Renal — Flashcards
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The [TF/P]glucose and [TF/P]AA ratios _____ over the course of the PCT
The corticopapillary osmotic gradient is established, in part, by _____ multiplication
The Na+ reabsorption mechanism of the thick ascending limb is _____-dependent (increased Na+ delivery causes increased reabsorption)
The outer rim of the islet of Langerhans contains mostly _____ cells
Saliva is characterized by _____ Na+ and Cl- concentration relative to plasma
Glomerulotubular balance describes a balance between filtration in the _____ and reabsorption in the _____
Glucose-insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is secreted from _____ cells in the duodenum and jejunum
What effect do low doses of dopamine have on renal afferent and efferent arterioles? _____
Hint: dilation or constriction
Through which secondary messenger(s) does the ADH-bound V2 receptor propagate its signal? _____
The lumen of the _____ is the site of free fatty acid, bile acid, and cholesterol absorption
Renal US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Renal with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Renal Flashcard Deck - 760 Cards
Flashcard 1: The [TF/P]glucose and [TF/P]AA ratios _____ over the course of the PCT
Answer: decrease
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 2: The corticopapillary osmotic gradient is established, in part, by _____ multiplication
Answer: countercurrent
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 3: The Na+ reabsorption mechanism of the thick ascending limb is _____-dependent (increased Na+ delivery causes increased reabsorption)
Answer: load
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 4: The outer rim of the islet of Langerhans contains mostly _____ cells
Answer: alpha
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 5: Saliva is characterized by _____ Na+ and Cl- concentration relative to plasma
Answer: low
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/non-visceral-anatomy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 6: Glomerulotubular balance describes a balance between filtration in the _____ and reabsorption in the _____
Answer: glomerulus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 7: Glucose-insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is secreted from _____ cells in the duodenum and jejunum
Answer: K
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 8: What effect do low doses of dopamine have on renal afferent and efferent arterioles? _____
Answer: Dilation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 9: Through which secondary messenger(s) does the ADH-bound V2 receptor propagate its signal? _____
Answer: cAMP
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 10: The lumen of the _____ is the site of free fatty acid, bile acid, and cholesterol absorption
Answer: small intestine
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Blood & Inflammation (Dyslipidemia drugs) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 11: In the proximal tubule cells, NH4+ is in equilibrium with _____ and _____
Answer: NH3
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 12: _____-osmotic urine is produced when the circulating levels of ADH are low
Answer: Hypo
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 13: When CH2O is _____, urine is iso-osmotic relative to plasma
Answer: zero
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 14: Which receptor does antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) bind to regulate serum osmolarity? _____
Answer: V2 receptors
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 15: When plasma Ca2+ concentrations _____, parathyroid hormone secretion is increased (and vice versa)
Answer: decrease
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 16: The activity of the renal enzyme 1α-hydroxylase is increased with _____ serum Ca2+ concentration
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: Which type of diabetes insipidus is characterized by a lack of response to the ADH secreted by the posterior pituitary? _____
Answer: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 18: The bulk of K+ reabsorption occurs in the _____ (67%)
Answer: proximal convoluted tubule
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 19: Hypoxia and increased erythropoiesis act to _____ hepcidin levels
Answer: lower
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 20: Through which secondary messenger(s) does the ADH-bound V1 receptor propagate its signal? _____
Answer: IP3/Ca2+
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 21: Erythropoietin is produced by renal _____ cells
Answer: peritubular interstitial
Extra: Watch Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 22: Increased intracellular Ca2+ in the pancreatic β-cell causes _____ of insulin-containing granules
Answer: exocytosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 23: The [TF/P]inulin ratio _____ over the course of the PCT
Answer: increases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 24: Is adaptive immunity specific or nonspecific? _____
Answer: Highly specific
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 25: 85% of the filtered phosphate is reabsorbed in the _____
Answer: proximal tubule
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 26: Which epithelial cell junction prevents paracellular movement of solutes? _____
Answer: Tight junctions (zonula occludens)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/general-principles?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 27: On a low K+ diet, K+ secretion is _____
Answer: decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 28: Calcitonin is secreted by the _____ of the thyroid gland
Answer: parafollicular cells (C cells)
Extra: Watch Thyroid Nodules & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-thyroid-nodules-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 29: _____ is released from the hypothalamus to stimulate TSH release from the anterior pituitary
Answer: TRH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 30: Plasma osmolarity may be estimated by Posm = _____
Answer: (2 * Na+) + (Glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8)
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 31: Does solute follow water reabsorption, or does water follow solute reabsorption? _____
Answer: Water follows solute
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 32: If the stereocilia are bent away from the kinocilium, the hair cell _____-polarizes
Answer: hyper
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/ears?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 33: Glucose at a normal plasma level (60 - 120 mg/dL) is completely _____ in the PCT
Answer: reabsorbed
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 34: _____ glands release membrane bound vesicles containing the secretory product
Answer: Apocrine
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/skin?index=11] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 35: When the thyroid gland is stimulated, iodinated thyroglobulin is _____ into the follicular epithelial cells
Answer: endocytosed
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 36: Travel through the thick ascending limb (of Henle) results in _____ of the tubular fluid
Answer: dilution
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 37: In the absence of ADH, the principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct are _____ to water
Answer: impermeable
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 38: The phenomenon of splay occurs due to _____ of the nephrons
Answer: heterogeneity
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 39: Patients with Bloom syndrome are associated with premature _____
Answer: aging
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-mutations-damage-and-repair?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 40: After which stage of spermatogenesis does the diploid sperm become haploid? _____
Answer: Meiosis I (primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/germinal-period-weeks-1-2?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 41: What effect does alcohol, atrial natriuretic peptide, and α-adrenergic agonists have on ADH secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 42: What effect does alcohol and caffeine have on gastric HCl secretion? _____
Answer: Increased secretion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 43: Insulin causes K+ to shift _____ cells, causing _____
Answer: into
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: Aldosterone upregulates the _____ pump on the basolateral membrane of the principal cells
Answer: Na+-K+ ATPase
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) Watch K+ sparing diuretics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-diuretics-k-sparing-diuretics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 45: The internal urethral sphincter predominantly expresses _____ receptors
Answer: alpha1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 46: The _____ collecting duct is permeable to both H2O and urea (ADH present)
Answer: inner medullary
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 47: Zone III of the liver is the _____ zone
Answer: centrilobular (pericentral vein)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 48: Which three hormones are involved in Ca2+ homeostasis? _____
Answer: Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 49: Following the proximal straight tubule, glomerular filtrate enters the _____
Answer: thin descending limb (loop of Henle)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/anatomy-and-embryology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 50: In prerenal azotemia, there is _____ reabsorption of Na+ and H2O
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan:
Flashcard 51: K+ is absorbed in the _____ intestine via passive diffusion
Answer: small
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 52: Activation of the α1 adrenergic receptor may cause urinary _____
Answer: retention
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Sympathomimetics) Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 53: Which renal tubular acidosis is self-limited? _____
Answer: Proximal RTA (Type 2)
Extra: Watch Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-renal-tubular-acidosis-rta?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 54: Which fluid compartment is mainly composed of Na+, Cl-, HCO3- and Albumin? _____
Answer: ECF
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 55: Hypo-osmolarity may cause K+ to shift _____ cells, causing _____
Answer: into
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: In response to increased Na+ intake (and ECF volume), there is _____ peritubular capillary oncotic pressure
Answer: decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 57: How does ICF volume change with sweating in a desert? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: * net loss of pure water -> shift of ICF to ECF(mild) for compensation Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 58: How does renal insufficiency cause secondary hyperparathyroidism? (sorry) _____
Answer: 1. Renal insufficiency causes decreased phosphate excretion and thus increased serum phosphate levels 2. Increased serum phosphate may bind free, ionized calcium, thus decreasing serum calcium levels 3. Decreased free calcium stimulates PTH release from the parathyroid glands
Extra: Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 59: Which region of the stomach (orad or caudad) is responsible for the strong contractions that mix food with gastric secretions? _____
Answer: Caudad
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 60: The major action of ADH (vasopressin) is to increase _____ of the principal cells in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Answer: water permeability (and thus reabsorption)
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: The theca cells and granulosa cells, together, synthesize _____
Answer: estradiol (estrogen)
Extra: Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/female-reproductive-system?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 62: Na+ is reabsorbed on the luminal membrane of the collecting duct through _____ channels
Answer: epithelial Na+
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 63: _____ syndrome is a renal tubular defect characterized by a defect in the thick ascending limb (of Henle) of the nephron
Answer: Bartter
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 64: Atrial natriuretic peptide dilates afferent renal arterioles and constricts efferent renal arterioles, which _____ excretion of Na+ and water, along with downregulating ENaC on the collecting tubules
Answer: increases
Extra: *seen in primary hyperaldosteronism Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 65: What is the neurotransmitter used by Purkinje cells (cerebellar cortex)? _____
Answer: GABA (Inhibitory)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 66: The _____ cells of the collecting duct are the major site of Na+, K+, and H2O transport
Answer: principal
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: Which renal tubular defect presents similarly to chronic loop diuretic use? _____
Answer: Bartter syndrome
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/potassium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 68: What component of tubular fluid is sensed at the macula densa? _____
Answer: Na+ and Cl-
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 69: What is the effect of insulin on Na+ retention in the kidneys? _____
Answer: Increased retention
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: _____ increases H+ secretion indirectly by causing histamine release from ECL cells
Answer: Gastrin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 71: In the inner medullary collecting ducts, urea is reabsorbed by the _____ transporter, which is activated by ADH
Answer: UT1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: The [TF/P]Cl ratio initially _____ over the course of the PCT
Answer: increases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 73: How does ECF volume change with sweating in a desert? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 74: The sum of filtration, secretion, and reabsorption is _____
Answer: excretion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 75: How does ICF volume change with uncontrolled diabetes (HHS, DKA)? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 76: In the proximal tubule, [TF/P]osm _____ 1
Answer: =
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 77: The magnitude of K+ secretion in the principal cells is determined by the size of the _____ for K+ across the luminal membrane
Answer: electrochemical gradient
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 78: What are the major factors determining autoregulation of blood flow to the kidney? _____
Answer: Myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 79: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion is regulated by plasma _____ concentration
Answer: Ca2+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 80: The _____ and [TF/P]osmolarity ratios both remain at 1 over the course of the PCT
Answer: [TF/P]Na
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 81: The micturition reflex describes the process of _____
Answer: urination
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 82: Is BUN normally reabsorbed by the kidney? _____
Answer: Yes
Extra: * Reabsorbed actively at the PCT Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan:
Flashcard 83: How does hematocrit change with excessive NaCl intake? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 84: PTH stimulates the renal enzyme _____, which converts 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to the active form, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D)
Answer: 1α-hydroxylase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: _____ syndrome is a renal tubular defect that affects the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter
Answer: Bartter
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 86: Increased prostaglandin (e.g. loop diuretics) causes vaso-_____ of the afferent arteriole
Answer: dilation
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) Watch Loop diuretics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-diuretics-loop-diuretics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 87: The α-intercalated cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct reabsorb _____
Answer: K+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: Which part of the nephron do mineralocorticoids exert their effects? _____
Answer: Collecting duct
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) Watch K+ sparing diuretics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-diuretics-k-sparing-diuretics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 89: In the _____ of the nephron, 50% of the filtered urea is reabsorbed by simple diffusion
Answer: proximal convoluted tubule
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: In Central Diabetes Insipidus, administration of desmopressin will _____ urine osmolality
Answer: increase
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 91: In thyroid hormone deficiency, bone age is _____ than chronologic age
Answer: less
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 92: The V2 receptor for ADH is located on the _____ membrane of the collecting duct
Answer: basolateral
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch ADH, DDAVP, ADH receptor antagonists [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-adh-ddavp-adh-receptor-antagonists?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 93: Through what hormone does growth hormone exert its growth promoting effects? _____
Answer: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch Growth hormone, mecasermin, octreotide, pegvisomant [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-growth-hormone-mecasermin-octreotide-pegvisomant?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 94: Vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of _____ and phosphate
Answer: calcium
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 95: In the thick ascending limb (loop of Henle), TF/Posm _____ 1
Answer: <
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 96: Thiazide diuretics increase Ca2+ _____ (excretion or reabsorption)
Answer: reabsorption
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 97: Na+ is reabsorbed in the principal cells of the late DCT and collecting duct via the _____ channels in the luminal membrane
Answer: epithelial Na+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 98: Osmolality is derived primarily from serum _____ levels
Answer: sodium
Extra: * Glucose & BUN also contribute Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 99: The luminal (epithelial) cell layer of breast tissue is responsible for _____ in the lobules
Answer: milk production
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/crash-course-in-medicine/introduction/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 100: In the early distal tubule, [TF/P]osm _____ 1
Answer: <
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 101: Increased Cl- secretion from CFTR due to cholera toxin results in decreased _____ absorption, thus _____ diffuses into the intestinal lumen
Answer: Na+
Extra: Watch Vibrio spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-vibrio-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 102: In SIADH, the atria and ventricles release ANP and BNP, further contributing to urinary excretion of _____
Answer: sodium
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 103: In response to decreased Na+ delivery, the macula densa releases _____, which relaxes the afferent arterioles
Answer: PGE2
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 104: Fluid secretion in the GI tract occurs when the _____ is stimulated, activating adenylyl cyclase, increasing cAMP production and opening the CFTR channel allowing Cl- ion secretion
Answer: Gs protein
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 105: In the collecting duct, [TF/P]osm _____ 1 (high ADH)
Answer: >
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 106: Stimulation of hypothalamic osmoreceptors stimulates _____ and secretion of ADH
Answer: thirst
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 107: The _____ center in the cerebral cortex regulates the pontine and sacral micturition centers
Answer: medial frontal micturition
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 108: 25-OH vitamin D3 is converted to 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 in cells of the _____ of the nephron
Answer: PCT
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 109: Intracellular fluid comprises _____ of total body water
Answer: two-thirds
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 110: The thick ascending limb (loop of Henle) is also known as the _____ segment
Answer: diluting
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 111: A hyper-osmotic disturbance refers to an increase in _____ osmolarity
Answer: ECF
Extra: * net gain of osmoles -> ECF expands; ICF contracts Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 112: Both central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are characterized by serum osmolality _____ 290 mOsm/kg
Answer: >
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 113: Fluid exits PCT cells and enters the peritubular capillaries via the process of _____
Answer: reabsorption
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 114: The GABAA receptor is a ligand-gated _____ channel
Answer: Cl-
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch Benzodiazepines, flumazenil [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-neuro-psych/videos/medical-pharmacology-neuropsych-sedative-hypnotics-benzodiazepines-flumazenil?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/psychiatry/videos/substance-misuse?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 115: What effect do pain, nausea, hypoglycemia, and opiates have on ADH secretion? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 116: _____-kalemia inhibits NH3 synthesis
Answer: Hyper
Extra: Watch Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-renal-tubular-acidosis-rta?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 117: [TF/P]x _____ 1 when the solute and water are reabsorbed at the same rate
Answer: =
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 118: Hyper-osmolarity may cause K+ to shift _____ cells, causing _____
Answer: out of
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 119: Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) cause increased renal _____ secretion via action on the α-intercalated cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct
Answer: H+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 120: Impaired _____ emptying increases risk for UTI
Answer: bladder
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/urinary-incontinence?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 121: The effects of ECF volume expansion on the Starling forces result in _____ fractional reabsorption of isosmotic fluid in the proximal tubule
Answer: decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 122: The _____ is responsible for approximately 8% of Ca2+ reabsorption
Answer: distal tubule
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 123: Is kidney function in horseshoe kidney normal or abnormal? _____
Answer: Normal
Extra: Watch Congenital & Cystic Kidney Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-congenital-and-cystic-kidney-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/anatomy-and-embryology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 124: Why does hypocalcemia cause symptoms such as tingling/numbness and twitching/cramping? _____
Answer: Decreased extracellular Ca2+ decreases the threshold potential (makes it more negative)
Extra: Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 125: The region of substance clearance (e.g. glucose) between threshold and Tm is known as _____
Answer: splay
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 126: PTH action causes _____-calciuria
Answer: hypo
Extra: Watch Calcium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 127: The [TF/P]creatinine ratio greatly _____ over the course of the PCT
Answer: increases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 128: How does ADH increase H2O permeability of the principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct? Increased _____ channels via increased _____
Answer: aquaporin 2 (AQP2)
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 129: Loop diuretics cause _____ hypertonicity of the renal medulla
Answer: decreased
Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) Watch Loop diuretics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-diuretics-loop-diuretics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 130: Which renal tubular acidosis is associated with increased urinary excretion of HCO3-? _____
Answer: Proximal RTA (type 2)
Extra: * due to decreased reabsorption of bicarb (85% of bicarb is rebsorbed at the PCT) Watch Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-renal-tubular-acidosis-rta?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 131: The _____ is the gradient of osmolarity from the cortex (300 mOsm/L) to the papilla (1200 mOsm/L)
Answer: corticopapillary osmotic gradient
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 132: Following the thin descending limb, glomerular filtrate enters the _____
Answer: thin ascending limb (loop of Henle)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/anatomy-and-embryology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 133: Excessive NaCl intake is a cause of _____-osmotic volume expansion
Answer: hyper
Extra: * Net gain of Na+ in excess of H2O -> ICF flows into ECF to compensate for increased osmolarity Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 134: Travel through the early DCT results in _____ of the tubular fluid
Answer: dilution
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 135: Which part of the neuron sends output (electrical impulses) to other neurons? _____
Answer: Axons
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/nervous-system?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 136: Which form (NH4+ or NH3) is secreted into the lumen of the cells of the proximal tubule? _____
Answer: NH3
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 137: What is the effect of increased serum PO43- on PTH secretion? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 138: In both the afferent and efferent arterioles of the kidney, angiotensin II activity causes vaso-_____
Answer: constriction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 139: The most important physiologic stimulus for increasing antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is _____
Answer: increased plasma osmolarity
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 140: Which photoreceptor is used for night vision? _____
Answer: Rods
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/eyes?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 141: Increased Na+ reabsorption due to decreased Cl- secretion (cystic fibrosis) results in increased _____ reabsorption
Answer: H2O
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 142: Which renal tubular defect is associated with increased excretion of nearly all amino acids, glucose, HCO3-, and PO43- and all substances reabsorbed by the PCT _____
Answer: Fanconi syndrome
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 143: Decreased O2 delivery to the kidneys due to hypoxia causes increased production of _____, which then stimulates synthesis of EPO
Answer: hypoxia-inducible factor 1α
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 144: The _____ phase of gastric HCl secretion accounts for 30% of total HCl secreted
Answer: cephalic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 145: In the collecting duct, [TF/P]osm _____ 1 (low ADH)
Answer: <
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 146: _____ contractions of GI smooth muscle maintain a constant level of contraction without regular periods of relaxation
Answer: Tonic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/non-visceral-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 147: Glucose in the cells of the PCT enter the peritubular capillary blood through _____ and _____ transporters
Answer: GLUT1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 148: Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) cause increased renal _____ secretion via action on the principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct
Answer: K+
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 149: The sacral micturition center is responsible for _____ during the initiation of urination
Answer: bladder contraction
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 150: In addition to Na+, what two other ions are reabsorbed through the lumen of the thick ascending limb? _____
Answer: K+, Cl- (Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 151: _____ is the concentration of osmotically active particles, expressed in mOsm/L
Answer: Osmolarity
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 152: The major cation of extracellular fluid is _____
Answer: Na+
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 153: K+ reabsorption in the α-intercalated cells occurs through the _____ pump
Answer: H+-K+ ATPase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 154: How does plasma protein concentration change with hyposmotic volume expansion (e.g. SIADH)? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 155: Which photoreceptor is sensitive to high-intensity light? _____
Answer: Cones
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/eyes?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 156: Mg2+ is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb (on Henle) via a(n) _____ route
Answer: paracellular
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 157: The _____ limb (loop of Henle) is permeable to water
Answer: thin descending
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 158: The _____ limb (loop of Henle) is impermeable to Na+
Answer: thin descending
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 159: In the lumen of the early PCT, H2CO3 is converted to CO2 and H2O by brush border _____
Answer: carbonic anhydrase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 160: After the thick ascending limb, the [TF/P]Na and [TF/P]osmolarity are both _____ 1.0
Answer: <
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 161: The _____ is responsible for approximately 25% of Ca2+ reabsorption
Answer: thick ascending limb (loop of Henle)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 162: _____ is a hormone that inhibits Na+-phosphate cotransport in the proximal tubule
Answer: PTH
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 163: Chronic exposure of PTH stimulates osteoblasts to express _____, which binds to _____ on osteoclast surfaces to increase activity
Answer: RANKL
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch Bisphosphonates, raloxifene, denosumab, calcitonin [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-bisphosphonates-raloxifene-denosumab-calcitonin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 164: Diarrhea is a cause of _____-osmotic volume contraction
Answer: iso
Extra: * isotonic net loss of Na+ + H2O Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 165: The early DCT normally reabsorbs approximately _____% of the filtered Na+
Answer: 5
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 166: How does osmolarity change with diarrhea? _____
Answer: No change
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 167: The major solutes absorbed in the proximal tubule are _____ and NaHCO3
Answer: NaCl
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 168: If Cx > GFR, there is net _____ of X
Answer: secretion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 169: Which cell type of the seminiferous tubule regulates spermatogenesis? _____
Answer: Sertoli cells
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/male-reproductive-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 170: Why can hypogonadism or genetic disorders that cause abnormal sexual development lead to cryptorchidism? _____
Answer: Androgens affect testicular descent
Extra: * initial testicular descent controlled by androgens Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-testicular-disorders-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-testicular-disorders-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 171: Renal blood flow (RBF) is calculated using the equation: RBF = _____
Answer: RPF / (1 - Hct)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 172: The thick ascending limb (of Henle) normally reabsorbs approximately _____% of the filtered Na+
Answer: 10-20
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 173: Why do patients with diabetes mellitus present with polyuria and polydipsia? _____
Answer: Excess glucose is filtered into the urine and pulls water with it
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 174: At the _____ flow rates, saliva is most similar to plasma (high Na+ and Cl-, low K+)
Answer: highest
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/non-visceral-anatomy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 175: What is the effect of hyperglycemia on serum sodium levels? _____
Answer: Decreased (hyponatremia)
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 176: The thin descending limb absorbs water _____
Answer: passively
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 177: What type of transport mechanism is Na+/glucose cotransport? _____
Answer: Secondary active transport
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 178: _____ is a neurotransmitter that may be secreted by cells of the PCT of the nephron
Answer: Dopamine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 179: Where in the nephron is reabsorption isotonic? _____
Answer: PCT
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 180: What effect does vitamin A deficiency have on the immune system? _____
Answer: Immunosuppression
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 181: What is the effect of estrogen on bone mineral density? _____
Answer: ↑ bone mineral density
Extra: Watch Osteoporosis & Paget Disease of Bone [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-osteoporosis-and-paget-disease-of-bone?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 182: Solutes such as NaCl and mannitol do not cross cell membranes and are thus confined to the _____ fluid compartment
Answer: extracellular
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/conduction-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 183: Effective RPF (eRPF) _____-estimates true renal plasma flow slightly (~10%)
Answer: under
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 184: What effect does mannitol have on urine flow? _____
Answer: Increased urine flow (diuretic)
Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) Watch Acetazolamide, mannitol [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-diuretics-acetazolamide-mannitol?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 185: The _____ cotransporter is present on the luminal membrane of the DCT
Answer: Na+-Cl-
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 186: What drives Mg2+ reabsorption in the thick ascending limb (of Henle)? _____
Answer: Lumen-positive potential difference
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 187: Hypocitraturia is often associated with _____ urine pH
Answer: decreased
Extra: * acidemia promotes reabsorption of citrate from tubule -> less citrate bound to calcium in tubule -> calcium stones Watch Calcium Oxalate Stones & Calcium Phosphate Stones [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-urinary-tract-obstruction-calcium-oxalate-stones-and-calcium-phosphate-stones?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrolithiasis?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 188: The _____ cotransporter is present on the luminal membrane of the thick ascending limb (of Henle)
Answer: Na+-K+-2Cl-
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 189: What equation is used to calculate renal clearance? Cx = _____
Answer: UxV / Px
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 190: Prostaglandins E2 and I2 cause vaso-_____ of both afferent and efferent arterioles in the kidney
Answer: dilation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 191: How does the [TF]urea change in the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts (ADH present)? _____
Answer: Increased [TF]urea
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 192: How does osmolarity change with excessive NaCl intake? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: * Isotonic net gain of Na+ + H2O -> ECF expands, while ICF remains normal -> osmoles in ECF increase Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 193: In chronic renal failure, decreased production of the active form of vitamin _____ by the kidney contributes to decreased ionized Ca2+
Answer: D, (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
Extra: Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 194: What percent of total Ca2+ in the blood exists in an ionized form (i.e. as Ca2+)? _____
Answer: 45-50%
Extra: Watch Calcium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-calcium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 195: Phosphate is primarily reabsorbed in the _____ through Na+-phosphate cotransport
Answer: early PCT
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 196: What effect does ANP have on renal blood flow and GFR? _____
Answer: Increased RBF/GFR
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 197: What part of the nephron is lithium primarily reabsorbed? _____
Answer: PCT (with Na+)
Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Neuro/Psych Watch Lithium [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-neuro-psych/videos/medical-pharmacology-neuropsych-mood-stabilizers-and-antiepileptic-drugs-lithium?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/psychiatry/videos/pharmacology?index=13] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki
Flashcard 198: Changes in osmolarity are sensed by _____ in the anterior hypothalamus
Answer: osmoreceptors
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 199: Which portion of the small intestine is responsible for absorption of bile salts? _____
Answer: Terminal ileum
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 200: _____ intolerance presents with abdominal distention and diarrhea upon consumption of milk products
Answer: Lactose
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 201: Increased Na+ reabsorption in cystic fibrosis causes a more _____ transepithelial potential difference (TEPD)
Answer: negative
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 202: Effective renal plasma flow may be estimated using the equation: eRPF = C_____ = _____
Answer: PAH
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 203: What is the driving force for reabsorption of NaCl in the late PCT? _____
Answer: High Cl- gradient
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 204: What demographic is associated with positive Ca2+ balance? _____
Answer: Growing children
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 205: _____ is the volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance by the kidneys per unit time
Answer: Renal clearance
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 206: Which arterioles of the kidney (afferent or efferent) have more α1 receptors? _____
Answer: Afferent arterioles
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 207: The early distal tubule is also known as the _____ segment
Answer: cortical diluting
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 208: _____ syndrome is a renal tubular defect characterized by a gain of function mutation in the ENaC channel in the collecting duct of the nephron
Answer: Liddle
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 209: The ductal cells modify the initial saliva via _____ of K+ and HCO3-
Answer: secretion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/non-visceral-anatomy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 210: What is the range for normal blood glucose levels (mg/dL)? _____
Answer: 70-120 mg/dL
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 211: Uncontrolled diabetes (HHS, DKA) will cause a(n) _____-osmotic volume _____
Answer: hyper
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 212: Citrate is primarily reabsorbed in the _____ through Na+-citrate cotransport
Answer: early PCT
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 213: The central core of the islet of Langerhans contains mostly _____ cells
Answer: beta
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 214: Iodide is taken up into the thyroid follicular cell via _____
Answer: Na+-iodide symporter
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 215: The bulk of Mg2+ reabsorption occurs in the _____ (60%)
Answer: thick ascending limb (of Henle)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 216: Lactate is primarily reabsorbed in the _____ through Na+-lactate cotransport
Answer: early PCT
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 217: The _____ ratio compares the concentration of a substance in tubular fluid with its concentration in systemic plasma
Answer: [TF/P]x
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 218: Which fluid compartment is mainly composed of K+, Mg2+, organic phosphates (ex. ATP)? _____
Answer: ICF
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 219: In the thick ascending limb, NH4+ may be reabsorbed by substituting for _____ on the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter
Answer: K+
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 220: Hyperaldosteronism _____ K+ secretion and causes _____-kalemia
Answer: increases
Extra: Watch Potassium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-potassium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-potassium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 221: PTH acts on the kidney to inhibit renal _____ reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule, which therefore increases phosphate excretion
Answer: phosphate
Extra: Watch Osteomalacia & Rickets [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-osteomalacia-and-rickets?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 222: The late distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts normally reabsorb approximately _____% of the filtered Na+
Answer: 3
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 223: L-amino acids are transported from the intestinal lumen into the cells by _____-mediated cotransport
Answer: Na+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 224: Through what secondary messenger(s) does PTH exert its actions on bone and kidney tissue? _____
Answer: cAMP
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 225: Aldosterone upregulates _____ channels on the apical membranes of the principal cells, increasing K+ excretion
Answer: K+
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) Watch K+ sparing diuretics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-diuretics-k-sparing-diuretics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 226: What is the normal serum BUN concentration? _____
Answer: ~ 10 mg/dL (ranges from 7-20)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 227: Extracellular fluid is divided into _____ (75% of ECF) and _____ (25% of ECF)
Answer: interstitial fluid
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 228: Which type of immunity includes circulating antibodies? _____
Answer: Adaptive immunity
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 229: What drives Ca2+ reabsorption in the thick ascending limb (of Henle)? _____
Answer: Lumen-positive potential difference
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 230: Exposure to cold temperatures causes increased activation of _____ hormone
Answer: thyroid
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 231: The major function of calcitonin is to inhibit bone _____, thus decreasing the plasma Ca2+ concentration
Answer: resorption
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 232: The rate of _____ is equal to excretion rate - filtered load
Answer: secretion
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 233: How is Na+ extruded out of the cell of the early DCT and into the blood? _____
Answer: Na+-K+-ATPase pump
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 234: Prostaglandins act via a(n) _____ mechanism to vaso-dilate the afferent arterioles
Answer: paracrine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 235: How is Na+ extruded out of the cells of the late DCT & collecting duct and into the blood? _____
Answer: Na+-K+-ATPase pump
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 236: How does PTH increase intestinal Ca2+ absorption? _____
Answer: Indirectly, by stimulating production of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the kidney
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 237: At high levels, vitamin D increases bone _____
Answer: resorption
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 238: In the _____ of the nephron, Ca2+ is reabsorbed by an apical Ca2+ channel and a basolateral Na+-Ca2+ exchanger
Answer: DCT
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) Watch Thiazides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-diuretics-thiazides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 239: [TF/P]x _____ 1 when the solute is reabsorbed more quickly than water
Answer: <
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 240: Volume contraction results in decreased renal perfusion with consequent decreased GFR, thus increasing nitrogenous waste products in the blood (_____ azotemia)
Answer: prerenal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 241: Following the thick ascending limb (loop of Henle), glomerular filtrate enters the _____
Answer: distal convoluted tubule
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/anatomy-and-embryology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 242: Which three organ systems are involved in Ca2+ homeostasis? _____
Answer: Bone, kidney, and intestine
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 243: ECF volume expansion results in _____ HCO3- reabsorption
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 244: What are the two main cell types of the late distal tubule and collecting duct? _____
Answer: Principal cells, α-intercalated cells
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 245: Oxytocin and ADH deficiency are more common with _____ injury
Answer: hypothalamic
Extra: * because these hormones are made in the hypothalamus Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 246: The action of PTH on osteoclasts is indirect and mediated by cytokines released from _____
Answer: osteoblasts
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 247: Increased luminal anions (e.g. HCO3-) may cause a(n) _____ in K+ secretion and thus _____-kalemia
Answer: increase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 248: Fenoldopam stimulation of dopamine receptors in the kidneys causes increased excretion of _____ and _____
Answer: Na+
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular (Antihypertensives) Watch Primary hypertension & hypertensive emergency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-antihypertensives-primary-hypertension-and-hypertensive-emergency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 249: What is the effect on ADH secretion if a patient has low volume AND low osmolarity? _____
Answer: Volume trumps osmolarity and ADH is secreted
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 250: What is the effect of primary adrenal insufficiency on the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary? _____ *bonus: why?
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch Adrenal Insufficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenal-insufficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki in response to volume depletion and increased corticotropin-releasing hormone; leads to dilutional hyponatremia (loss of aldosterone also contributes to hyponatremia, lack of Na in and H/K out)
Flashcard 251: Which type of diabetes insipidus is characterized by elevated levels of ADH? _____
Answer: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 252: Calcitriol _____ Ca2+ and phosphate release into the bloodstream by stimulating osteoblasts to activate osteoclasts
Answer: increases
Extra: Watch Teriparatide, vitamin D, cinacalcet, sevelamer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-teriparatide-vitamin-d-cinacalcet-sevelamer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 253: How do serum K+ levels change in Gitelman syndrome? _____
Answer: Decreased (hypokalemia)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 254: The Na+-K+ ATPase is located on the _____ membrane of the thick ascending limb (loop of Henle)
Answer: basolateral
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 255: The pineal gland is responsible for _____ secretion and circadian rhythms
Answer: melatonin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/diencephalon?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 256: The point at which all glucose transporters in the PCT are fully saturated is known as the _____
Answer: transport maximum (Tm)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 257: Exercise may cause K+ to shift _____ cells
Answer: out of
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 258: ADH-activated V2 receptors cause translocation of _____ channels to the renal apical membrane, causing increased reabsorption of free water
Answer: aquaporin 2
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch ADH, DDAVP, ADH receptor antagonists [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-adh-ddavp-adh-receptor-antagonists?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 259: The crypts of Lieberkühn contain _____ cells, which secrete defensins, lysozyme, and TNF
Answer: Paneth
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas: Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Colon
Flashcard 260: When regulating hormone secretion via _____ feedback, some feature of hormone action, directly or indirectly, inhibits further secretion of the hormone
Answer: negative
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 261: The Na+-H+ exchanger is located on the _____ membrane in the PCT of the nephron
Answer: apical (luminal)
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 262: Which cells of the kidney detect changes in Na+ delivery? _____
Answer: Macula densa cells
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 263: In the absence of ADH, the corticopapillary osmotic gradient is _____
Answer: smaller
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 264: Excretion rate can be calculated using the equation: Excretion rate = _____
Answer: V * [U]x
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 265: What are the levels of TSH in hypothyroidism due to thyroiditis or I- deficiency? Why? _____
Answer: Increased due to negative feedback from decreased level of free T3
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 266: Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearance can be used to calculate _____ because it is both filtered and secreted
Answer: effective renal plasma flow (eRPF)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 267: The _____ and _____ limbs (loop of Henle) are permeable to Na+
Answer: thin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 268: Secretion of PTH is controlled by extracellular (serum) Ca2+ binding to _____ receptors in the parathyroid cell membrane
Answer: Ca2+-sensing
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 269: The activity of the renal enzyme 1α-hydroxylase is increased with _____ PTH levels
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 270: _____ hormone stimulates Ca2+-Na+ exchange in the basolateral membrane of distal tubule cells
Answer: Parathyroid
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 271: Without _____ (gonadal females), the wolffian ducts do not differentiate into male internal genitalia
Answer: testosterone
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/fetal-development?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 272: Intermittent PTH stimulates maturation of osteoblasts, thus _____ bone formation
Answer: increasing
Extra: Watch Teriparatide, vitamin D, cinacalcet, sevelamer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-teriparatide-vitamin-d-cinacalcet-sevelamer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 273: The _____ and _____ limbs (loop of Henle) are impermeable to water
Answer: thin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 274: How does the fractional excretion of Na+ (FENa) change in prerenal azotemia? _____
Answer: Decreased; < 1%
Extra: Watch Renal Function Tests & Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Other: Goljan:
Flashcard 275: When a person is on a low K+ diet, K+ can be reabsorbed in the terminal nephron segments by the _____ cells
Answer: α-intercalated
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 276: Some _____ in the cells of the thick ascending limb diffuse back into the lumen, creating a lumen positive potential difference
Answer: K+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 277: What equation may be used to calculate the fractional excretion of sodium given the patient's GFR? FENa = _____
Answer: (V * UNa) / (GFR * PNa)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal-failure?ref=anki
Flashcard 278: In addition to ICF and ECF, a small _____ fluid compartment consists of cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, and digestive fluids
Answer: transcellular
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 279: Following the distal convoluted tubule, glomerular filtrate enters the _____
Answer: collecting ducts
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/anatomy-and-embryology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 280: [TF/P]x _____ 1 when the solute is reabsorbed less quickly than water
Answer: >
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 281: _____ is defined as distilled water that is free of solutes
Answer: Free water
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 282: Edema may be caused by _____ and _____ retention
Answer: sodium
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 283: In principal cells, increased ENaC activity (due to aldosterone) causes increased lumen _____
Answer: negativity
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 284: Which type of photoreceptor is found in the fovea? _____
Answer: Cones
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/eyes?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 285: The corticopapillary osmotic gradient is established, in part, by the _____ cycle
Answer: urea
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 286: Proximal renal tubular acidosis is associated with _____-kalemia
Answer: hypo
Extra: Watch Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-renal-tubular-acidosis-rta?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 287: The H+ inside the cells of the early PCT (from H2CO3) is _____ by the Na+-H+ exchanger
Answer: re-secreted (into the lumen)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 288: Chronic hypocalcemia causes secondary _____, which is characterized by increased synthesis and storage of PTH and hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands
Answer: hyperparathyroidism
Extra: * due to chronic stimulation of parathyroids by low calcium, low calcitriol, and high phosphate Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 289: Sweating in a desert is a cause of _____-osmotic volume contraction
Answer: hyper
Extra: * net loss of water > Na+ = hyperosmotic volume Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 290: After the primary spermatocyte has been formed, it undergoes _____ to become a(n) secondary spermatocyte
Answer: meiosis I
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/germinal-period-weeks-1-2?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 291: The _____ ratio gives the fraction of filtered load remaining of a solute at any point along the nephron
Answer: [TF/P]x/[TF/P]inulin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 292: The first stage of spermatogenesis is _____ of spermatogonia to generate the primary spermatocyte
Answer: DNA replication (interphase)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/germinal-period-weeks-1-2?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 293: In the late PCT, Na+ reabsorption may occur through the _____ exchange
Answer: Na+-H+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 294: The early distal convoluted tubule is _____ to water (permeability)
Answer: impermeable
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 295: What effect do low levels of dopamine have on renal blood flow? _____
Answer: Increased RBF
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Indirect Sympathomimetics) Watch Indirect sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-indirect-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 296: Usually, 100% of glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed in the _____
Answer: early PCT
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 297: The H+ from NH4+ (glutamine breakdown) in the proximal tubule cells is secreted into the lumen via the _____ exchanger
Answer: Na+-H+
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 298: An increase in cAMP from cholera toxin opens the CFTR channel, increasing _____ ion secretion into the intestinal lumen
Answer: Cl-
Extra: Watch Vibrio spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-vibrio-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 299: How does osmolarity change with sweating in a desert? _____
Answer: Increased (sweat is hypo-osmotic)
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 300: Similar to its action on the intestines, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol increases the _____ reabsorption of Ca2+ and phosphate
Answer: renal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 301: Inside the cells of the PCT, H2O and CO2 are converted back into _____
Answer: H2CO3
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 302: Parathyroid hormone is secreted in response to increased plasma _____
Answer: PO43-
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 303: After spermatids have been formed from secondary spermatocytes, they undergo _____ to form spermatozoa
Answer: spermiogenesis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/germinal-period-weeks-1-2?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 304: Total body water volume can be measured using _____ or tritiated water (THO)
Answer: D2O
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 305: How is Cl- extruded out of the cell of the thick ascending limb and into the blood? _____
Answer: Diffusion down its electrochemical gradient (via membrane channels)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 306: How does osmolarity change with adrenal insufficiency? _____
Answer: Decreased (loss of Na+ due to lack of aldosterone)
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 307: Atrial natriuretic peptide generally causes _____ of arterioles
Answer: dilation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 308: The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation states that renal afferent arterioles contract in response to increased _____ on the arterial wall
Answer: stretch
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 309: How is Na+ extruded out of the cell of the thick ascending limb and into the blood? _____
Answer: Na+-K+-ATPase pump
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 310: Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the _____ of the small intestine (requires intrinsic factor)
Answer: terminal ileum
Extra: * Absence of B12 causes pernicious anemia, and following gastrectomy (removal or stomach) patients must receive vitamin B12 injections to bypass the absorption defect caused by the loss of gastric intrinsic factor Watch Megaloblastic Anemia Folate Deficiency & Vitamin B Deficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 311: In _____, the principal cells of the collecting duct are unresponsive to ADH due to a defect in the V2 receptor, Gs protein, or adenylyl cyclase
Answer: nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 312: Hypocalcemia in chronic renal disease is caused, in part, by decreased _____ of vitamin D
Answer: 1-α-hydroxylation
Extra: * 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D normally increases calcium absorption in the intestines and kidneys Watch Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Calcium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-congenital-and-chronic-kidney-disease-chronic-kidney-disease-ckd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 313: After PTH binds to _____, RANK-L is secreted which binds to RANK on _____, increasing bone resorption
Answer: osteoblasts
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 314: How does cystic fibrosis affect K+ levels? _____
Answer: Decreased (hypokalemia)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 315: Insulin results in _____ K+ uptake into cells
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 316: Decreased medullary hypertonicity (e.g. due to loop diuretics) results in an inability to _____ urine
Answer: concentrate
Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) Watch Loop diuretics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-diuretics-loop-diuretics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 317: How is Cl- extruded out of the cell of the early DCT and into the blood? _____
Answer: Diffusion down its electrochemical gradient (via membrane channels)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 318: If the filtered load is greater than the excretion rate, there has been net _____
Answer: reabsorption
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 319: Low serum Ca2+ levels will _____ PTH levels in the blood stream
Answer: increase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 320: Na+ is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb (of Henle) via the _____ cotransporter in the luminal membrane
Answer: Na+-K+-2Cl-
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 321: _____ is a hormone synthesized in the kidneys in response to hypoxia
Answer: Erythropoietin (EPO)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 322: PTH acts on the kidney to increase renal _____ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule
Answer: calcium
Extra: * NOTE: Raised Calci-yum ice cream scoop seen on professor (wrong in sketchy)* Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 323: Normal pregnancy may decrease the ability of the PCT to reabsorb _____ and amino acids by increasing GFR
Answer: glucose
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 324: Vasopressin (ADH) causes water reabsorption by the renal distal tubule and collecting ducts by activating _____ receptors
Answer: V2
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 325: PTH increases Ca2+ _____ by the kidney
Answer: reabsorption
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 326: What type of transport mechanism is Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter? _____
Answer: Secondary active transport
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 327: The receptors for ADH on the principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct are _____ receptors
Answer: V2
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 328: _____ is an ultrafiltrate of plasma
Answer: Interstitial fluid
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 329: Isotonic NaCl infusion is a cause of _____-osmotic volume expansion
Answer: iso
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 330: The _____ and _____ collecting ducts are permeable to H2O and impermeable to urea (ADH present)
Answer: cortical
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 331: How do serum K+ levels change in syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess? _____
Answer: Decreased (hypokalemia)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 332: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is characterized by _____ or _____ levels of ADH
Answer: normal
Extra: * due to fully functional CNS Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 333: The _____ ratio is used as a marker for water reabsorption along the nephron
Answer: [TF/P]inulin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 334: In the thick ascending limb, NH4+ is reabsorbed and added to the _____ gradient
Answer: corticopapillary osmotic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 335: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) causes _____ intestinal H2O and electrolyte secretion
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 336: Without ADH, the late distal tubule and collecting ducts are _____ to H2O
Answer: impermeable
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 337: Normal serum osmolality is ~ _____ mOsm/kg H2O
Answer: 290
Extra: * Normal range: 275-295 mOsm/Kg Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-renal-function-tests-and-acute-kidney-injury-aki?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 338: Cirrhosis will cause a(n) _____-osmotic volume _____
Answer: hypo
Extra: * peeing out albumin/decreased production --> decreased serum oncotic pressure --> decreased intravascular volume --> increased extravascular pressure, which then goes to interstitial space chronic decreased intravascular volume --> inc ADH and aldosterone + fluid retention (hyposmotic expansion) Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 339: PTH increases production of Calcitriol activity by stimulating _____ in the kidney
Answer: 1-alpha-hydroxylase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki
Flashcard 340: Renal blood flow (RBF) remains relatively constant between blood pressure ranges of _____ to _____ mmHg
Answer: 80
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 341: In chronic renal failure, the combination of elevated PTH and decreased 1,25-(OH)2D3 produces _____, in which there is increased bone resorption and osteomalacia
Answer: renal osteodystrophy
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 342: Primary hypothyroidism = _____ prolactin
Answer: ↑
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/anterior-pituitary/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 343: What is the pathophysiology behind the euvolemia status in patients with SIADH? Volume expansion _____
Answer: → induces RA stretching → ↑ ANP release → ANP acts on the kidney and induces ↑ water excretion and natriuresis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 344: Detrusor muscle instability can cause _____ incontinence
Answer: urge
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 345: Heavy _____ can lead to transient microscopic hematuria
Answer: exercise
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 346: _____ = mild hypercalcemia and hypocalciuria with normal/increased PTH levels
Answer: Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 347: Hypokalemia will not correct until low _____ is corrected
Answer: Mg2+
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 348: Oliguria is often seen post-op because of increases in _____ and _____
Answer: aldosterone
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 349: What is the urine Na+ in patients with self-induced vomiting? _____
Answer: Decreased (<20mEq/L)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 350: BUN is reabsorbed when the kidneys reabsorb _____
Answer: water
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 351: A postvoid residual volume < 50 ml is normal _____
Answer: T
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 352: Low calcium intake = _____ phosphate levels
Answer: ↓
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 353: Rapid correction of _____natremia = central pontine myelinolysis Rapid correction of _____natremia = cerebral edema
Answer: hypo
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 354: _____ = calcitonin secretion
Answer: Parafollicular C cells (thyroid)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 355: What is the effect of estrogen on bone mineral density? _____
Answer: Regulates breakdown of osteoclasts
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics?ref=anki
Flashcard 356: Normal postvoid residual volume in women is < _____ mL
Answer: 150
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki
Flashcard 357: CHF → ↓ ejection fraction → ↓ stimulation of baroreceptors → _____ → _____
Answer: ADH secretion
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 358: _____ receptors are found on the dome of the bladder, but not known to be present on the ureter
Answer: Cholinergic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 359: What electrolyte changes result from the massive insulin surge in refeeding syndrome? _____, _____, and _____
Answer: Hypophosphatemia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/eating-disorders/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 360: The serum BUN/Creatinine ratio in prerenal azotemia will be _____
Answer: > 20
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 361: Cirrhosis = _____natremia
Answer: hypo
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 362: Euvolemic hyponatremia is suggestive of _____ or hypothyroidism
Answer: SIADH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 363: Hyperglycemia / mannitol = _____tonic _____natremia
Answer: hyper
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 364: Electrical burns can cause myoglobinuria, so one should check a serum _____ level
Answer: CK
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/burns/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 365: ↓↓ Mg2+ = _____ PTH = _____ Ca2+
Answer: ↓
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 366: Inefficient detrusor muscle activity → _____ (common postoperative complication)
Answer: hypotonic bladder
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 367: Serum uric acid is _____ in SIADH
Answer: decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 368: Exercise-induced _____natremia occurs due to a combination of excessive hypotonic fluid intake and non-osmotic release of ADH
Answer: hypo
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 369: Magnesium is solely excreted by the _____
Answer: kidneys
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 370: Iron is absorbed in what part of the GI system? _____
Answer: Duodenum
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 371: What is the normal range of Osmolality, serum?
Answer: From 275 to 295 mOsmol/kg H2O
Flashcard 372: What is the normal range of Calcium, serum (Ca2+)?
Answer: From 8.4 to 10.2 mg/dL
Flashcard 373: What is the normal range of Urine: Chloride?
Answer: From 0 to varies with intake mEq/L
Flashcard 374: What is the normal range of CSF: Chloride?
Answer: From 118 to 132 mEq/L
Flashcard 375: What is the normal range of Sweat: chloride?
Answer: From 0 to 35 mmol/L
Flashcard 376: What is the normal range of Urine: Potassium?
Answer: From 0 to Varies with diet mEq/L
Flashcard 377: What is the normal range of Urine: Osmolality?
Answer: From 50 to 1400 mOsmol/kg H2O
Flashcard 378: What is the normal range of CSF: Cell count?
Answer: From 0 to 5 mm3
Flashcard 379: What is the normal range of Thyroid iodine (123I) uptake?
Answer: From 8 to 30 % of adminstered dose/24 hr
Flashcard 380: What is the normal range of Parathyroid hormone, serum, N-terminal?
Answer: From 230 to 630 pg/mL
Flashcard 381: What are the followings in relations to osmolarity, ICF, and ECF in the body? -Acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage -Adrenal insufficiency -Diabetes insipidus -Hypertonic saline infusion -Primary polydipsia
Answer: Acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage: ECF will decrease. No change in ICF. Isoosmotic volume concentration: no change in osmolarity. -Adrenal insufficiency: hypertonic loss of Na. It will present with low ECF, high ICF, & low osmolarity. -Diabetic insipidus: Low ICF, Low ECF, high osmolarity -Hypertonic saline infusion: low ICF, high ECF, high osmolarity -Primary polydipsia: high ICF, high ECF, low osmolarity
Flashcard 382: When the thyroid gland is stimulated, iodinated thyroglobulin is _____ into the follicular epithelial cells
Answer: endocytosed
Flashcard 383: What cell type never enters G0 and divides rapidly with a short G1?_____
Answer: Labile
Flashcard 384: Which CD markers (CD4, CD8) does the T-cell precursor express in the bone marrow? _____
Answer: None
Flashcard 385: What part of the nephron is lithium primarily reabsorbed? _____
Answer: PCT (with Na+)
Flashcard 386: Vitamin B9 (folate) is absorbed in the _____ of the small intestine
Answer: jejunum
Flashcard 387: What is the effect of insulin on Na+ retention in the kidneys?_____
Answer: Increased retention
Flashcard 388: _____ are sorting centers for material from outside the cell or from the Golgi, sending it to lysosomes for destruction or back to the membrane/Golgi for further use
Answer: Endosomes
Flashcard 389: How does ICF volume change with excessive NaCl intake? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 390: Intracellular fluid comprises _____ of total body water
Answer: two-thirds
Flashcard 391: How does ECF volume change with sweating in a desert? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 392: How does hematocrit change with sweating in a desert? _____
Answer: No change
Flashcard 393: Hepcidin suppresses production of the hormone _____
Answer: erythropoietin (EPO)
Flashcard 394: How does ICF volume change with hyposmotic volume contraction (e.g. adrenal insufficiency)? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 395: The _____ component of pancreatic secretion is secreted by acinar cells
Answer: enzymatic
Flashcard 396: What class of helper T cell is deficient in Job syndrome? _____
Answer: Th17
Flashcard 397: How does ICF volume change with hyposmotic volume expansion (e.g. SIADH)? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 398: Peak bone mass is achieved by _____ years of age
Answer: 30
Flashcard 399: How does ICF volume change with diarrhea? _____
Answer: No change
Flashcard 400: Extracellular fluid comprises _____ of total body water
Answer: one-third
Flashcard 401: Which androgen is associated with sebaceous gland activity?_____
Answer: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Flashcard 402: Intermittent PTH stimulates maturation of osteoblasts, thus _____ bone formation.
Answer: increasing
Flashcard 403: Chronic PTH exposure stimulates osteoblasts to express as well as secrete _____.
Answer: RANKL
Flashcard 404: How does ICF volume change with sweating in a desert? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 405: The major function of calcitonin is to inhibit bone _____, thus decreasing the plasma Ca2+ concentration
Answer: resorption
Flashcard 406: After age 30, slightly less than _____% of bone mass is lost each year
Answer: 1
Flashcard 407: Calcitriol _____ PTH production by the parathyroid gland.
Answer: inhibits
Flashcard 408: How does osmolarity change with diarrhea? _____
Answer: No change
Flashcard 409: _____ is released from the hypothalamus to stimulate TSH release from the anterior pituitary.
Answer: TRH
Flashcard 410: How does ECF volume change with adrenal insufficiency? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 411: The plasma concentration at which glucose is first excreted in the urine is called _____
Answer: threshold
Flashcard 412: What gender is associated with a greater % total body water? _____
Answer: Males (due to less adipose tissue)
Flashcard 413: In the thick ascending limb, NH4+ may be reabsorbed by substituting for _____ on the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter
Answer: K+
Flashcard 414: NH3 is secreted into the lumen of the collecting duct from the _____
Answer: medullary interstitial fluid
Flashcard 415: The thin ascending limb absorbs Na+ _____ (actively or passively)
Answer: passively
Flashcard 416: One function of gastrin is to _____ gastric motility
Answer: increase
Flashcard 417: Are the concentrations of Na+ and K+ in pancreatic secretions similar or dissimilar to plasma?_____
Answer: Similar
Flashcard 418: ADH _____ activity of the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter
Answer: increases
Flashcard 419: The [TF/P]K ratio slightly _____ over the course of the PCT
Answer: increases
Flashcard 420: All glucose transporters are fully saturated (Tm) at a rate of ~ _____ mg/min
Answer: 375
Flashcard 421: Which hormones use cAMP as their secondary messenger?_____
Answer: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH, Calcitonin, Histamine (H2-receptor), Glucagon, GHRH (FLAT ChAMP's CHuGG)
Flashcard 422: In the thick ascending limb (loop of Henle), tubular fluid becomes progressively _____-osmostic as it ascends
Answer: hypo
Flashcard 423: What thyroid hormone is more potent?_____
Answer: T3 (10 x more potent than T4)
Flashcard 424: What is the neurotransmitter used by Purkinje cells (cerebellar cortex)? _____
Answer: GABA (Inhibitory)
Flashcard 425: _____ cells (spermatogonia) maintain the germ pool and produce primary spermatocytes
Answer: Germ
Flashcard 426: In the _____ of the nephron, Ca2+ is reabsorbed by an apical Ca2+ channel and a basolateral Na+-Ca2+ exchanger
Answer: DCT
Flashcard 427: What type of transport mechanism is Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter? _____
Answer: Secondary active transport
Flashcard 428: The ductal cells modify the initial pancreatic secretion via _____ of Cl-
Answer: absorption
Flashcard 429: A portion of NH4+ from the proximal tubule is reabsorbed in the _____ (loop of Henle)
Answer: thick ascending limb
Flashcard 430: On a low K+ diet, K+ secretion is _____
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 431: Without ADH, the late distal tubule and collecting ducts are _____ to H2O
Answer: impermeable
Flashcard 432: What is the effect of chronic gastritis on gastric HCl secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased (achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria)
Flashcard 433: Brown-Sequard syndrome presents with _____-lateral loss of all sensation at the level of the lesion
Answer: ipsi
Flashcard 434: The _____ is responsible for approximately 8% of Ca2+ reabsorption
Answer: distal tubule
Flashcard 435: The magnitude of K+ secretion in the principal cells is determined by the size of the _____ for K+ across the luminal membrane
Answer: electrochemical gradient
Flashcard 436: How does the [TF]urea change in the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts (ADH present)? _____
Answer: Increased [TF]urea
Flashcard 437: What component of tubular fluid is sensed at the macula densa? _____
Answer: Na+ and Cl-
Flashcard 438: Travel through the thick ascending limb (of Henle) results in _____ of the tubular fluid (concentration or dilution)
Answer: dilution
Flashcard 439: _____ glands release membrane bound vesicles containing the secretory product
Answer: Apocrine
Flashcard 440: The early distal convoluted tubule is _____ to water (permeability)
Answer: impermeable
Flashcard 441: What effect do pain, nausea, hypoglycemia, and opiates have on ADH secretion?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 442: Which three hormones are involved in Ca2+ homeostasis?_____
Answer: Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
Flashcard 443: Hypovolemia or volume _____ is another potent stimulus for ADH secretion
Answer: contraction
Flashcard 444: The late distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts normally reabsorb approximately _____% of the filtered Na+
Answer: 3
Flashcard 445: Parathyroid hormone is synthesized and secreted by the _____ cells of the parathyroid glands
Answer: chief
Flashcard 446: The site of action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) is the _____ of the kidney
Answer: collecting duct
Flashcard 447: What effect does SNS activity have on renal blood flow and GFR? _____
Answer: Decreased RBF/GFR
Flashcard 448: ADH-activated V2 receptors cause translocation of _____ channels to the renal apical membrane, causing increased reabsorption of free water
Answer: aquaporin 2
Flashcard 449: Proximal renal tubular acidosis is associated with _____-kalemia
Answer: hypo
Flashcard 450: Na+ is reabsorbed on the luminal membrane of the collecting duct through _____ channels
Answer: epithelial Na+
Flashcard 451: 85% of the filtered phosphate is reabsorbed in the _____
Answer: proximal tubule
Flashcard 452: Travel through the early DCT results in _____ of the tubular fluid (concentration or dilution)
Answer: dilution
Flashcard 453: Living at high altitude chronically causes hypoxia which increases the synthesis of _____, causing polycythemia
Answer: erythropoietin
Flashcard 454: What equation is used to calculate renal clearance? Cx = _____
Answer: UxV / Px
Flashcard 455: The micturition reflex describes the process of _____
Answer: urination
Flashcard 456: What is the driving force for reabsorption of NaCl in the late PCT? _____
Answer: High Cl- gradient
Flashcard 457: In the absence of ADH, the corticopapillary osmotic gradient is _____ (larger or smaller)
Answer: smaller
Flashcard 458: What is the effect of renal failure on prolactin levels?_____
Answer: Increased (due to reduced prolactin elimination)
Flashcard 459: Which three organ systems are involved in Ca2+ homeostasis? _____
Answer: Bone, kidney, and intestine
Flashcard 460: Which part of the nephron do mineralocorticoids exert their effects? _____
Answer: Collecting duct
Flashcard 461: How is Na+ pumped out of the cell of the proximal tubule and into the blood? _____
Answer: Na+-K+-ATPase pump
Flashcard 462: How does plasma protein concentration change with excessive NaCl intake? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 463: How is Na+ extruded out of the cells of the late DCT & collecting duct and into the blood? _____
Answer: Na+-K+-ATPase pump
Flashcard 464: In principal cells, increased ENaC activity (due to aldosterone) causes increased lumen _____ (charge)
Answer: negativity
Flashcard 465: What drives Ca2+ reabsorption in the thick ascending limb (of Henle)?_____
Answer: Lumen-positive potential difference
Flashcard 466: Saliva is characterized by _____ Na+ and Cl- concentration relative to plasma
Answer: low
Flashcard 467: Fat-soluble deficiencies may occur with syndromes that cause _____ (e.g. cystic fibrosis and sprue)
Answer: steatorrhea
Flashcard 468: Central diabetes insipidus is characterized by _____ levels of ADH
Answer: low
Flashcard 469: What are the major factors (2) determining autoregulation of blood flow to the kidney?_____
Answer: Myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback
Flashcard 470: In the absence of ADH, the highest osmolarity in the glomerular apparatus occurs at the _____
Answer: bottom of the loop of Henle
Flashcard 471: Cl- is partially reabsorbed by diffusion through _____ between cells of the late PCT
Answer: tight junctions
Flashcard 472: Is BUN normally reabsorbed by the kidney? _____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 473: Constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, lethargy, and hyporeflexia are signs of which calcium imbalance? _____
Answer: Hypercalcemia
Flashcard 474: Which receptor does antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) bind to regulate serum osmolarity?_____
Answer: V2 receptors
Flashcard 475: The [TF/P]creatinine ratio greatly _____ over the course of the PCT
Answer: increases
Flashcard 476: In the thin descending limb (loop of Henle), tubular fluid becomes progressively _____-osmostic as it descends
Answer: hyper
Flashcard 477: The cAMP generated as a result of the action of PTH on the proximal tubule is excreted in the _____
Answer: urine (urinary cAMP)
Flashcard 478: What effect does 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol have on its own production?_____
Answer: Inhibits it (negative feedback)
Flashcard 479: How does osmolarity change with excessive NaCl intake? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 480: K+ channels on the luminal membrane of the principal cells of the collecting duct _____ K+ (absorb or secrete)
Answer: secrete
Flashcard 481: The _____ component of pancreatic secretion is secreted by ductal and centroacinar cells
Answer: aqueous
Flashcard 482: On average, total body water (TBW) is _____% of body weight
Answer: 60
Flashcard 483: The Na+-K+ ATPase is located on the _____ membrane of the thick ascending limb (loop of Henle)
Answer: basolateral
Flashcard 484: Through which secondary messenger(s) does the ADH-bound V2 receptor propagate its signal?_____
Answer: cAMP
Flashcard 485: In response to increased Na+ intake (and ECF volume), there is _____ peritubular capillary oncotic pressure
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 486: The bulk of Na+ reabsorption occurs in the _____ (67%)
Answer: proximal convoluted tubule
Flashcard 487: Proximal renal tubular acidosis is characterized by a urine pH _____ 5.5
Answer: <
Flashcard 488: Which type of diabetes insipidus is characterized by an inability of the posterior pituitary to secrete ADH?_____
Answer: central diabetes insipidus
Flashcard 489: During the follicular phase a graafian follicle develops into a _____ follicle with atresia of neighboring follicles
Answer: dominant
Flashcard 490: Which monosaccharide(s) are absorbed from the intestine by Na+-dependent cotransport (SGLT1)?_____
Answer: glucose and galactose
Flashcard 491: One full cycle of spermatogenesis takes _____ days
Answer: 64
Flashcard 492: In prerenal azotemia, there is _____ reabsorption of Na+ and H2O
Answer: increased
Flashcard 493: Which ADH disorder is characterized by low levels of circulating ADH and thus large volumes of dilute urine? _____
Answer: central diabetes insipidus (nephrogenic has high ADH levels)
Flashcard 494: In addition to Na+, what two other ions are reabsorbed through the lumen of the thick ascending limb? _____
Answer: K+, Cl- (Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter)
Flashcard 495: When a person is on a low K+ diet, K+ can be reabsorbed in the terminal nephron segments by the _____ cells
Answer: -intercalated
Flashcard 496: K+ reabsorption in the -intercalated cells occurs through the _____ pump
Answer: H+-K+ ATPase
Flashcard 497: Meniere disease is thought to be due to defective resorption of _____
Answer: endolymph
Flashcard 498: How does PTH increase intestinal Ca2+ absorption?_____
Answer: Indirectly, by stimulating production of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the kidney
Flashcard 499: The ductal cells modify the initial saliva via _____ of K+ and HCO3-
Answer: secretion
Flashcard 500: Which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) has limited diversity?_____
Answer: Innate immunity
Flashcard 501: The receptors for ADH on the principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct are _____ receptors
Answer: V2
Flashcard 502: Calcitonin promotes Ca2+ _____ by the kidney
Answer: excretion
Flashcard 503: What type of transport mechanism is Na+/glucose cotransport? _____
Answer: Secondary active transport
Flashcard 504: In the collecting duct, TFP/Posm _____ 1 (low ADH)
Answer: <
Flashcard 505: What is the effect of chronic gastritis on gastrin secretion? _____
Answer: Increased (hypergastrinemia)
Flashcard 506: The thin descending limb absorbs water _____ (actively or passively)
Answer: passively
Flashcard 507: How is Cl- extruded out of the cell of the early DCT and into the blood? _____
Answer: Diffusion down its electrochemical gradient (via membrane channels)
Flashcard 508: How is Na+ extruded out of the cell of the early DCT and into the blood? _____
Answer: Na+-K+-ATPase pump
Flashcard 509: The H+ secreted into the lumen of the PCT combines with _____ to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Answer: HCO3-
Flashcard 510: The Na+-H+ exchanger is located on the _____ membrane in the PCT of the nephron
Answer: apical (luminal)
Flashcard 511: Ca2+ is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb (on Henle) via a _____ route
Answer: paracellular
Flashcard 512: Will the effect of PTH on bone alone increase ionized Ca2+ concentration?_____
Answer: No, the calcium released would complex with the released phosphate, hence the importance of the phosphaturic action of PTH on the kidney
Flashcard 513: In addition to Na+, what other ion is reabsorbed through the lumen of the early DCT? _____
Answer: Cl- (Na+-Cl- cotransporter)
Flashcard 514: During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, basal body temperature _____ due to the effect of progesterone on the hypothalamic temperature set-point
Answer: increases
Flashcard 515: The Na+ reabsorption mechanism of the thick ascending limb is _____-dependent (increased Na+ delivery causes increased reabsorption)
Answer: load
Flashcard 516: In adults, all glucose transporters are fully saturated (Tm) at a plasma glucose of ~ _____ mg/dL
Answer: 350
Flashcard 517: What effect does dehydration have on RPF? _____
Answer: Decreased RPF
Flashcard 518: What effect does efferent arteriolar constriction have on RPF?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 519: Aldosterone upregulates _____ channels on the apical membranes of the principal cells, increasing K+ excretion
Answer: K+
Flashcard 520: What effect does constriction of the ureter have on RPF? _____
Answer: No change
Flashcard 521: Why do patients with diabetes mellitus present with polyuria and polydipsia? _____
Answer: Excess glucose is filtered into the urine and pulls water with it
Flashcard 522: The _____ cells of the collecting duct are the major site of Na+, K+, and H2O transport
Answer: principal
Flashcard 523: The _____ is responsible for approximately 5% of Mg2+ reabsorption
Answer: distal tubule
Flashcard 524: PTH increases phosphate _____ by the kidney.
Answer: excretion
Flashcard 525: Which hormone remains elevated following parturition?_____
Answer: Prolactin
Flashcard 526: Which diuretics cause an increase in urine NaCl? _____
Answer: All diuretics
Flashcard 527: How is K+ extruded out of the cell of the thick ascending limb and into the blood? _____
Answer: Diffusion down its electrochemical gradient (via membrane channels)
Flashcard 528: What visual deficit results from lesion of the optic tract or lateral geniculate body?_____
Answer: Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
Flashcard 529: What demographic is associated with negative Ca2+ balance?_____
Answer: Women during pregnancy or lactation
Flashcard 530: What equation may be used to calculate the fractional excretion of sodium given the patient's GFR? FENa = _____
Answer: (V * UNa) / (GFR * PNa)
Flashcard 531: Through which secondary messenger(s) does the ADH-bound V1 receptor propagate its signal?_____
Answer: IP3/Ca2+
Flashcard 532: How does ECF volume change with diarrhea? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 533: Erythropoietin (EPO) causes differentiation of _____, which undergo further development to form mature erythrocytes
Answer: proerythroblasts
Flashcard 534: PTH action causes _____-calciuria
Answer: hypo
Flashcard 535: What is the effect of insulin on Na+-K+-ATPase activity?_____
Answer: Increased (thus causing increased K+ uptake into cells)
Flashcard 536: The _____ center in the cerebral cortex regulates the pontine and sacral micturition centers
Answer: medial frontal micturition
Flashcard 537: Decreased O2 delivery to the kidneys due to hypoxia causes increased production of _____, which then stimulates synthesis of EPO
Answer: hypoxia-inducible factor 1
Flashcard 538: Bending of cilia in response to basilar membrane vibration produces a change in _____ conductance of the hair cell
Answer: K+
Flashcard 539: What equation may be used to calculate the fractional excretion of sodium using creatinine as an estimate of GFR? FENa = _____
Answer: (PCr * UNa) / (UCr * PNa)
Flashcard 540: The early distal tubule is _____ to H2O
Answer: impermeable
Flashcard 541: Gastrin secretion is stimulated by vagal stimulation via the neuropeptide _____
Answer: gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP, bombesin)
Flashcard 542: What is the site of regulation for Ca2+ reabsorption? _____
Answer: Distal tubule
Flashcard 543: How is Na+ extruded out of the cell of the thick ascending limb and into the blood? _____
Answer: Na+-K+-ATPase pump
Flashcard 544: What percent of total Ca2+ in the blood is bound to plasma protein?_____
Answer: 40%
Flashcard 545: Glucose at a normal plasma level (60 - 120 mg/dL) is completely _____ in the PCT
Answer: reabsorbed
Flashcard 546: Renal blood flow (RBF) is calculated using the equation: RBF = _____
Answer: RPF / (1 - Hct)
Flashcard 547: Which epithelial cell junction prevents paracellular movement of solutes? _____
Answer: Tight junctions (zonula occludens)
Flashcard 548: The point at which all glucose transporters in the PCT are fully saturated is known as the _____
Answer: transport maximum (Tm)
Flashcard 549: Titratable acid is primarily excreted in the _____ cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct
Answer: -intercalated
Flashcard 550: In the liver, growth hormone generates the production of somatomedins, or _____, which serve as the intermediaries of several physiologic actions
Answer: insulin-like growth factors (IGF)
Flashcard 551: How does osmolarity change with adrenal insufficiency? _____
Answer: Decreased (loss of Na+ due to lack of aldosterone)
Flashcard 552: The sacral micturition center is responsible for _____ during the initiation of urination
Answer: bladder contraction
Flashcard 553: The proximal tubule is characterized by _____-osmotic reabsorption
Answer: iso
Flashcard 554: Mg2+ is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb (on Henle) via a _____ route
Answer: paracellular
Flashcard 555: Iodide is taken up into the thyroid follicular cell via _____.
Answer: Na+-iodide symporter
Flashcard 556: How does hematocrit change with hyposmotic volume expansion (e.g. SIADH)? _____
Answer: No change
Flashcard 557: Which type of selection causes T cells expressing TCRs with high affinity for self antigens on cortical epithelial cells to either undergo apoptosis or become regulatory T cells_____
Answer: Negative selection
Flashcard 558: Decreased medullary hypertonicity (e.g. due to loop diuretics) results in an inability to _____ urine
Answer: concentrate
Flashcard 559: DiGeorge syndrome is characterized by _____ Ca2+
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 560: The HCO3- inside the cells of the early PCT (from H2CO3) is _____ via facilitated diffusion
Answer: reabsorbed (into the blood)
Flashcard 561: Which type of photoreceptor is found in the fovea? _____
Answer: Cones
Flashcard 562: _____ cells function to support and nourish developing spermatogonia
Answer: Sertoli
Flashcard 563: In the late PCT, Na+ reabsorption may occur through the _____ exchange
Answer: Na+-H+
Flashcard 564: What effect does alcohol, atrial natriuretic peptide, and -adrenergic agonists have on ADH secretion?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 565: The muscle fibers within the intramural part of the ureter help prevent _____
Answer: vesicoureteral reflux
Flashcard 566: Which type of diabetes insipidus is characterized by a lack of response to the ADH secreted by the posterior pituitary?_____
Answer: Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Flashcard 567: What demographic is associated with positive Ca2+ balance?_____
Answer: Growing children
Flashcard 568: With regards to renal physiology, what does [TF] stand for? _____
Answer: Concentration in tubular fluid
Flashcard 569: Usually, 100% of glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed in the _____
Answer: early PCT
Flashcard 570: The renal vasculature smooth muscle is part of the sympathetic pathway, but the innervating postganglionic sympathetic fibers release _____ instead of norepinephrine
Answer: dopamine
Flashcard 571: At the _____ flow rates, saliva is most similar to plasma (high Na+ and Cl-, low K+)
Answer: highest
Flashcard 572: Mucus is secreted into the GI tract via _____ cells in the stomach, duodenum, salivary glands, and pancreas
Answer: mucous
Flashcard 573: The bulk of Mg2+ reabsorption occurs in the _____ (60%)
Answer: thick ascending limb (of Henle)
Flashcard 574: Which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) has extensive diversity?_____
Answer: Adaptive immunity
Flashcard 575: Which renal tubular defect is associated with increased excretion of nearly all amino acids, glucose, HCO3-, and PO43- and all substances reabsorbed by the PCT_____
Answer: Fanconi syndrome
Flashcard 576: Which arterioles of the kidney (afferent or efferent) have more 1 receptors? _____
Answer: Afferent arterioles
Flashcard 577: What G-protein receptor is the ADH-activated V1 receptor coupled to?_____
Answer: Gq
Flashcard 578: After which stage of spermatogenesis does the diploid sperm become haploid?_____
Answer: Meiosis I (primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte)
Flashcard 579: Is cell-mediated immunity primarily mediated by B-cells or T-cells?_____
Answer: T-cells
Flashcard 580: What type of transport mechanism is the H+-K+ ATPase? _____
Answer: Primary active transport
Flashcard 581: What effect does ANP have on renal blood flow and GFR? _____
Answer: Increased RBF/GFR
Flashcard 582: H+ in the PCT cells, from H2CO3, is transported into the _____ of the PCT
Answer: lumen
Flashcard 583: What drives Mg2+ reabsorption in the thick ascending limb (of Henle)?_____
Answer: Lumen-positive potential difference
Flashcard 584: One sign of lateral cerebellar lesion is _____, which is the inability to stop a movement at the proper place (e.g. finger to nose)
Answer: dysmetria
Flashcard 585: Through which secondary messenger(s) does TSH exert its actions on the thyroid gland?_____
Answer: cAMP
Flashcard 586: The rate of _____ is equal to filtered load - excretion rate
Answer: reabsorption
Flashcard 587: Motilin is secreted from the small intestine during _____ states (fed or fasting)
Answer: fasting
Flashcard 588: Erythropoietin is produced by renal _____ cells
Answer: peritubular interstitial
Flashcard 589: The _____ collecting duct is permeable to both H2O and urea (ADH present)
Answer: inner medullary
Flashcard 590: Which form (NH4+ or NH3) is secreted into the lumen of the cells of the proximal tubule? _____
Answer: NH3
Flashcard 591: Where in the nephron do acetazolamide and mannitol primarily exert their effects? _____
Answer: Proximal convoluted tubule
Flashcard 592: Thiazide and loop diuretics _____ delivery of Na+ to principal cells
Answer: increase
Flashcard 593: Which part of the limbic system is responsible for learning and episodic declarative memory? _____
Answer: Hippocampus
Flashcard 594: The major regulatory mechanism of the proximal tubule is _____
Answer: glomerulotubular balance
Flashcard 595: Increased lumen negativity in principal cells causes increased _____ secretion
Answer: K+
Flashcard 596: A hypo-osmotic disturbance refers to an decrease in _____ osmolarity
Answer: ECF
Flashcard 597: Thiazide diuretics increase Ca2+ _____ (excretion or reabsorption)
Answer: reabsorption
Flashcard 598: The phenomenon of splay occurs due to _____ of the nephrons
Answer: heterogeneity
Flashcard 599: Tubular inulin _____ in concentration along the PCT as a result of water reabsorption
Answer: increases
Flashcard 600: How does osmolarity change with sweating in a desert? _____
Answer: Increased (sweat is hypo-osmotic)
Flashcard 601: Approximately 20% of K+ reabsorption occurs in the _____
Answer: thick ascending limb (loop of Henle)
Flashcard 602: Do axons myelinated by oligodendrocytes have the potential to regenerate following injury? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 603: How is Cl- extruded out of the cell of the thick ascending limb and into the blood? _____
Answer: Diffusion down its electrochemical gradient (via membrane channels)
Flashcard 604: What neurotransmitters (2) are released by the striatum in the direct basal ganglia pathway? _____
Answer: GABA and Substance P (Inhibitory)
Flashcard 605: Parathyroid hormone is secreted in response to increased plasma _____
Answer: PO43-
Flashcard 606: L-amino acids are transported from the intestinal lumen into the cells by _____-mediated cotransport
Answer: Na+
Flashcard 607: How does ECF volume change with excessive NaCl intake? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 608: How does iodine enter the follicular epithelial cell (as part of thyroid hormone synthesis)? _____
Answer: Through Na+-I- cotransport, A.K.A the iodine pump
Flashcard 609: In addition to ICF and ECF, a small _____ fluid compartment consists of cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, and digestive fluids
Answer: transcellular
Flashcard 610: In cystic fibrosis, increased intracellular Cl- results in compensatory increased Na+ _____ via epithelial Na+ channels
Answer: reabsorption
Flashcard 611: Saliva is _____-tonic relative to plasma
Answer: hypo
Flashcard 612: HCO3- in the PCT cells, from H2CO3, is transported into the _____ of the PCT
Answer: interstitium
Flashcard 613: If there are low levels of iodine (I-), the activity of the Na+-I- cotransport _____, and vice versa
Answer: increases
Flashcard 614: What is the effect of testosterone on GnRH secretion?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 615: The [TF/P]inulin ratio _____ over the course of the PCT
Answer: increases
Flashcard 616: Which portion of the GI tract has the lowest rate of slow waves?_____
Answer: Stomach (3 waves/min)
Flashcard 617: Effective RPF (eRPF) _____-estimates true renal plasma flow slightly (~10%)
Answer: under
Flashcard 618: The [TF/P]PAH ratio greatly _____ over the course of the PCT
Answer: increases
Flashcard 619: The thick ascending limb (loop of Henle) is also known as the _____ segment
Answer: diluting
Flashcard 620: Following the thin descending limb, glomerular filtrate enters the _____
Answer: thin ascending limb (loop of Henle)
Flashcard 621: Cystic fibrosis may present with _____natremia
Answer: hypo
Flashcard 622: Na+ is reabsorbed in the principal cells of the late DCT and collecting duct via the _____ channels in the luminal membrane
Answer: epithelial Na+
Flashcard 623: Which type of glial cell acts as a glycogen fuel reserve buffer? _____
Answer: Astrocytes
Flashcard 624: The [TF/P]glucose and [TF/P]AA ratios _____ over the course of the PCT
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 625: The _____ cotransporter is present on the luminal membrane of the thick ascending limb (of Henle)
Answer: Na+-K+-2Cl-
Flashcard 626: Uric acid is normally freely excreted by the _____
Answer: kidney
Flashcard 627: Cl- is partially reabsorbed via the _____ anion exchanger in the luminal membrane of the late PCT
Answer: Cl--formate-
Flashcard 628: Which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) includes neutrophils and dendritic cells? _____
Answer: Innate immunity
Flashcard 629: Dipeptides and tripeptides are transported from the intestinal lumen into the cells by _____-mediated cotransport
Answer: H+
Flashcard 630: The thick ascending limb (of Henle) is _____ to water (permeability)
Answer: impermeable
Flashcard 631: What EEG waveforms (2) are intermittently emmitted during deeper sleep (N2)? _____
Answer: Sleep spindles and K complexes
Flashcard 632: Congenital solitary functioning kidney leads to _____ of the functioning kidney
Answer: hypertrophy
Flashcard 633: Increased Na+ delivery to principal cells (e.g. thiazide and loop diuretics) causes _____ K+ secretion
Answer: increased
Flashcard 634: PTH levels are _____ in the setting of diarrhea, aminoglycoside use, diuretics, and alcohol abuse.
Answer: increased
Flashcard 635: What effect do low levels of dopamine have on renal blood flow? _____
Answer: Increased RBF
Flashcard 636: What receptors sense an increase in plasma osmolarity, providing stimuli to increase ADH secretion?_____
Answer: osmoreceptors in the anterior hypothalamus
Flashcard 637: How does osmolarity change with isotonic NaCl infusion? _____
Answer: No change
Flashcard 638: Both central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are characterized by blood hyperosmotic volume _____
Answer: contraction
Flashcard 639: PTH increases Ca2+ _____ by the kidney.
Answer: resorption
Flashcard 640: The _____ of the cerebellum controls distal musculature and posturing
Answer: intermediate hemisphere
Flashcard 641: How does increased flow rate (e.g. diarrhea) affect K+ secretion in the colon? _____
Answer: Increased secretion
Flashcard 642: Excretion rate can be calculated using the equation: Excretion rate = _____
Answer: V * [U]x
Flashcard 643: _____ is defined as distilled water that is free of solutes
Answer: Free water
Flashcard 644: 25-OH vitamin D3 is converted to 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 in cells of the _____ of the nephron
Answer: PCT
Flashcard 645: Which renal tubular defect presents similarly to chronic loop diuretic use? _____
Answer: Bartter syndrome
Flashcard 646: K+ sparing diuretics exert their effects on the _____ (location) of the nephron
Answer: cortical collecting tubules
Flashcard 647: B-cells with self-reactivity in the bone marrow are destroyed by clonal _____
Answer: deletion
Flashcard 648: Both central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are characterized by _____ urine osmolality
Answer: low
Flashcard 649: The activity of the renal enzyme 1-hydroxylase is increased with _____ PTH levels
Answer: increased
Flashcard 650: The _____ is the gradient of osmolarity from the cortex (300 mOsm/L) to the papilla (1200 mOsm/L)
Answer: corticopapillary osmotic gradient
Flashcard 651: How does renal insufficiency cause secondary hyperparathyroidism? (sorry) _____
Answer: 1. Renal insufficiency causes decreased phosphate excretion and thus increased serum phosphate levels 2. Increased serum phosphate may bind free, ionized calcium, thus decreasing serum calcium levels 3. Decreased free calcium stimulates PTH release from the parathyroid glands
Flashcard 652: The _____ phase of gastric HCl secretion accounts for 60% of total HCl secreted
Answer: gastric
Flashcard 653: In chronic renal failure, increased serum phosphate complexes Ca2+ and leads to decreased _____
Answer: free, ionized Ca2+
Flashcard 654: Both central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are characterized by serum osmolality _____ 290 mOsm/kg
Answer: >
Flashcard 655: Hypocitraturia is often associated with _____ urine pH
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 656: In the thick ascending limb, NH4+ is reabsorbed and added to the _____ gradient
Answer: corticopapillary osmotic
Flashcard 657: The bulk of K+ reabsorption occurs in the _____ (67%)
Answer: proximal convoluted tubule
Flashcard 658: K+ is absorbed in the _____ intestine via passive diffusion
Answer: small
Flashcard 659: What effect does the urea cycle have on interstitial fluid osmolarity? _____
Answer: Increased osmolarity
Flashcard 660: In the steady state, intracellular osmolarity is _____ extracellular osmolarity (less than, greater than, or equal to)
Answer: equal to
Flashcard 661: SNS activity and catecholamines primarily cause vasoconstriction of the renal _____ arterioles
Answer: afferent
Flashcard 662: Is kidney function in horseshoe kidney normal or abnormal? _____
Answer: Normal
Flashcard 663: The thick ascending limb, distal tubule, and cortical/outer medullary collecting ducts are _____ to urea (permeable or impermeable)
Answer: impermeable
Flashcard 664: Na+-glucose and Na+-amino acid cotransport create a lumen-_____ potential difference across cells of the early PCT
Answer: negative
Flashcard 665: Is it possible for monozygotic twins to have two different biological sexes?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 666: The [TF/P]urea ratio _____ over the course of the PCT
Answer: increases
Flashcard 667: A hyper-osmotic disturbance refers to an increase in _____ osmolarity
Answer: ECF
Flashcard 668: What is the effect of increased serum PO43- on PTH secretion?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 669: What is the effect of prerenal azotemia on GFR? _____
Answer: Decreased GFR
Flashcard 670: The fraction of filtered water absorbed may be measured using the equation:_____
Answer:
Flashcard 671: The external urethral sphincter predominantly expresses _____ receptors.
Answer: nicotinic
Flashcard 672: The kidneys receive approximately _____% of the cardiac output
Answer: 25
Flashcard 673: _____ is the concentration of osmotically active particles, expressed in mOsm/L
Answer: Osmolarity
Flashcard 674: What two hormones are secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?_____
Answer: ADH and oxytocin
Flashcard 675: The _____ ratio gives the fraction of filtered load remaining of a solute at any point along the nephron
Answer: [TF/P]x/[TF/P]inulin
Flashcard 676: En route to the posterior pituitary, ADH and oxytocin are packaged in secretory granules with their respective _____
Answer: neurophysins
Flashcard 677: Which form(s) of cyclooxygenase synthesize prostaglandins that dilate the afferent arteriole? _____
Answer: Both COX-1 and COX-2
Flashcard 678: Where in the nephron does most uric acid reabsorption take place?_____
Answer: Early PCT
Flashcard 679: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) causes _____ intestinal H2O and electrolyte secretion
Answer: increased
Flashcard 680: When a person has high K+ levels, K+ can be secreted in the terminal nephron segments by the _____ cells
Answer: principal
Flashcard 681: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal _____ is a peptide hormone that directly inhibits osteoclasts, causing decreased bone resorption
Answer: Calcitonin
Flashcard 682: The bulk of Ca2+ reabsorption occurs in the _____ (67%)
Answer: proximal convoluted tubule
Flashcard 683: What equation may be used to calculate free-water clearance (CH2O)? _____
Answer:
Flashcard 684: How does ECF volume change with SIADH? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 685: What is the major Starling force driving reabsorption into the peritubular capillaries of the proximal tubule? _____
Answer: High capillary oncotic pressure (C)
Flashcard 686: The primary endogenous source of Erythropoetin in the body are interstitial fibroblasts found in the _____
Answer: Kidney
Flashcard 687: In secondary hyperparathyroidism, PTH levels are elevated secondary to _____
Answer: hypocalcemia (or hyperphosphatemia)
Flashcard 688: In adults, glucosuria begins (threshold) at a plasma glucose of ~ _____ mg/dL
Answer: 200
Flashcard 689: In the collecting duct, TFP/Posm _____ 1 (high ADH)
Answer: >
Flashcard 690: The major stimulus for calcitonin secretion is _____
Answer: hypercalcemia
Flashcard 691: On a high K+ diet, K+ secretion _____
Answer: increases
Flashcard 692: Glucose and galactose are transported from the intestinal lumen into the cells by _____
Answer: Na+-depent cotransport (SGLT1)
Flashcard 693: The region of substance clearance (e.g. glucose) between threshold and Tm is known as _____
Answer: splay
Flashcard 694: Solutes such as NaCl and mannitol do not cross cell membranes and are thus confined to the _____ fluid compartment
Answer: extracellular
Flashcard 695: The _____ of the nephron is responsible for approximately 30% of Mg2+ reabsorption
Answer: proximal tubule
Flashcard 696: What G-protein receptor is the ADH-activated V2 receptor coupled to?_____
Answer: Gs
Flashcard 697: Is creatinine normally reabsorbed by the kidney?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 698: The corticopapillary osmotic gradient is established, in part, by _____ multiplication
Answer: countercurrent
Flashcard 699: The Na+-K+ ATPase is located on the _____ membrane of the nephron
Answer: basolateral
Flashcard 700: Plasma osmolarity may be estimated by Posm = _____
Answer: (2 * Na+) + (Glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8)
Flashcard 701: [TF/P]x _____ 1 when the solute and water are reabsorbed at the same rate
Answer: =
Flashcard 702: What is the effect on ADH secretion if a patient has low volume AND low osmolarity? _____
Answer: Volume trumps osmolarity and ADH is secreted
Flashcard 703: The amount of _____ secretion by GI mucosal cells determines H2O secretion
Answer: Cl- (what ion)
Flashcard 704: The activity of the renal enzyme 1-hydroxylase is increased with _____ serum Ca2+ concentration
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 705: ECF volume expansion results in _____ HCO3- reabsorption
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 706: Unilateral renal agenesis leads to _____ of the existing kidney
Answer: hypertrophy
Flashcard 707: ADH _____ the activity of the urea cycle
Answer: enhances
Flashcard 708: [TF/P]x _____ 1 when the solute is secreted into the tubular fluid
Answer: >
Flashcard 709: Normal serum osmolarity is ~ _____ mOsm/kg H2O
Answer: 290
Flashcard 710: After the thick ascending limb, the [TF/P]Na and [TF/P]osmolarity are both _____ 1.0
Answer: <
Flashcard 711: Aldosterone upregulates _____ on the apical membrane of the principal cells, increasing Na+ reabsorption
Answer: ENaCs
Flashcard 712: The rate of _____ is equal to excretion rate - filtered load
Answer: secretion
Flashcard 713: In the late distal tubule, TFP/Posm _____ 1 (high ADH)
Answer: =
Flashcard 714: Does renal function change with age?_____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 715: Increased Na+ reabsorption due to decreased Cl- secretion (cystic fibrosis) results in increased _____ reabsorption
Answer: H2O
Flashcard 716: All of the inputs to the cerebellum are directed towards influencing the firing of _____ cells
Answer: Purkinje
Flashcard 717: In the thick ascending limb (loop of Henle), TF/Posm _____ 1
Answer: <
Flashcard 718: The _____ ratio compares the concentration of a substance in tubular fluid with its concentration in systemic plasma
Answer: [TF/P]x
Flashcard 719: The thick ascending limb absorbs Na+ _____ (actively or passively)
Answer: actively
Flashcard 720: What effect does I- deficiency have on thyroid hormone secretion?_____
Answer: Iodine deficiency leads to a decrease in thyroid hormones causing symptoms like fatigue, weight gain and goiter due to compensatory TSH elevation. Serum TSH and thyroid hormones are key tests. High TSH and low T3, T4 detect primary hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency. Ensure adequate iodine intake in pregnant women to prevent any fetal complication.
Flashcard 721: What second messenger regulates the Cl- channels in the luminal membrane of the intestine? _____
Answer: cAMP
Flashcard 722: What effect does atrial natriuretic peptide have on Na+ reabsorption at the renal collecting tubule?_____
Answer: Decreased reabsorption
Flashcard 723: The pontine micturition center coordinates relaxation of the _____ with bladder contraction during voiding
Answer: external urethral sphincter
Flashcard 724: The V2 receptor for ADH is located on the _____ membrane of the collecting duct
Answer: basolateral
Flashcard 725: A portion of the NH4+ from the proximal tubule is excreted directly in the _____
Answer: urine
Flashcard 726: The activity of the renal enzyme 1-hydroxylase is increased with _____ serum phosphate concentration
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 727: Hyper-osmotic urine is produced when the circulating levels of ADH are _____
Answer: high
Flashcard 728: In the late distal tubule, TFP/Posm _____ 1 (low ADH)
Answer: <
Flashcard 729: In the proximal tubule, TFP/Posm _____ 1
Answer: =
Flashcard 730: The early distal tubule is also known as the _____ segment
Answer: cortical diluting
Flashcard 731: The frequency of slow waves in the stomach is _____ waves/minute
Answer: 3
Flashcard 732: _____ (aldosterone or ADH) primarily regulates osmolarity; may also respond to low volume states
Answer: ADH
Flashcard 733: In hyperkalemic RTA, hyperkalemia causes _____ NH3 synthesis in the PCT
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 734: How does hematocrit change with excessive NaCl intake? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 735: The _____ cotransporter is present on the luminal membrane of the DCT
Answer: Na+-Cl-
Flashcard 736: The _____ basal ganglia pathway facilitates movement
Answer: direct
Flashcard 737: What is the range for normal blood glucose levels (mg/dL)?_____
Answer: 70-120 mg/dL
Flashcard 738: Which nutrient (glucose, fat, protein) stimulates gastrin secretion? _____
Answer: Protein (amino acids)
Flashcard 739: The corticopapillary osmotic gradient is established, in part, by the _____ cycle
Answer: urea
Flashcard 740: Blood from the efferent arterioles is delivered to the _____ capillaries
Answer: peritubular
Flashcard 741: Microinfarctions in the renal medulla due to sickle cell trait eventually result in decreased ability to _____ urine
Answer: concentrate
Flashcard 742: Which areas (2) of the nephron are responsible for adjustments of K+ excretion?_____
Answer: Late distal tubule, Collecting ducts
Flashcard 743: Obstructive jaundice is associated with _____ urine urobilinogen
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 744: The _____ is responsible for approximately 25% of Ca2+ reabsorption
Answer: thick ascending limb (loop of Henle)
Flashcard 745: The thick ascending limb (of Henle) normally reabsorbs approximately _____% of the filtered Na+
Answer: 10-20
Flashcard 746: Which cells of the kidney detect changes in Na+ delivery?_____
Answer: Macula densa cells
Flashcard 747: _____ is used to estimate the ability to concentrate or dilute the urine
Answer: Free-water clearance (CH2O)
Flashcard 748: Primitive reflexes are inhibited by a mature/developing _____ lobe
Answer: frontal
Flashcard 749: At the _____ flow rates, saliva is most dissimilar to plasma (high K+, low Na+ and Cl-)
Answer: lowest
Flashcard 750: Obstructive jaundice is associated with dark urine due to increased urine _____
Answer: conjugated bilirubin
Flashcard 751: UMN lesions in the spinal cord cause _____-lateral spastic paralysis at levels below the lesion
Answer: ipsi
Flashcard 752: Which cells of the kidney detect changes in blood pressure?_____
Answer: Juxtaglomerular cells
Flashcard 753: The _____ is formed by the reticular formation, locus coeruleus, and raphe nucleus
Answer: reticular activating system (RAS)
Flashcard 754: Aldosterone upregulates the _____ pump on the basolateral membrane of the principal cells
Answer: Na+-K+ ATPase
Flashcard 755: In diabetes insipidus, the water deprivation test fails to _____ urine osmolality
Answer: increase
Flashcard 756: In the early distal tubule, TFP/Posm _____ 1
Answer: <
Flashcard 757: The early DCT normally reabsorbs approximately _____% of the filtered Na+
Answer: 5
Flashcard 758: Damage to the _____ can result in a lack of interhemispheric communication (ex. patient unable to retrieve with one hand an object palpated with the other)
Answer: corpus callosum
Flashcard 759: The NSP4 enterotoxin of rotavirus increases _____ permeability
Answer: Cl-
Flashcard 760: The most important physiologic stimulus for increasing antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is _____
Answer: increased plasma osmolarity
Keywords: Renal flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Renal blood flow distribution
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Proximal tubule reabsorption
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Loop of Henle function
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Distal tubule and collecting duct function
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Concentration and dilution of urine
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Countercurrent multiplication system
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Sodium handling along the nephron
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Potassium balance and regulation
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Calcium and phosphate handling
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Magnesium handling
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Water balance and osmoregulation
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Diuretic mechanisms of action
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Integrated nephron function
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