NEET-PG 2012 Practice Questions

Q: Which is the least common cause among these of infant mortality in India?

Birth injuries. ***Birth injuries*** - While significant in some contexts, **birth injuries** are a less common cause of infant mortality in India compared to other factors like infections, prematurity, and congenital malformations. - Progress in **obstetric care** and improvements in delivery practices have helped reduce their incidence as a primary cause of death. *Infections* - **Infections**, particularly **neonatal sepsis**, pneumonia, and diarrhea, remain a leading cause of infant mortality in India. - Poor sanitation, lack of access to clean water, and inadequate vaccination coverage contribute significantly to their prevalence. *Congenital malformations* - **Congenital malformations** (birth defects) are a substantial cause of infant mortality in India, particularly those affecting the heart, brain, and neural tube. - Early detection and intervention for these conditions are often limited, increasing their impact on mortality rates. *Prematurity* - **Prematurity** (being born too early) and its associated complications, such as respiratory distress syndrome and low birth weight, are major contributors to infant mortality in India. - Many premature infants struggle with underdeveloped organs and systems, making them highly vulnerable in the first few weeks of life.

Q: Which organism can be isolated from stool & sputum?

Paragonimus. ***Paragonimus*** - *Paragonimus* species, particularly *P. westermani* (the **lung fluke**), are known to infest the lungs, leading to symptoms like **cough** and **sputum production**, where their eggs can be found. - While residing in the lungs, eggs can be swallowed, passed through the gastrointestinal tract, and subsequently found in **stool samples**. *Fasciola* - *Fasciola hepatica* (the **sheep liver fluke**) primarily infects the **liver and biliary ducts**. - Its eggs are typically found in **stool samples** but not in sputum, as it does not infest the respiratory tract. *Clonorchis* - *Clonorchis sinensis* (the **Chinese liver fluke**) also primarily inhabits the **bile ducts** of the liver. - Similar to *Fasciola*, its eggs are excreted in **feces** and are not found in sputum. *P. carinii* - *Pneumocystis jirovecii* (formerly *Pneumocystis carinii*) is a **fungus** that causes **pneumonia** (PCP) in immunocompromised individuals. - It is exclusively found in the **lungs** and identified in respiratory specimens like sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage, not in stool.

Q: Who discovered the malarial parasite?

Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran. ***Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran*** - **Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran** was a French physician who, in **1880**, observed parasites in the blood of a malaria patient. - He was awarded the **Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1907** for his discovery of the role of protozoa in causing diseases, specifically recognizing the malarial parasite. *Ronald Ross* - **Ronald Ross** was a British physician who, in **1897**, demonstrated that **malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes**. - While he elucidated the **transmission cycle**, it was Laveran who first identified the parasite itself in human blood. - He received the **Nobel Prize in 1902** for this work. *Paul Muller* - **Paul Muller** was a Swiss chemist who was awarded the **Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948** for his discovery of the insecticidal properties of **DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)**. - His work was significant in combating insect-borne diseases like malaria, but he was not involved in the discovery of the malarial parasite. *Pampania* - This name does not correspond to any recognized figure in the discovery of the malarial parasite or its transmission. - This is a distractor option in the original examination question.

Q: What is the most common protozoan associated with keratitis?

Acanthamoeba. ***Acanthamoeba*** - **Acanthamoeba keratitis** is a serious and painful infection of the eye's cornea, most commonly associated with **contact lens wearers** who do not properly disinfect their lenses. - The organism is a **free-living protozoan** found in soil and water. *Plasmodium* - **Plasmodium** species are the causative agents of **malaria**, a disease that primarily affects **red blood cells** and the liver. - While it can manifest with ocular symptoms like **retinopathy**, it does not typically cause **keratitis**. *Toxoplasma* - **Toxoplasma gondii** causes **toxoplasmosis**, an infection that can lead to **chorioretinitis** (inflammation of the retina and choroid), especially in immunocompromised individuals or congenitally infected infants. - It does not directly cause **keratitis** as its primary ocular manifestation. *Entamoeba histolytica* - **Entamoeba histolytica** is the protozoan responsible for **amebiasis**, particularly **amoebic dysentery** and **liver abscesses**. - Ocular involvement with *Entamoeba histolytica* is extremely rare and typically involves **metastatic lesions** to the orbit or eyelids, not directly primary keratitis.

Q: What is the most common primary malignancy of the fallopian tube?

Serous carcinoma. ***Serous carcinoma*** - **Serous carcinoma** is the most common type of **primary** fallopian tube malignancy, accounting for approximately **90%** of primary tumors. - It often shares molecular and morphological similarities with **high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma** and **primary peritoneal cancer**. - Note: While primary fallopian tube cancer is rare (0.14-1.8% of gynecologic malignancies), metastatic disease to the fallopian tube is more common, typically from **ovarian or endometrial** primaries. *Squamous cell carcinoma* - **Squamous cell carcinoma** is exceedingly rare in the fallopian tube, as the tubal lining is composed of **ciliated and secretory columnar epithelium**, not squamous epithelium. - When present, it usually represents **metastatic spread** from cervical or other primary sites. *Teratoma* - **Teratomas** are germ cell tumors typically found in the **ovaries**, composed of tissues from multiple germ layers. - Primary teratomas of the fallopian tube are **extraordinarily rare** and not the most common primary malignancy. *Choriocarcinoma* - **Choriocarcinoma** is a highly malignant **gestational trophoblastic neoplasm** usually associated with pregnancy complications. - It primarily occurs in the **uterus**, and primary fallopian tube choriocarcinoma is **exceptionally uncommon**.

Q: Which of the following is not typically screened for in blood donations?

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). ***Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)*** ✓ - EBV is **NOT routinely screened** for in blood donations in India and most countries - While EBV is a common virus (>90% adults are seropositive), it is **not considered a major transfusion-transmitted infection** - The virus is primarily transmitted through saliva; transfusion-associated EBV transmission is **extremely rare and usually not clinically significant** in immunocompetent recipients - Risk-benefit analysis does not support routine screening due to **high prevalence, low clinical impact, and cost considerations** - EBV screening may only be considered for specific recipients (e.g., severely immunocompromised patients) *HIV* - **Routinely screened** in all blood donations worldwide - Screening includes HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies and/or HIV antigen/RNA testing - Transfusion-transmitted HIV causes AIDS with severe consequences - Mandatory screening under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act in India *HBV* - **Routinely screened** in all blood donations - Screening includes HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen) testing, and often anti-HBc or HBV DNA - Can cause acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma - Mandatory screening in India and globally *HCV* - **Routinely screened** in all blood donations - Screening includes anti-HCV antibodies and/or HCV RNA (nucleic acid testing) - Major cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer - Mandatory screening under blood safety regulations

Q: Which of the following medications is known to cause increased renin levels with prolonged use?

Enalapril. ***Enalapril*** - **Enalapril** is an **ACE inhibitor** which blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to decreased levels of angiotensin II [1]. - Reduced angiotensin II levels remove the **negative feedback** on renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells, thus increasing renin secretion [1], [2]. *Clonidine* - Clonidine is a **central alpha-2 adrenergic agonist** that reduces sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system. - This reduction in sympathetic activity leads to a **decrease in renin release**, as sympathetic stimulation normally promotes renin secretion [3]. *Methyldopa* - Methyldopa is a **central alpha-2 adrenergic agonist** that works similarly to clonidine by reducing sympathetic tone. - It consequently causes a **decrease in plasma renin activity** due to reduced sympathetic stimulation of the juxtaglomerular apparatus [3]. *Propranolol* - Propranolol is a **non-selective beta-blocker** that blocks beta-1 receptors in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney. - This blockade **inhibits the release of renin** stimulated by sympathetic activity, leading to reduced renin levels [3].

Q: Which of the following drugs acts directly to induce an erection without the need for sexual stimulation?

Alprostadil. ***Alprostadil***- **Alprostadil** is a **prostaglandin E1** analog that can directly induce vasodilation in the penile arteries, leading to an erection without sexual stimulation [1].- It is typically administered via **intracavernosal injection** or as a **urethral suppository**.*Sildenafil*- **Sildenafil** is a **PDE5 inhibitor** that works by enhancing the effects of **nitric oxide**, which is released in response to sexual stimulation [2, 3].- It requires **sexual arousal** to be effective, as it doesn't directly initiate the erectile process [2, 3].*Tadalafil*- Similar to sildenafil, **tadalafil** is also a **PDE5 inhibitor** that works by increasing cGMP levels and promoting smooth muscle relaxation [2, 3].- Its action is dependent on the release of **nitric oxide** triggered by sexual stimulation [2, 3].*Testosterone*- **Testosterone** is a hormone involved in sex drive and overall erectile function over time, but it does not directly or acutely induce an erection.- Its primary role in erectile dysfunction is in cases of **hypogonadism**, and it requires sexual stimulation for its effects on erection.

Q: Which of the following antiepileptic drugs is most classically associated with causing hirsutism?

Phenytoin. ***Phenytoin*** - **Phenytoin** is the **most classically associated** antiepileptic drug with **hirsutism**, which is abnormal/excessive growth of hair [1]. - The mechanism involves changes in **androgen metabolism** and stimulation of hair follicle growth. - Other cosmetic side effects include **gingival hyperplasia** and **coarsening of facial features** [1].*Valproate* - Valproate can paradoxically cause both **hair loss (alopecia)** and **hirsutism**, particularly in women and children. - However, phenytoin has a **stronger and more classical association** with hirsutism. - Valproate is also known for **weight gain**, **hepatotoxicity**, **pancreatitis**, and **teratogenicity**.*Carbamazepine* - Carbamazepine's common side effects include **drowsiness**, **dizziness**, **diplopia**, and **hyponatremia**. - It is not classically linked to **hirsutism** as a prominent adverse effect. - Can cause **agranulocytosis** and **Stevens-Johnson syndrome** in rare cases.*Phenobarbitone* - Phenobarbitone is an older antiepileptic drug associated with **sedation**, **cognitive impairment**, and **dependence**. - It does not commonly cause **hirsutism**. - Also causes **enzyme induction** leading to multiple drug interactions.

Q: What are the homes called where children are placed under the care of doctors and psychiatrists?

Residential treatment facilities. ***Residential treatment facilities*** - These facilities provide structured, live-in therapeutic environments where children and adolescents receive comprehensive psychiatric and medical care. - They are staffed by a multidisciplinary team including **psychiatrists**, psychologists, social workers, and nurses. *Foster care homes* - Foster care involves placing children with temporary families, usually due to neglect or abuse, focusing on a family-like setting rather than intensive medical or psychiatric care. - While foster children may receive mental health services, the homes themselves are not clinical environments. *Youth detention centers* - These facilities are for children and adolescents who have committed crimes and are awaiting trial or serving sentences. - While mental health services may be provided, their primary purpose is correctional, not therapeutic. *Child mental health clinics* - These clinics offer outpatient services, including diagnosis, therapy, and medication management, but do not provide residential care. - Children attend appointments and then return home, unlike the live-in care provided in residential facilities.

Question 1

Which is the least common cause among these of infant mortality in India?

Accepted Answer

Birth injuries

Answer

Infections

Answer

Congenital malformations

Answer

Prematurity

Question 2

Which organism can be isolated from stool & sputum?

Accepted Answer

Paragonimus

Answer

Fasciola

Answer

P. carinii

Answer

Clonorchis

Question 3

Who discovered the malarial parasite?

Accepted Answer

Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran

Answer

Ronald Ross

Answer

Paul Muller

Answer

Pampania

Question 4

What is the most common protozoan associated with keratitis?

Accepted Answer

Acanthamoeba

Answer

Plasmodium

Answer

Toxoplasma

Answer

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 5

What is the most common primary malignancy of the fallopian tube?

Accepted Answer

Serous carcinoma

Answer

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer

Teratoma

Answer

Choriocarcinoma

Question 6

Which of the following is not typically screened for in blood donations?

Accepted Answer

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

Answer

HIV

Answer

HBV

Answer

HCV

Question 7

Which of the following medications is known to cause increased renin levels with prolonged use?

Accepted Answer

Enalapril

Answer

Clonidine

Answer

Methyldopa

Answer

Propranolol

Question 8

Which of the following drugs acts directly to induce an erection without the need for sexual stimulation?

Accepted Answer

Alprostadil

Answer

Sildenafil

Answer

Tadalafil

Answer

Testosterone

Question 9

Which of the following antiepileptic drugs is most classically associated with causing hirsutism?

Accepted Answer

Phenytoin

Answer

Valproate

Answer

Carbamazepine

Answer

Phenobarbitone

Question 10

What are the homes called where children are placed under the care of doctors and psychiatrists?

Accepted Answer

Residential treatment facilities

Answer

Foster care homes

Answer

Youth detention centers

Answer

Child mental health clinics

NEET-PG 2012

Community Medicine

Microbiology

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Pathology

Pharmacology

Psychiatry