Substance/medication-induced sleep disorders — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: Which drug withdrawal is associated with yawning? _____

Answer: Opioid withdrawal

Flashcard 2: Depression is associated with _____ total REM sleep

Answer: increased

Flashcard 3: Narcolepsy is characterized by nocturnal and narcoleptic sleep episodes that start with _____ sleep (sleep paralysis)

Answer: REM

Flashcard 4: Non-specific symptoms of _____ withdrawal (stimulant or depressant) include anxiety, tremor, insomnia, and seizures

Answer: depressant

Flashcard 5: _____ hallucinations occur while going to sleep; sometimes seen in narcolepsy

Answer: Hypnagogic

Flashcard 6: Sleep in the elderly is associated with _____ REM latency

Answer: decreased

Extra: Changes in sleep patterns with normal aging: - ↓ Total sleep time - ↓ REM sleep duration - ↓ N3 (Slow-wave sleep / Deep sleep) - ↑ Sleep latency (increased time to fall asleep) - ↓ REM latency (REM occurs earlier in the night)

Flashcard 7: Which atypical antidepressant is useful for treating depressed patients with insomnia? _____

Answer: Mirtazapine

Flashcard 8: What is the primary neurotransmitter that inhibits REM sleep?

Answer: norepinephrine (NE)

Flashcard 9: What sleep changes are common in the elderly?

Answer: less REM and slow-wave sleep more latency and awakenings

Flashcard 10: What are the key characteristics and clinical associations of Sleep Stage N3?

Answer: deep sleep, sleepwalking, night terrors, bedwetting

Extra: Characterized by delta waves (low frequency, high amplitude). This is the stage where non-REM parasomnias like sleepwalking (somnambulism) and night terrors occur.