NEET-PG 2012 Practice Questions

Q: The Mid Day Meal Programme comes under which ministry?

Ministry of Human Resource Development. ***Ministry of Human Resource Development*** - In **2012**, when this NEET-PG exam was conducted, the **Mid Day Meal Programme** was administered by the **Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD)**. - The programme aimed to enhance school enrollment, retention, and improve the nutritional status of children in classes I-VIII. - This was the correct answer at the time of the examination. *Ministry of Education* - The Ministry of Human Resource Development was **renamed to Ministry of Education in 2020**, eight years after this exam. - While this is the current administering ministry (now called PM POSHAN Scheme), it was not the correct answer for the 2012 exam. *Ministry of Social Welfare* - This ministry focuses on social justice, empowerment of vulnerable sections, and broader welfare schemes. - The Mid Day Meal Programme's primary goal is linked to education and child development through schooling, not under this ministry. *None of the options* - This is incorrect as the programme clearly fell under the Ministry of Human Resource Development at the time of the 2012 examination.

Q: Berksonian bias is a type of ?

Selection bias. ***Selection bias*** - **Berkson's bias** is a form of **selection bias** that arises in studies conducted using hospital data. - It occurs when the probability of admission to a hospital or inclusion in a study is conditional on both exposure and disease status, leading to a **flawed association** between them. *Interviewer bias* - **Interviewer bias** is a type of **information bias** where the interviewer's expectations or knowledge about the study or participants influence the way information is sought or recorded. - This typically affects the **data collection process** and not the selection of participants. *Information bias* - **Information bias** is a broad category of biases that arise from **systematic errors in measurement** or classification of exposure or disease. - While Berkson's bias can lead to misinformation, its root cause is in how subjects are selected, not how data on those subjects is collected after selection. *Recall bias* - **Recall bias** is a type of **information bias** where there are systematic differences in the way participants **recall past events or exposures**. - It is particularly common in **case-control studies** where individuals with a disease may remember exposures differently than healthy controls.

Q: Which is the least common cause among these of infant mortality in India?

Birth injuries. ***Birth injuries*** - While significant in some contexts, **birth injuries** are a less common cause of infant mortality in India compared to other factors like infections, prematurity, and congenital malformations. - Progress in **obstetric care** and improvements in delivery practices have helped reduce their incidence as a primary cause of death. *Infections* - **Infections**, particularly **neonatal sepsis**, pneumonia, and diarrhea, remain a leading cause of infant mortality in India. - Poor sanitation, lack of access to clean water, and inadequate vaccination coverage contribute significantly to their prevalence. *Congenital malformations* - **Congenital malformations** (birth defects) are a substantial cause of infant mortality in India, particularly those affecting the heart, brain, and neural tube. - Early detection and intervention for these conditions are often limited, increasing their impact on mortality rates. *Prematurity* - **Prematurity** (being born too early) and its associated complications, such as respiratory distress syndrome and low birth weight, are major contributors to infant mortality in India. - Many premature infants struggle with underdeveloped organs and systems, making them highly vulnerable in the first few weeks of life.

Q: What percentage of waste generated in hospitals is considered infectious?

15-20% of waste is infectious. ***15-20% of waste is infectious*** - This is the **correct answer** as per WHO guidelines and standard biomedical waste management protocols. - Approximately **10-25% of hospital waste is classified as hazardous**, which includes infectious, pathological, sharps, chemical, pharmaceutical, and radioactive waste. - The remaining **75-90% is non-hazardous general waste** similar to domestic waste, including paper, packaging, food waste, and administrative materials. - Proper **waste segregation** is crucial to prevent mixing of infectious waste with general waste, which would unnecessarily increase handling and disposal costs. *65% of waste is infectious* - This is **incorrect** as it grossly overestimates the proportion of infectious waste. - Only a **minority of hospital waste is hazardous/infectious**, not the majority. - Such a high percentage would indicate poor waste segregation practices. *80% of waste is infectious* - This is **incorrect** and represents a severe overestimation. - The vast majority of hospital waste is actually **non-hazardous general waste**. - This misconception can lead to unnecessary treatment of general waste, increasing costs. *100% of waste is infectious* - This is **completely incorrect** and contradicts all biomedical waste management guidelines. - Hospitals generate significant amounts of **general administrative and domestic waste** that is not infectious. - Treating all waste as infectious would be economically unsustainable and environmentally unnecessary.

Q: Which of the following poisonings presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, Mees lines on nails, and myelosuppression?

Arsenic. ***Arsenic*** - **Arsenic poisoning** is characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms like severe **abdominal pain** and **diarrhea**, as well as dermatological signs such as **Mees lines** (transverse white bands on fingernails). - It also causes **myelosuppression**, leading to anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and can affect the cardiovascular and nervous systems. *Lead* - **Lead poisoning** typically presents with diffuse **abdominal pain** (lead colic), **constipation** (not diarrhea), and neurological symptoms like **foot drop** and **encephalopathy**. - While it can cause anemia due to impaired heme synthesis, **Mees lines** and significant myelosuppression are not primary features. *Alcohol* - **Alcohol intoxication** or chronic alcoholism primarily affects the central nervous system, liver, and pancreas, leading to symptoms like **ataxia**, **hepatitis**, and **pancreatitis**. - It does not cause **Mees lines** or the specific combination of severe gastrointestinal issues and myelosuppression seen with arsenic. *Mercury* - **Mercury poisoning** typically manifests with neurological symptoms (tremors, emotional lability, **peripheral neuropathy**), stomatitis, and renal dysfunction. - While it can cause gastrointestinal upset, **Mees lines** and **myelosuppression** are not characteristic features of mercury toxicity.

Q: What is the most common protozoan associated with keratitis?

Acanthamoeba. ***Acanthamoeba*** - **Acanthamoeba keratitis** is a serious and painful infection of the eye's cornea, most commonly associated with **contact lens wearers** who do not properly disinfect their lenses. - The organism is a **free-living protozoan** found in soil and water. *Plasmodium* - **Plasmodium** species are the causative agents of **malaria**, a disease that primarily affects **red blood cells** and the liver. - While it can manifest with ocular symptoms like **retinopathy**, it does not typically cause **keratitis**. *Toxoplasma* - **Toxoplasma gondii** causes **toxoplasmosis**, an infection that can lead to **chorioretinitis** (inflammation of the retina and choroid), especially in immunocompromised individuals or congenitally infected infants. - It does not directly cause **keratitis** as its primary ocular manifestation. *Entamoeba histolytica* - **Entamoeba histolytica** is the protozoan responsible for **amebiasis**, particularly **amoebic dysentery** and **liver abscesses**. - Ocular involvement with *Entamoeba histolytica* is extremely rare and typically involves **metastatic lesions** to the orbit or eyelids, not directly primary keratitis.

Q: Which organism can be isolated from stool & sputum?

Paragonimus. ***Paragonimus*** - *Paragonimus* species, particularly *P. westermani* (the **lung fluke**), are known to infest the lungs, leading to symptoms like **cough** and **sputum production**, where their eggs can be found. - While residing in the lungs, eggs can be swallowed, passed through the gastrointestinal tract, and subsequently found in **stool samples**. *Fasciola* - *Fasciola hepatica* (the **sheep liver fluke**) primarily infects the **liver and biliary ducts**. - Its eggs are typically found in **stool samples** but not in sputum, as it does not infest the respiratory tract. *Clonorchis* - *Clonorchis sinensis* (the **Chinese liver fluke**) also primarily inhabits the **bile ducts** of the liver. - Similar to *Fasciola*, its eggs are excreted in **feces** and are not found in sputum. *P. carinii* - *Pneumocystis jirovecii* (formerly *Pneumocystis carinii*) is a **fungus** that causes **pneumonia** (PCP) in immunocompromised individuals. - It is exclusively found in the **lungs** and identified in respiratory specimens like sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage, not in stool.

Q: Most common orbital tumor has its origin from?

Blood vessels. ***Blood vessels*** - The most common orbital tumor in childhood is a **capillary hemangioma**, which originates from blood vessels. - In adults, the most common primary orbital tumor is an orbital varix, also a **vascular lesion**. *Nerves* - Tumors of neural origin, such as **optic nerve gliomas** or **meningiomas**, are less common than vascular tumors. - While significant, they do not represent the *most* common overall origin for orbital tumors. *Muscle* - Tumors originating from muscle, such as **rhabdomyosarcoma** in children (a malignant tumor), are relatively rare. - **Pseudotumor** (idiopathic orbital inflammation), though common, is an inflammatory condition, not a true neoplasm of muscle origin. *Lymph node* - Tumors of lymphoid origin, such as **lymphomas**, are malignant and can occur in the orbit. - However, they are not the most common primary orbital tumor compared to those of vascular origin.

Q: Extrapyramidal syndrome-like side effects are seen in which of the following medications?

Haloperidol. ***Haloperidol*** - **Haloperidol** is a **typical antipsychotic** known for its potent **dopamine D2 receptor blockade**. - This strong blockade in the **nigrostriatal pathway** often leads to **extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)** such as dystonia, akathisia, and parkinsonism. *Clozapine* - **Clozapine** is an **atypical antipsychotic** that has a lower propensity for causing **extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)** due to its weaker D2 receptor antagonism and potent serotonin 5-HT2A receptor blockade. - While it can cause other severe side effects, such as **agranulocytosis** and **myocarditis**, EPS are less common compared to typical antipsychotics. *Tetracycline* - **Tetracycline** is an **antibiotic** primarily used to treat bacterial infections. - Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, and it is not associated with **neurological side effects** like **extrapyramidal symptoms**. *Ketoconazole* - **Ketoconazole** is an **antifungal medication** that works by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis in fungi. - It is known for potential **hepatotoxicity** and **endocrine dysfunction**, but not for causing **extrapyramidal symptoms**.

Q: What is the recommended dosage for chloroquine chemoprophylaxis in malaria prevention?

500 mg once weekly. ***500 mg once weekly*** - The recommended dosage for chloroquine chemoprophylaxis in malaria prevention is **500 mg salt** (or equivalent to 300 mg base) administered **once weekly**. - This regimen ensures adequate blood concentrations to prevent malarial infection in endemic areas. *500 mg/week* - While the 500 mg dose is correct, simply stating "500 mg/week" without specifying "once weekly" could be misinterpreted. - Chloroquine is generally taken as a **single weekly dose**, not divided doses. *400 mg once weekly* - A dosage of **400 mg** is **sub-therapeutic** for weekly chloroquine chemoprophylaxis. - This dose would likely not provide sufficient protection against malaria. *500 mg BD/week* - Taking chloroquine **twice weekly (BD/week)** at 500 mg is excessive for chemoprophylaxis. - This regimen can lead to increased side effects and toxicity without providing additional prophylactic benefit.

Question 1

The Mid Day Meal Programme comes under which ministry?

Accepted Answer

Ministry of Human Resource Development

Answer

None of the options

Answer

Ministry of Social Welfare

Answer

Ministry of Education

Question 2

Berksonian bias is a type of ?

Accepted Answer

Selection bias

Answer

Information bias

Answer

Interviewer bias

Answer

Recall bias

Question 3

Which is the least common cause among these of infant mortality in India?

Accepted Answer

Birth injuries

Answer

Infections

Answer

Congenital malformations

Answer

Prematurity

Question 4

What percentage of waste generated in hospitals is considered infectious?

Accepted Answer

15-20% of waste is infectious

Answer

80% of waste is infectious

Answer

100% of waste is infectious

Answer

65% of waste is infectious

Question 5

Which of the following poisonings presents with abdominal pain, diarrhea, Mees lines on nails, and myelosuppression?

Accepted Answer

Arsenic

Answer

Lead

Answer

Alcohol

Answer

Mercury

Question 6

What is the most common protozoan associated with keratitis?

Accepted Answer

Acanthamoeba

Answer

Plasmodium

Answer

Toxoplasma

Answer

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 7

Which organism can be isolated from stool & sputum?

Accepted Answer

Paragonimus

Answer

Fasciola

Answer

P. carinii

Answer

Clonorchis

Question 8

Most common orbital tumor has its origin from?

Accepted Answer

Blood vessels

Answer

Nerves

Answer

Muscle

Answer

Lymph node

Question 9

Extrapyramidal syndrome-like side effects are seen in which of the following medications?

Accepted Answer

Haloperidol

Answer

Clozapine

Answer

Tetracycline

Answer

Ketoconazole

Question 10

What is the recommended dosage for chloroquine chemoprophylaxis in malaria prevention?

Accepted Answer

500 mg once weekly

Answer

500 mg/week

Answer

400 mg once weekly

Answer

500 mg BD/week

NEET-PG 2012

Community Medicine

Forensic Medicine

Microbiology

Ophthalmology

Pharmacology