Hemodynamics — Flashcards

Flashcard 211: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Hemoglobin, plasma?

Answer: From 1 to 4 mg/dL

Flashcard 212: A 69-year-old woman with Alzheimer disease is brought to the ER after her son found her in a local park. - Patient has not eaten or drunk anything for over 24 hours. - Physical exam: mild confusion and dehydration. - Lab: Blood glucose level is within the normal range despite prolonged fasting. - What hormone contributes to this patient's lab findings by binding to an intracellular receptor?

Answer: Cortisol Cortisol is a steroid hormone released during prolonged fasting and stress. It binds to an **intracellular receptor** (cytoplasmic), which then translocates to the nucleus to alter gene transcription, leading to increased gluconeogenesis and decreased peripheral glucose utilization. Other hormones involved in glucose homeostasis during fasting: - **Glucagon & Epinephrine**: Bind to cell surface G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) → increase cAMP. - **Growth Hormone**: Binds to cell surface receptors (JAK/STAT pathway).

Extra: In the fasting state: 1. **First 24 hours**: Glycogenolysis (triggered by Glucagon and Epinephrine) is the primary source of glucose. 2. **After 24 hours**: Glycogen stores are depleted; Gluconeogenesis becomes the primary source. Cortisol facilitates this by inducing the synthesis of key enzymes like PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK).

Flashcard 213: Binding between GPIIb/IIIa and fibrinogen results in formation of a _____

Answer: weak platelet plug

Flashcard 214: In the muscle stretch reflex, some Ia and II afferent fibers stimulate _____ muscles (agonist or antagonist) causing muscle contraction

Answer: agonist

Flashcard 215: Does IgA cross the placenta? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 216: Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol) are essential in maintaining _____ to catecholamines

Answer: vascular responsiveness

Flashcard 217: What neurotransmitter is increased during REM sleep? _____

Answer: Acetylcholine

Flashcard 218: Is the pupillary sphincter muscle under parasympathetic or sympathetic control?_____

Answer: Parasympathetic

Flashcard 219: How does plasma protein concentration change with sweating in a desert? _____

Answer: Increased

Flashcard 220: Shear is highest at the _____ of a blood vessel

Answer: wall