Biochemistry
2 questionsWernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome is due to the deficiency of:
Fluoride, used in the collection of blood samples, inhibits which enzyme?
FMGE 2010 - Biochemistry FMGE Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 11: Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome is due to the deficiency of:
- A. Pyridoxine
- B. Riboflavin
- C. Thiamine (Correct Answer)
- D. Vitamin B12
Explanation: ***Correct: Thiamine*** - **Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome** is a severe neurological disorder caused by a profound deficiency of **thiamine (vitamin B1)**, most commonly seen in chronic alcoholics - **Thiamine** is crucial for **glucose metabolism** in the brain, and its deficiency leads to impaired neuronal function and brain damage - **Wernicke encephalopathy** presents acutely with confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia - **Korsakoff psychosis** represents the chronic phase with profound memory impairment and confabulation *Incorrect: Pyridoxine* - Deficiency of **pyridoxine (vitamin B6)** can cause peripheral neuropathy, seizures, and sideroblastic anemia, but is not the cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - **Isoniazid** treatment is a common cause of pyridoxine deficiency *Incorrect: Riboflavin* - **Riboflavin (vitamin B2)** deficiency leads to cheilosis, angular stomatitis, glossitis, and seborrheic dermatitis, but is not associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - It plays a vital role as a coenzyme (FAD, FMN) in various **redox reactions** *Incorrect: Vitamin B12* - Deficiency of **vitamin B12 (cobalamin)** causes megaloblastic anemia and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, with distinct neurological symptoms different from Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - **Intrinsic factor** is necessary for its absorption in the terminal ileum
Question 12: Fluoride, used in the collection of blood samples, inhibits which enzyme?
- A. Enolase (Correct Answer)
- B. Glucokinase
- C. Glucose-6-phosphatase
- D. Hexokinase
Explanation: ***Enolase*** - Fluoride is a potent inhibitor of **enolase**, an enzyme in the **glycolytic pathway**. - Inhibition of enolase prevents the conversion of **2-phosphoglycerate** to **phosphoenolpyruvate**, thereby halting glycolysis in collected blood samples. *Glucokinase* - Glucokinase is an enzyme primarily found in the **liver** and **pancreatic beta cells** that phosphorylates glucose. - Fluoride does not directly inhibit glucokinase; its primary site of action for preventing glycolysis in blood samples is enolase. *Glucose-6-phosphatase* - This enzyme is crucial for **glucose production** in the liver and kidneys, facilitating the dephosphorylation of **glucose-6-phosphate** to glucose. - Fluoride does not specifically target glucose-6-phosphatase as its mechanism for preventing glycolysis. *Hexokinase* - Hexokinase catalyzes the first step of glycolysis, phosphorylating **glucose to glucose-6-phosphate**. - While essential for glycolysis, hexokinase is not the primary target of fluoride's inhibitory action in blood collection, which specifically aims to stop the entire pathway further downstream at enolase.
Forensic Medicine
3 questionsCobra poison is:
A dead body is found to have marks like branching of a tree on the front of the chest. The most likely cause of death could be due to:
Punishment for rape is given under which section of IPC: TN 09; FMGE 10; AI 10; Kerala 11
FMGE 2010 - Forensic Medicine FMGE Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 11: Cobra poison is:
- A. Vasculotoxic
- B. Myotoxic
- C. Neurotoxic (Correct Answer)
- D. Cardiotoxic
Explanation: ***Neurotoxic*** - Cobra venom contains **alpha-neurotoxins** that block **nicotinic acetylcholine receptors** at neuromuscular junctions, causing flaccid paralysis. - The primary cause of death is **respiratory failure** due to paralysis of respiratory muscles, making neurotoxicity the dominant mechanism. *Vasculotoxic* - Vasculotoxic effects are characteristic of **viper venoms**, causing bleeding, swelling, and tissue necrosis. - Cobra venom's primary action targets the **nervous system**, not blood vessels. *Myotoxic* - Myotoxic venoms directly damage **muscle tissue**, leading to rhabdomyolysis and muscle pain. - While minor muscle effects may occur, **neurotoxicity** remains the predominant and life-threatening mechanism in cobra envenomation. *Cardiotoxic* - Some cobra venoms contain **cardiotoxins**, but these are secondary to the primary neurotoxic effects. - The main cause of cardiovascular collapse is **respiratory paralysis**, not direct cardiac toxicity.
Question 12: A dead body is found to have marks like branching of a tree on the front of the chest. The most likely cause of death could be due to:
- A. Lightning injury (Correct Answer)
- B. Road traffic accident
- C. Injuries due to bomb blast
- D. Firearm
Explanation: ***Lightning injury*** - The branching, tree-like marks described are known as **Lichtenberg figures**, which are characteristic cutaneous patterns caused by the passage of high-voltage electrical current, such as during a **lightning strike**. - These transient patterns are believed to be due to dilation of capillaries or arborizing superficial burns, sometimes referred to as ferning. *Road traffic accident* - Injuries from a **road traffic accident** typically include blunt force trauma, lacerations, fractures, and internal organ damage, but they do not produce branching, tree-like skin marks. - The pattern of injury is usually widespread and indicative of impact, shearing, or crushing forces, which is distinct from the described branching marks. *Injuries due to bomb blast* - **Bomb blast injuries** are usually categorized as primary (blast wave), secondary (projectiles), tertiary (body displacement), and quaternary (miscellaneous, e.g., burns, toxic inhalation). They would not typically produce the specific Lichtenberg figures. - While burns can occur, they are usually thermal or chemical burns, not the characteristic superficial dendritic branching marks seen with lightning. *Firearm* - **Firearm injuries** result from projectiles (bullets), leading to entrance wounds, exit wounds (if applicable), and internal organ damage along the bullet's path. - The markings associated with firearms do not include branching, tree-like patterns on the skin; instead, they might show tattooing, stippling, or muzzle imprint with close-range shots.
Question 13: Punishment for rape is given under which section of IPC: TN 09; FMGE 10; AI 10; Kerala 11
- A. Sec. 320
- B. Sec. 376 (Correct Answer)
- C. Sec. 351
- D. Sec. 375
Explanation: ***Sec. 376*** - **Section 376** of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) specifically deals with the **punishment for rape**. - This section outlines the various forms of punishment, including imprisonment for varying terms and fines, depending on the specifics of the crime. *Sec. 320* - **Section 320** of the IPC defines **grievous hurt**, outlining the types of injuries considered severe. - It does not pertain to the crime or punishment of rape. *Sec. 351* - **Section 351** of the IPC defines **assault**, which involves making a gesture or preparation with the intention or knowledge that it will cause apprehension of criminal force. - This section is unrelated to the offense of rape. *Sec. 375* - **Section 375** of the IPC defines what constitutes **rape**, detailing the circumstances under which sexual intercourse is considered an act of rape. - While it defines the act, it is **Section 376** that prescribes the punishment for it.
Pharmacology
1 questionsAntidote for benzodiazepine poisoning: FMGE 10, 13; NEET 14
FMGE 2010 - Pharmacology FMGE Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 11: Antidote for benzodiazepine poisoning: FMGE 10, 13; NEET 14
- A. Flumazenil (Correct Answer)
- B. Naloxone
- C. Atropine
- D. N-acetyl-cysteine
Explanation: ***Flumazenil*** - **Flumazenil** is a competitive **benzodiazepine receptor antagonist** that can reverse the sedative and other central nervous system effects of benzodiazepines. - It works by blocking benzodiazepines from binding to their receptor sites on the **GABA-A receptor complex**. *Naloxone* - **Naloxone** is a competitive **opioid receptor antagonist** used to reverse opioid overdose. - It has no effect on **benzodiazepine toxicity** as it targets different receptor systems. *Atropine* - **Atropine** is an **anticholinergic drug** used to reverse the effects of **cholinergic poisoning** (e.g., from organophosphates, carbamates) or symptomatic bradycardia. - It works on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and is not involved in benzodiazepine metabolism or action. *N-acetyl-cysteine* - **N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC)** is primarily used as an antidote for **acetaminophen (paracetamol) poisoning**, where it replenishes glutathione. - It is also used in some cases of mucolysis but has no role in reversing benzodiazepine toxicity.
Surgery
1 questionsSecondary hemorrhage is seen:
FMGE 2010 - Surgery FMGE Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 11: Secondary hemorrhage is seen:
- A. 6 h after surgery
- B. 24 h after surgery
- C. 7-14 days after surgery (Correct Answer)
- D. During anesthesia
Explanation: ***7-14 days after surgery*** - **Secondary hemorrhage** is typically caused by **infection** leading to erosion of blood vessels, which takes several days to develop. - This type of bleeding is characterized by onset more than 24 hours after surgery, commonly occurring between **7 to 14 days post-operatively**. *6 h after surgery* - Hemorrhage occurring within the first 24 hours (or particularly within the first few hours) is usually classified as **primary hemorrhage**. - **Primary hemorrhage** is often due to inadequate hemostasis during the initial surgical procedure. *24 h after surgery* - Bleeding at 24 hours post-surgery still falls under the definition of **primary or reactionary hemorrhage**. - **Reactionary hemorrhage** occurs within the first 24 hours due to dislodgement of clots or changes in blood pressure. *During anesthesia* - Hemorrhage during anesthesia is by definition **primary hemorrhage**, occurring contemporaneously with the surgical procedure. - This is directly related to surgical technique or patient factors during the operation itself.