptake itself is the crucial diagnostic marker**. *MRI* - **Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)** is generally used for detailed anatomical assessment of the neck and mediastinum, especially if there's concern for **ectopic glands or complex anatomy**. - However, it is less sensitive than sestamibi for detecting small or recurrent hyperactive parathyroid tissue due to its reliance on anatomical rather than functional abnormalities. *Neck ultrasound* - **Neck ultrasound** is an excellent initial imaging modality for primary hyperparathyroidism due to its **affordability and ability to visualize cervical parathyroid glands**. - For detecting recurrence, its utility is limited, especially in cases of **ectopic glands** (e.g., in the mediastinum) or if scar tissue hinders clear visualization.

Q: What is the treatment of choice for anal carcinoma?

Chemoradiation. ***Chemoradiation*** - This combined modality is the **standard of care** for most anal carcinomas, achieving high cure rates while preserving sphincter function. - The combination of **chemotherapy** (e.g., 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C) and **external beam radiation** works synergistically to destroy cancer cells. *Chemotherapy alone* - **Chemotherapy alone** is generally insufficient as a primary treatment for anal carcinoma. - It is often used in combination with radiation or for **metastatic disease**, but not as a monotherapy for curative intent in localized disease. *APR combined with radiotherapy* - **Abdominoperineal resection (APR)** combined with radiotherapy is typically reserved for **recurrent** or **persistent anal carcinoma** after failed chemoradiation, or for very advanced tumors. - APR is a highly morbid surgery leading to a **permanent colostomy**, and primary chemoradiation aims to avoid this outcome. *All of the options* - As **chemoradiation** is the preferred first-line treatment and other options are either inadequate or reserved for specific situations, stating "all of the options" is incorrect. - The treatment strategy for anal carcinoma involves a nuanced approach, prioritizing **organ preservation** with effective cancer control.

Q: Most common organism causing infection after an open fracture?

Staphylococcus aureus. ***Staphylococcus aureus*** - *Staphylococcus aureus* is the **most common organism** causing infection in **open fractures**, accounting for 30-40% of cases. - It is present on **skin flora** and readily contaminates traumatic wounds, making it the predominant pathogen in the immediate post-injury period. - **Antibiotic prophylaxis** for open fractures (cephalosporins) primarily targets *S. aureus*, reflecting its clinical importance. - It causes both **early and late infections** in open fractures and is the leading cause of **post-traumatic osteomyelitis**. *Pseudomonas* - *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* can cause infections in open fractures but is **not the most common** organism. - More frequently seen in **Type III open fractures** with extensive soft tissue damage, **nosocomial infections**, or **delayed infections** after hospitalization. - Associated with **contaminated water exposure** and **chronic wounds** rather than being the primary pathogen in acute open fractures. *Klebsiella* - *Klebsiella* species are typically associated with **nosocomial infections**, particularly **urinary tract infections** and **pneumonia**. - Rarely the primary pathogen in acute open fracture infections. - May be seen in **hospital-acquired** infections in patients with prolonged hospitalization. *Gonococcus* - **Gonococcus** (*Neisseria gonorrhoeae*) is primarily associated with **sexually transmitted infections** and can cause **septic arthritis** through hematogenous spread. - It does **not** cause infections in open fractures as it is not found in the environment or on skin. - The mode of transmission is completely unrelated to trauma or wound contamination.

Q: What is a felon or whitlow?

Terminal pulp space infection. ***Terminal pulp space infection*** - A **felon**, also known as a **whitlow**, is a **closed-space infection** of the **digital pulp** of the fingertip, distal to the distal interphalangeal joint. - This area contains numerous fibrous septa that create multiple small compartments, which, when infected, can lead to increased pressure, severe pain, and potential **ischemic necrosis** of the bone. *Infection of the ulnar bursa* - An infection of the **ulnar bursa** involves the synovial sheath surrounding the flexor tendons of the medial three and a half digits, extending into the palm. - This condition is often referred to as **ulnar bursitis** or **tenosynovitis** and presents with distinct clinical signs, such as swelling in the palm and along the little finger, known as Kanavel's signs. *Infection of the radial bursa* - An infection of the **radial bursa** affects the synovial sheath around the flexor pollicis longus tendon of the thumb. - This condition is known as **radial bursitis** or **thenar space infection** and typically presents with swelling and tenderness confined to the thumb and thenar eminence. *Midpalmar space infection* - A **midpalmar space infection** occurs in the deep fascial space of the palm, located between the flexor tendons and the interosseous muscles. - This infection presents as diffuse swelling and tenderness in the central palm, often with pain on passive extension of the fingers, but does not involve the fingertip pulp directly.

Q: In Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH), the most commonly associated anomaly affects the

Congenital heart defects. ***Congenital heart defects*** - **Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)** is frequently associated with other congenital anomalies. - **Cardiac malformations** are the most common co-occurring defects, affecting a significant proportion of CDH patients. *Anomalies of the urinary tract* - While **urogenital anomalies** can occur with CDH, they are less prevalent than congenital heart defects. - These typically include conditions like **renal agenesis** or **hydronephrosis**. *Anomalies of the skull* - **Skull anomalies** are not a primary or common association with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. - Genetic syndromes associated with both CDH and skull anomalies are relatively rare. *Craniofacial anomalies* - **Craniofacial anomalies**, such as **cleft lip/palate**, can occur with CDH but are less common than cardiac anomalies. - These are often seen within the context of specific genetic syndromes.

Question 1

What is the most common abdominal surgical procedure for complete rectal prolapse?

Accepted Answer

Rectopexy

Answer

Rectal mucosal stapling

Answer

Placation/wiring

Answer

Mucosal resection

Question 2

What are the metabolic consequences of ureterosigmoidostomy?

Accepted Answer

Hyperchloremic with hypokalemic acidosis

Answer

Hyperkalemia

Answer

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer

Hyponatremia

Question 3

What is the primary condition treated by the Kasai operation?

Accepted Answer

Biliary atresia

Answer

Choledochal cyst

Answer

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Answer

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Question 4

In the Bismuth-Corlette classification, which type involves the hepatic duct confluence WITHOUT extension into secondary intrahepatic ducts?

Accepted Answer

Type II

Answer

Type IIIb

Answer

Type I

Answer

Type IV

Answer

Type IIIa

Answer

Type III

Question 5

What is the investigation of choice for detecting recurrence after parathyroid gland surgery?

Accepted Answer

Sestamibi scan

Answer

SPECT

Answer

MRI

Answer

Neck ultrasound

Question 6

What is the treatment of choice for anal carcinoma?

Accepted Answer

Chemoradiation

Answer

Chemotherapy alone

Answer

APR combined with radiotherapy

Answer

All of the options

Question 7

Most common organism causing infection after an open fracture?

Accepted Answer

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer

Klebsiella

Answer

Pseudomonas

Answer

Gonococcus

Question 8

What is a felon or whitlow?

Accepted Answer

Terminal pulp space infection

Answer

Infection of the ulnar bursa

Answer

Infection of the radial bursa

Answer

Midpalmar space infection

Question 9

In Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH), the most commonly associated anomaly affects the

Accepted Answer

Congenital heart defects

Answer

Anomalies of the urinary tract

Answer

Anomalies of the skull

Answer

Craniofacial anomalies

Question 10

Volkmann's contracture: which artery is involved in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Brachial artery

Answer

Radial

Answer

Ulnar

Answer

Anterior interosseous artery

NEET-PG 2012 — Surgery