What is the initial drug of choice for ovarian cancer?
Preferred treatment for menorrhagia in reproductive age group?
Which condition is associated with exclusively fetal blood loss?
In which gestational weeks is Hegar's sign typically observed?
Newborn can be given breast milk after how much time following normal delivery?
What is the most reliable test to confirm ovulation after it has occurred?
The optimal timing for external cephalic version (ECV) is
What is the presenting part in a transverse lie?
What is the most common site for ectopic pregnancies?
At which stage of cervical cancer is hydronephrosis typically observed?
NEET-PG 2012 - Obstetrics and Gynecology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 31: What is the initial drug of choice for ovarian cancer?
- A. Cisplatin (Correct Answer)
- B. Doxorubicin
- C. Ifosfamide
- D. Methotrexate
Explanation: ***Cisplatin*** - **Cisplatin** is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug that forms DNA adducts, leading to apoptosis and is a **first-line agent** for ovarian cancer. - Historically, it was the platinum agent of choice and is typically used in combination with a taxane (e.g., **paclitaxel**) for initial treatment of advanced disease. - **Note:** In current practice, **carboplatin** has largely replaced cisplatin as the preferred platinum agent due to better tolerability, less nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity, and easier administration, while maintaining equivalent efficacy. - Among the options listed, **cisplatin remains the correct answer** as it is the only platinum-based first-line agent. *Doxorubicin* - **Doxorubicin** is an **anthracycline antibiotic** used in various cancers but is **not a first-line drug** for ovarian cancer. - It may be used in recurrent or platinum-resistant disease. - Its use is limited due to potential **cardiotoxicity**. *Ifosfamide* - **Ifosfamide** is an **alkylating agent** that is generally reserved for **recurrent** or refractory ovarian cancer. - It is associated with **hemorrhagic cystitis** (preventable with mesna) and neurotoxicity. - Not part of standard first-line treatment. *Methotrexate* - **Methotrexate** is an **antimetabolite** primarily used in other cancers like choriocarcinoma and is **not a standard treatment** for epithelial ovarian cancer. - It works by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase, disrupting DNA synthesis. - Has no role in first-line ovarian cancer treatment.
Question 32: Preferred treatment for menorrhagia in reproductive age group?
- A. Cu IUD
- B. Hysterectomy
- C. NOVA T
- D. OCPs (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***OCPs*** - **Combined oral contraceptives (OCPs)** are a common and effective first-line treatment for menorrhagia in reproductive-aged women, particularly when contraception is also desired. - They work by stabilizing the **endometrial lining**, reducing menstrual blood loss and regulating cycles. *NOVA T* - NOVA T is a type of **copper IUD (intrauterine device)**, which is known to potentially *increase* menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhea, making it unsuitable for menorrhagia. - Its primary function is contraception, not the management of heavy menstrual bleeding. *Cu IUD* - The **copper intrauterine device (Cu IUD)** is generally contraindicated in women with menorrhagia because it can exacerbate heavy menstrual bleeding. - While an effective contraceptive, it does not offer therapeutic benefits for managing heavy periods. *Hysterectomy* - **Hysterectomy** is a surgical procedure for removing the uterus and is considered a definitive treatment for menorrhagia. - However, it is an **invasive procedure** with irreversible loss of fertility, typically reserved for severe cases where conservative treatments have failed or when other uterine pathology is present.
Question 33: Which condition is associated with exclusively fetal blood loss?
- A. Vasa previa (Correct Answer)
- B. Placenta praevia
- C. Polyhydramnios
- D. Oligohydramnios
Explanation: ***Vasa previa*** - Vasa previa occurs when **fetal blood vessels** from the umbilical cord traverse the membranes over the cervical os, underneath the fetal presenting part. - Rupture of these unprotected vessels, which can happen during labor or membrane rupture, leads to **exclusively fetal blood loss**, posing a high risk of fetal exsanguination and death. *Placenta praevia* - This condition involves the **placenta implanting low** in the uterus, potentially covering the internal cervical os. - Bleeding in placenta previa is typically **maternal** in origin, resulting from the detachment of the placenta from the uterine wall as the cervix dilates. *Polyhydramnios* - Polyhydramnios is characterized by an **excessive amount of amniotic fluid**. - It is not directly associated with antepartum or intrapartum bleeding, but rather with conditions that affect fetal swallowing or urination, such as **fetal gastrointestinal anomalies** or maternal diabetes. *Oligohydramnios* - Oligohydramnios refers to an **insufficient amount of amniotic fluid**. - While it can be associated with various fetal and maternal complications, such as **renal agenesis** or premature rupture of membranes, it does not typically cause blood loss.
Question 34: In which gestational weeks is Hegar's sign typically observed?
- A. 10-14 weeks
- B. 14-18 weeks
- C. 18-22 weeks
- D. 6 to 10 weeks (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***6 to 10 weeks*** - **Hegar's sign** is a softening of the lower uterine segment, which is a probable sign of pregnancy detected during a **bimanual examination**. - This softening typically becomes noticeable and palpable between **6 and 10 weeks of gestation** due to increased vascularity and edema in the area. *10-14 weeks* - While the uterus continues to soften and enlarge, **Hegar's sign** is usually established earlier, making it less specific or prominent for confirmation in this later window. - At this stage, other signs of pregnancy, such as a **palpable fetal outline** or **fetal heart tones**, become more readily apparent. *14-18 weeks* - By this gestational period, the uterus is significantly larger and has risen out of the pelvic cavity, making the specific assessment of the **lower uterine segment's compressibility** as an isolated sign less relevant. - **Fetal movements** (quickening) may also be felt during this time, serving as a more direct indicator of pregnancy. *18-22 weeks* - At these later weeks, the uterus is distinctly enlarged, and much of the diagnosis relies on **fundal height assessment** and further monitoring of fetal development. - **Hegar's sign** is a very early sign of pregnancy and would not be used for confirmation in this advanced stage.
Question 35: Newborn can be given breast milk after how much time following normal delivery?
- A. Half hour
- B. 2 hours
- C. 1 hour (Correct Answer)
- D. 3 hours
Explanation: ***1 hour*** - Initiating breastfeeding **within 1 hour** after a normal vaginal delivery is the **WHO and UNICEF recommended standard** for optimal newborn care. - This practice, often called the **"golden hour"**, allows the newborn to benefit from **colostrum** (rich in antibodies and nutrients), promotes **mother-infant bonding**, and helps stimulate **uterine contractions** to reduce postpartum hemorrhage. - Early initiation within this timeframe supports **successful establishment of breastfeeding** and improves exclusive breastfeeding rates. *Half hour* - While initiating breastfeeding within 30 minutes is **excellent and encouraged**, the standard guideline allows up to 1 hour. - Immediate or very early feeding (within 30 minutes) is ideal when mother and baby are stable, but the flexibility up to 1 hour accommodates immediate postpartum care needs. *2 hours* - Delaying breastfeeding until 2 hours post-delivery **exceeds the recommended window** and can lead to the infant becoming **less alert** and less interested in feeding. - This delay is associated with **lower rates of successful exclusive breastfeeding** and may impact milk supply establishment. *3 hours* - A 3-hour delay in initiating breastfeeding is **significantly beyond recommended guidelines** after a normal, uncomplicated delivery. - Such delays can contribute to **poor latch**, **infant fatigue**, increased **formula supplementation**, and may hinder **long-term breastfeeding success**.
Question 36: What is the most reliable test to confirm ovulation after it has occurred?
- A. Serum estrogen
- B. Serum progesterone (Correct Answer)
- C. Both serum estrogen and progesterone
- D. None of the options
Explanation: ***Serum progesterone*** - A **serum progesterone level** of greater than **3 ng/mL (or 10 nmol/L)** in the mid-luteal phase (approximately 7 days after the presumed ovulation) reliably indicates that ovulation has occurred. - After ovulation, the **corpus luteum** forms and produces progesterone, causing a characteristic rise in its serum level. *Serum estrogen* - Estrogen levels **peak before ovulation** to trigger the LH surge and also rise during the luteal phase, but a single measurement is not a reliable indicator that ovulation has successfully occurred. - Estrogen levels can fluctuate due to various factors and do not directly confirm the **formation and function of a corpus luteum** as progesterone does. *Both serum estrogen and progesterone* - While both hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle, relying on both simultaneously for confirming *occurred* ovulation is not the most precise method. - A significant rise in **progesterone** *after* the presumed ovulatory event is the key reliable biomarker. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because **serum progesterone** is a well-established and reliable test for confirming ovulation.
Question 37: The optimal timing for external cephalic version (ECV) is
- A. 34 weeks
- B. 36 weeks (Correct Answer)
- C. 38 weeks
- D. 40 weeks
Explanation: ***36 weeks*** - At **36 weeks gestation**, there is still enough **amniotic fluid** and fetal size is not too large, which allows for successful manipulation. - This timing is particularly optimal for **multiparous women** according to **RCOG guidelines** (36-37 weeks). - This timing also minimizes the risk of **spontaneous reversion** back to a breech presentation before labor begins. - Balances adequate fetal maturity with sufficient uterine space for successful version. *34 weeks* - Performing an external cephalic version (ECV) at 34 weeks has a lower success rate and a higher chance of **spontaneous reversion** due to the smaller fetal size and relatively more amniotic fluid. - The chance of **spontaneous cephalic version** (natural turning) is still significant at this stage, making an earlier intervention potentially unnecessary. - Too early for routine ECV as many breech presentations spontaneously convert to cephalic before 36 weeks. *38 weeks* - By 38 weeks, the fetus is larger and there is proportionally less **amniotic fluid**, which makes successful external version more difficult and painful for the mother. - While **ACOG recommends 37-38 weeks**, the success rate decreases with advancing gestation due to reduced uterine space. - The risk of **uterine contractions** and iatrogenic induction of labor is higher at this gestation. *40 weeks* - At 40 weeks, the fetus is at term and much larger, occupying most of the uterine cavity, significantly reducing the chances of a successful external version. - The risk of complications such as **placental abruption**, **cord compression**, and premature labor is increased. - Success rates are markedly lower, making routine ECV at this stage generally not recommended.
Question 38: What is the presenting part in a transverse lie?
- A. Shoulder (Correct Answer)
- B. Face
- C. Vertex
- D. Brow
Explanation: ***Shoulder*** - In a **transverse lie**, the fetal **shoulder** is the part that presents over the pelvic inlet. - This occurs when the fetal long axis is 90 degrees to the maternal spine. *Face* - A **face presentation** is a type of **cephalic presentation** where the head is hyperextended, and the face is the presenting part. - This is not characteristic of a transverse lie. *Vertex* - A **vertex presentation** is the most common and ideal **cephalic presentation**, where the head is flexed and the top of the head (vertex) is the presenting part. - This indicates a longitudinal lie, not a transverse lie. *Brow* - A **brow presentation** is also a type of **cephalic presentation** where the fetal head is partially extended, and the brow is the presenting part. - Like vertex and face presentations, this occurs with a longitudinal fetal lie.
Question 39: What is the most common site for ectopic pregnancies?
- A. Isthmus
- B. Ampulla (Correct Answer)
- C. Fimbriae
- D. Interstitial/Cornual
Explanation: ***Ampulla*** - The **ampulla** of the fallopian tube is the most common site for ectopic pregnancies, accounting for about **70-80% of all cases**. - Its **wider lumen** and **tortuous path** can delay the ovum's transit, increasing the likelihood of implantation there. *Isthmus* - The **isthmus** is the second most common site for ectopic pregnancies, accounting for about **12% of cases**. - Pregnancies in this narrow, muscular part of the tube are more prone to **early rupture** due to limited distensibility. *Fimbriae* - **Fimbrial** ectopic pregnancies are rare, accounting for approximately **5% of cases**. - These occur when the fertilized egg implants on the **finger-like projections** at the end of the fallopian tube. *Interstitial/Cornual* - **Interstitial** or **cornual** pregnancies are uncommon but serious, making up about **2-4% of ectopic pregnancies**. - They occur in the portion of the fallopian tube that passes through the **muscular wall of the uterus** and carry a higher risk of hemorrhage due to rich vascularity.
Question 40: At which stage of cervical cancer is hydronephrosis typically observed?
- A. Stage 2A
- B. Stage 2B
- C. Stage 3A
- D. Stage 3B (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Stage 3B*** - **Hydronephrosis** in cervical cancer is typically a sign of advanced disease where the tumor has spread to the **pelvic side wall**, compressing the **ureters**. - According to the **FIGO staging system**, involvement of the **pelvic side wall** and/or causing **hydronephrosis** indicates **Stage IIIB** disease. *Stage 2A* - This stage involves invasion beyond the uterus but **without involvement of the lower third of the vagina or parametrium**. - **Hydronephrosis** would not be expected at this earlier stage as it typically signifies more extensive tumor bulk or spread. *Stage 2B* - This stage indicates involvement of the **parametrium** but **without extension to the pelvic side wall**. - While the tumor is more advanced than Stage 2A, it is not yet associated with the direct **ureteral compression** that leads to **hydronephrosis**. *Stage 3A* - This stage involves the **lower third of the vagina** but **not the pelvic side wall**. - Although the tumor has spread to the vagina, the specific characteristic of **hydronephrosis** due to **ureteral obstruction** by the tumor reaching the pelvic side wall differentiating Stage 3A from Stage 3B is not present.