Hemodynamics — Flashcards
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The rate at which blood is pumped from either ventricle is called the _____
Both ADH and oxytocin are neuropeptides, synthesized in hypothalamic neurons and secreted from nerve terminals in the _____
At the junction of the arterioles and capillaries is a smooth muscle band called the _____
_____ are a type of blood vessel with the highest resistance in the cardiovascular system
Abnormal secondary hemostasis may occur due to _____ failure, which causes decreased activation of vitamin K
_____ hemostasis forms a weak platelet plug
Thyroid hormones increase cardiac output by inducing synthesis (upregulation) of _____ receptors in the heart
According to the Fick principle: Cardiac Output (CO) = _____
How does Aortic Stenosis affect LV EDP and PCWP? _____
When a blood vessel is added to a system in series, the total resistance _____
Hemodynamics US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Hemodynamics with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Hemodynamics Flashcard Deck - 388 Cards
Flashcard 1: The rate at which blood is pumped from either ventricle is called the _____
Answer: cardiac output
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/anatomy-of-the-heart/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 2: Both ADH and oxytocin are neuropeptides, synthesized in hypothalamic neurons and secreted from nerve terminals in the _____
Answer: posterior pituitary
Extra: Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Etiologies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-etiologies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=23] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 3: At the junction of the arterioles and capillaries is a smooth muscle band called the _____
Answer: pre-capillary sphincter
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/cardiovascular-system?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 4: _____ are a type of blood vessel with the highest resistance in the cardiovascular system
Answer: Arterioles
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 5: Abnormal secondary hemostasis may occur due to _____ failure, which causes decreased activation of vitamin K
Answer: liver
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 6: _____ hemostasis forms a weak platelet plug
Answer: Primary
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 7: Thyroid hormones increase cardiac output by inducing synthesis (upregulation) of _____ receptors in the heart
Answer: β1-adrenergic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 8: According to the Fick principle: Cardiac Output (CO) = _____
Answer: O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous O2 content)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 9: How does Aortic Stenosis affect LV EDP and PCWP? _____
Answer: Both are increased
Extra: Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-aortic-stenosis-and-regurgitation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 10: When a blood vessel is added to a system in series, the total resistance _____
Answer: increases
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 11: Raynaud phenomenon is decreased blood flow to the skin due to arteriolar _____ in response to cold or stress
Answer: vasospasm
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 12: Histamine causes arteriolar _____ and venous _____
Answer: dilation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/inflammatory-response?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 13: Decreased cortisol production in congenital adrenal hyperplasia may cause life-threatening _____ due to decreased _____ receptors
Answer: hypotension
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 14: The velocity of shortening of cardiac muscle is maximal when afterload is _____
Answer: zero
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 15: The resistance of the entire systemic vasculature is called the _____
Answer: total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 16: What effect does increased venous return have on preload? _____
Answer: Increased preload
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-volume-loops?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: One function of gastrin is to _____ gastric motility
Answer: increase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki
Flashcard 18: What is the effect of exercise on pulse pressure? _____
Answer: Increased pulse pressure, transiently
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 19: Chronic hypertension and valvular stenosis cause diastolic heart failure by increasing _____
Answer: afterload
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 20: Increased preload results in a(n) _____ width on a pressure-volume loop curve
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-volume-loops?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 21: A tension pneumothorax may lead to _____ intrathoracic pressure, leading to decreased cardiac function
Answer: increased
Extra: * Reflex tachycardia due to hypotension * elevated JVD if pneumothorax is on right side, causing compression of the SVC Watch Pneumothorax [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-pneumothorax?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary-hypertension?ref=anki
Flashcard 22: Alpha granules of platelets contain _____ and fibrinogen
Answer: vWF
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 23: The left ventricle compensates for increased afterload by _____ in order to decrease wall tension
Answer: thickening (hypertrophy)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 24: _____ is the concept that blood flow to an organ is proportional to its metabolic activity
Answer: Active hyperemia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 25: What type of blood vessel has the lowest flow velocity? _____
Answer: Capillaries
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 26: Increased capillary oncotic pressure (πc) pulls fluid _____ the capillary
Answer: into
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 27: How does cardiac output change during distributive shock due to sepsis and anaphylaxis? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/shock?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 28: A dicrotic pulse typically occurs in patients with severe _____ dysfunction and high systemic _____ resistance
Answer: systolic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 29: Which receptor does antidiuretic hormone bind to regulate blood pressure? _____
Answer: V1 receptors
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 30: The equation Rtotal = R1 + R2 ... may be used to calculate the total resistance of a system arranged in _____
Answer: series
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 31: What is the approximate normal pressure in the pulmonary artery (systolic and diastolic)? _____
Answer: 25/10 mmHg
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 32: When net fluid movement is into the capillary from the interstitial fluid, it is called _____
Answer: absorption
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 33: The effective osmotic pressure contributed by protein is called the _____ pressure
Answer: oncotic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 34: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is secreted from _____ neurons in the gallbladder, small intestine, and sphincters
Answer: parasympathetic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 35: What receptors sense a decrease in plasma volume, providing stimuli to increase ADH secretion? _____
Answer: Baroreceptors
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 36: What is the effect of obstructive sleep apnea on pulse pressure? _____
Answer: Increased pulse pressure
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 37: AV shunts _____ preload and _____ afterload
Answer: increase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 38: ADH activation of the V2 receptor on vascular endothelium causes release of _____ and _____
Answer: von Willebrand factor (vWF)
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch ADH, DDAVP, ADH receptor antagonists [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-adh-ddavp-adh-receptor-antagonists?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 39: Biliary _____ occurs due to gallbladder contraction against a stone lodged in the cystic duct
Answer: colic
Extra: Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 40: _____ is an increase in blood flow in response to a prior period of decreased blood flow
Answer: Reactive hyperemia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 41: Somatostatin is secreted from _____ cells in the GI mucosa
Answer: D
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki
Flashcard 42: How does the cardiac output of the left heart compare to the right heart? _____
Answer: Equal (in steady state)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/anatomy-of-the-heart/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 43: Burns can cause massive volume loss by alteration of _____
Answer: capillary permeability (Kf)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: Massive pulmonary embolism may result in _____ shock and cor pulmonale
Answer: obstructive
Extra: Watch Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-deep-vein-thrombosis-and-pulmonary-embolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 45: What does πc represent in regards to capillary fluid exchange? _____
Answer: Capillary oncotic pressure
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 46: _____ deficiency decreases the protective effect of heparin-like molecules produced by the endothelium
Answer: ATIII
Extra: * because heparin cannot bind (absent antithrombin III); normally heparin inhibits factor II, IX, & X [intrinsic pathway] Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 47: What equation may be used to calculate the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)? PVR = _____
Answer: (Ppulm artery - PL atrium) / cardiac output
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 48: What type of adrenergic receptor do veins have? _____
Answer: α1-adrenergic receptors
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 49: The pulmonary circulation is normally characterized as a(n) _____ resistance, _____ compliance system
Answer: low
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/pulmonary-circulation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 50: What is the approximate normal pressure in the left atrium? _____
Answer: < 12 mmHg
Extra: Heuristic: ventricle diastolic pressure ~ its atrial pressure https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 51: What effect does standing up or the valsalva maneuver have on the intensity of MR, AR, MS, and AS murmurs? _____
Answer: Decreased intensity
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 52: Which substance is generated in response to PNS innervation via the pelvic nerve to mediate an erection? _____
Answer: Nitric oxide (NO), which causes increased cGMP
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 53: How does hematocrit change with isosmotic diarrhea? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 54: _____ pneumothorax may restrict venous return resulting in hypotension and obstructive shock
Answer: Tension
Extra: Watch Pneumothorax [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-pneumothorax?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary-hypertension?ref=anki
Flashcard 55: What effect does inspiration have on venous return to the right atrium? _____
Answer: Increased venous return
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: In Poiseulle's equation, Resistance is _____ proportional to the viscosity (η) of the blood
Answer: directly
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 57: In general, leukotrienes cause vaso-_____
Answer: constriction
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 58: Aggregation is a balance between pro and anti-aggregation factors: Pro-aggregation - _____ blood flow Anti-aggregation - _____ blood flow
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 59: The _____ pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures
Answer: pulse
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 60: What is the end result of ADH binding to V1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle? _____
Answer: Contraction of vascular smooth muscle
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: Which liver zone is affected first by ischemia? _____
Answer: Zone III (centrilobular)
Extra: Watch Alcoholic & Non alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-alcoholic-and-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 62: Epinephrine causes _____ pulse pressure
Answer: increased
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Sympathomimetics) Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 63: NO upregulates _____, which converts GTP to cGMP
Answer: guanylyl cyclase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/smooth-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 64: What equation may be used to calculate the blood flow (Q) given pressure and resistance? _____
Answer: Q = ΔP/R
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 65: What is the effect of aortic regurgitation on systolic pressure? _____
Answer: Increased pressure
Extra: Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-aortic-stenosis-and-regurgitation?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 66: Bleeding time is normally between _____ and _____ minutes
Answer: 2
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: Which type of blood vessel causes the greatest decrease in pressure in a vascular system arranged in series? _____
Answer: Arterioles
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 68: The pain is migraines is mediated by vasoactive peptides on meningeal vessels, which cause vaso-_____
Answer: dilation
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Neuro/Pharm Watch Triptans & migraine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle/videos/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle-vasoactive-triptans-and-migraine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/headache?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/smooth-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: How do SVR and afterload change during hypovolemic shock? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/shock?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: Ideally, blood flow in the cardiovascular system is _____, or streamlined
Answer: laminar
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 71: Following platelet adhesion (primary hemostasis), there is platelet _____
Answer: degranulation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: _____ is defined as the fraction of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected in each stroke volume
Answer: Ejection fraction
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 73: Factors of the coagulation cascade are produced by the _____ in an inactive state
Answer: liver
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 74: Transudate is characterized by _____ levels of protein
Answer: low
Extra: Watch Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 75: What type of receptor is found on the arterioles of skin, splanchnic, and renal circulation? _____
Answer: α1-adrenergic receptors
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 76: What effect does standing up or the valsalva maneuver have on the intensity of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmurs? _____
Answer: Increased intensity
Extra: Watch Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/valvular-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 77: What equation may be used to calculate O2 delivery to tissues? O2 delivery = _____
Answer: cardiac output * O2 content of blood
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 78: When a person is standing, pulmonary blood flow is lowest at the _____ of the lungs
Answer: apex (top)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/pulmonary-circulation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 79: When resistances are arranged in _____, the pressure through each level of the system is the same
Answer: parallel
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 80: How does plasma protein concentration change with diarrhea? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 81: Activation of β2 adrenergic receptors causes _____ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Answer: decreased
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Sympathomimetics) Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 82: Aqueous humor is produced by nonpigmented epithelium on the _____
Answer: ciliary body
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 83: Plasma volume can be measured by using _____ or Evan's blue
Answer: radiolabeled albumin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 84: When Jv (fluid flow) is _____, there is net fluid movement into the capillary (absorption)
Answer: negative
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: Information from the carotid sinus baroreceptor is carried to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) via the _____ nerve
Answer: glossopharyngeal
Extra: From Neuro deck on the solitary nucleus: also known as the solitary nucleus or nucleus tractus solitarius; nucleus Solitarius = Sensory Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki From Neuro deck on the solitary nucleus: also known as the solitary nucleus or nucleus tractus solitarius; nucleus Solitarius = Sensory
Flashcard 86: How does cardiac output change during distributive shock due to CNS injury? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 87: Do left-to-right shunts result in hypoxemia? _____
Answer: No
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: Heart failure may cause _____-osmotic volume _____
Answer: hypo
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 89: What is the effect of polycythemia on blood viscosity? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: What does Pi represent in regards to capillary fluid exchange? _____
Answer: Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 91: Which liver zone is affected first by ingested toxins (e.g. cocaine)? _____
Answer: Zone I (periportal)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 92: In healthy patients, M3 receptor activation indirectly causes vaso-_____ via release of _____
Answer: dilation
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Cholinomimetics) Watch Cholinomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-parasympathetic-cholinomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 93: GI irritation, due to infection, chemotherapy, or distension, causes mucosal _____ release
Answer: serotonin
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: GI (Anti-Emetics; "Vomitorium") Watch Antiemetic agents [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-gi-antiemetic-agents?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cerebellum-and-ventricles?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 94: Which type of selection allows survival of T cells expressing TCRs capable of binding self-MHC on cortical epithelial cells? _____
Answer: Positive selection
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-maturation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 95: Fast twitch muscle fibers are _____ due to decreased myoglobin concentration
Answer: white
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 96: Normally, 95% of bile acids in the ileum are recycled back to the liver through _____ circulation
Answer: enterohepatic
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Blood & Inflammation (Dyslipidemia drugs) Watch Cholestyramine, ezetimibe [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-dyslipidemia-drugs-cholestyramine-ezetimibe?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 97: In _____, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is greater than LV end diastolic pressure
Answer: mitral stenosis
Extra: Watch Mitral Stenosis, Acute Rheumatic Fever & Rheumatic Heart Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-stenosis-acute-rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 98: Resistance is _____ proportional to the length of the blood vessel
Answer: directly
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 99: In addition to its actions on serum osmolarity, ADH (vasopressin) may also cause _____
Answer: contraction of vascular smooth muscle (regulate blood pressure)
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 100: What does Kf represent in regards to capillary fluid exchange? _____
Answer: Permeability to fluid (water)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 101: A(n) _____ in viscosity of blood causes an increase in Reynolds' number
Answer: decrease
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 102: How does hematocrit change with isotonic NaCl infusion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 103: Normal aging is associated with the degradation of elastin and accumulation of collagen and calcium in arterial walls, which commonly presents as _____ in the elderly
Answer: isolated systolic hypertension
Extra: * Aging is associated with increased arterial stiffness caused by endothelial dysfunction and a change in extracellular matrix composition (e.g. decreased elastin and increased collagen deposition) * Isolated Systolic Hypertension = SBP > 140 mm Hg and DBP >90 mm Hg common in patients over age of 60 Watch Hypertension [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-hypertension-hypertension?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 104: Is the plug formed by primary hemostasis stable? _____
Answer: No
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 105: What equation may be used to calculate mean arterial pressure given a patient's blood pressure? _____
Answer: MAP = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 106: The likelihood of turbulent flow may be calculated using Reynolds' number, which states NR = _____
Answer: ρdv/η
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 107: Superantigens result in a large release of cytokines, leading to massive _____ and shock
Answer: vasodilation/hypotension
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 108: What is the result of 50% increased plasma volume versus 30% increased RBC volume during pregnancy? _____
Answer: Anemia (decreases viscosity to reduce postpartum bleeding)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics?ref=anki
Flashcard 109: The _____ nervous system is responsible for the male erection (tumescence) via the pelvic (S2-S4) nerve
Answer: parasympathetic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/perineum-and-external-genitalia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 110: Decreased Po2 (hypoxia) causes vaso-_____ in the systemic circulation
Answer: dilation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/pulmonary-circulation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 111: Hypoxia may be caused by a(n) _____ cardiac output
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 112: Incubation of Rabies virus takes longer when infection occurs in the _____ extremities
Answer: lower
Extra: Watch Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rabies-virus-rhabdoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 113: The vasodilator metabolites produced by tissues as a result of increased metabolic activity may be remembered using the mnemonic "CHALK": C: _____ H: H+ A: Adenosine L: Lactate K: K+
Answer: CO2
Extra: Watch Myocardial Response To Ischemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-myocardial-response-to-ischemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 114: When vessels are arranged in _____, the total resistance is less than the resistance of any of the individual arteries
Answer: parallel
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 115: From the anterior chamber, some aqueous humor (10%) drains into the _____ and sclera
Answer: uvea
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 116: Gastrin secretion is most stimulated by stomach _____
Answer: distention
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 117: Sympathetic stimulation of _____ receptors in skeletal muscle causes vaso-constriction
Answer: α1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 118: Patients with McArdle disease may experience the "_____" phenomenon during exercise due to increased muscular blood flow
Answer: second-wind
Extra: Watch Glycogen Storage Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 119: Platelets (thrombocytes) are small cytoplasmic fragments derived from _____
Answer: megakaryocytes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 120: Mixed blood in the fetal IVC enters the _____
Answer: right atrium
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/thoracic-systems-respiratory-and-cardiovascular?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 121: Pulmonary blood flow is equal to the _____ of the right heart
Answer: cardiac output
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/pulmonary-circulation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 122: ECF volume contraction produces a(n) _____ in capillary oncotic pressure (πC)
Answer: increase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 123: A(n) increase in TPR causes a(n) _____ shift of the cardiac function curve
Answer: downward
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-function-and-venous-return-curves?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 124: When net fluid movement is out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid, it is called _____
Answer: filtration
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 125: How do aortic and ventricular pressure change during reduced ventricular ejection? _____
Answer: Decrease
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-cycle?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 126: The rate of gastric emptying is decreased primarily by _____ and H+ in the duodenum
Answer: fats
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 127: cGMP stimulates _____, which dephosphorylates myosin and relaxes smooth muscle
Answer: myosin-light-chain phosphatase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/smooth-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 128: Endothelial cells prevent thrombosis by secreting _____, which converts plasminogen to plasmin
Answer: tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 129: Activation of the coagulation cascade requires _____ ions derived from platelet dense granules
Answer: Ca2+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 130: One finding in the Cushing reaction is hypertension, which is caused by increased _____ tone
Answer: sympathetic
Extra: * similar presentation as a cortisol-secreting adrenal adenoma Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 131: What type of resistance is illustrated by the arrangement of blood vessels in systemic circulation? _____
Answer: Parallel resistance
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 132: The _____ is the point at which the vascular function curve intersects the x-axis
Answer: mean systemic pressure
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-function-and-venous-return-curves?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 133: A(n) decrease in TPR causes a(n) _____ rotation of the vascular function curve
Answer: clockwise
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-function-and-venous-return-curves?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 134: What is the effect of cardiac tamponade on cardiac output? _____
Answer: Decreased CO
Extra: Watch Pericarditis & Constrictive Pericarditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-pericarditis-and-constrictive-pericarditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pericardial-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 135: In response to increased Pco2 in the brain, there is intense peripheral _____
Answer: vasoconstriction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 136: Eisenmenger Syndrome leads to a decreased O2 saturation in the _____
Answer: LV
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/acyanotic-congenital-heart-defects?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 137: An increase in mean systemic pressure is reflected in a shift of the vascular function curve to the _____
Answer: right
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-function-and-venous-return-curves?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 138: _____ pulse pressures are seen in conditions that decrease left ventricular stroke volume
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch Pericarditis & Constrictive Pericarditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-pericarditis-and-constrictive-pericarditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 139: The blood volume contained in the veins is called the _____
Answer: unstressed volume
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 140: _____ is a good approximation of left atrial pressure
Answer: Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)
Extra: See right panel below. A catheter is inserted through the venous side to the right ventrical and then to a small pulmonary artery. A balloon is inflated to occlude blood flow and a sensor on the tip of the ballon senses the pressure behind the balloon. This pressure is effectively the pressure of the capillaries behind the balloon. This capillary pressure is a proxy for the pressure in the left atrium (there should be no theoretical increase or decrease in pressure between the capillaries and the left atrium). This avoids having to go into the arterial side to meaure the left atrial pressure, which would be much more invasive. Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/anatomy?index=17] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 141: How does increased efferent sympathetic firing (e.g. baroreceptor reflex) affect venoconstriction? _____
Answer: Increased venoconstriction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 142: A(n) increase in TPR causes a(n) _____ rotation of the vascular function curve
Answer: counterclockwise
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-function-and-venous-return-curves?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 143: The velocity of shortening of cardiac muscle _____ as afterload increases
Answer: decreases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 144: ECF volume expansion produces a(n) _____ in capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc)
Answer: increase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 145: How do PCWP and preload change during distributive shock? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 146: Activation of β1 adrenergic receptors on the cardiac myocytes causes _____ cardiac contractility
Answer: increased
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Sympathomimetics) Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 147: Viscosity of blood depends mostly on _____
Answer: hematocrit
Extra: Watch Acquired & Inherited Thrombosis Syndromes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-acquired-and-inherited-thrombosis-syndromes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 148: _____ = TBV x (1 - HCT)
Answer: Plasma volume
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Flashcard 149: Angiotensin II affects baroreceptor function, limiting reflex _____ that would normally accompany its pressor effects
Answer: bradycardia
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 150: Thromboxane A2 is a vaso-_____
Answer: constrictor
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/inflammatory-response?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 151: TXA2 causes vaso-_____
Answer: constriction
Extra: Watch Antiplatelet agents [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anticoagulants-and-thrombolytics-antiplatelet-agents?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 152: The direction of blood flow is determined by the direction of the _____ and is always from high to low pressure
Answer: pressure gradient
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 153: How does serum iron/ferritin change with pregnancy or OCP use? _____
Answer: No change
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Flashcard 154: A hyperkinetic pulse is a rapidly rising pulse with high amplitude due to the rapid ejection of a(n) _____ stroke volume against a decreased _____
Answer: large
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Flashcard 155: If blood flow is laminar, the highest velocity occurs at the _____ of the blood vessel
Answer: center
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 156: The excess fluid filtered out of the capillaries is returned to the circulation via _____
Answer: lymph
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/lymphatic-system?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 157: A decrease in mean systemic pressure is reflected in a shift of the vascular function curve to the _____
Answer: left
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-function-and-venous-return-curves?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 158: Any factor that causes increased _____ pressure will cause coronary sinus dilation
Answer: right atrial
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/anatomy?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/anatomy-of-the-heart/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 159: Endothelial dysfunction (e.g. left-sided HF) leads to a(n) _____ in vasoconstrictive mediators and a(n) _____ in vasodilative mediators
Answer: increase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 160: The reasons there is concentric left ventricular hypertrophy in response to systemic hypertension is that _____ wall thickness _____ wall stress by offsetting _____ wall tension
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/heart-failure?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 161: Disorders of fibrinolysis typically present with _____ bleeding time
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 162: The greater the amount of elastic tissue there is in a blood vessel (elastance), the _____ the compliance is
Answer: lower
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 163: Apical surfaces of ependymal cells are covered in _____ (which circulate CSF) and _____ (which help in CSF absorption)
Answer: cilia
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Flashcard 164: In _____-to-_____ shunts, hypoxemia always occurs because a significant fraction of the cardiac output is not delivered to the lungs
Answer: right
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 165: The normal mean pulmonary artery pressure is between _____ and _____ mmHg
Answer: 10
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/pulmonary-hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 166: Pulsus paradoxus is quantified by measuring the variation of _____ pressure during expiration and inspiration
Answer: systolic
Extra: Watch Pericarditis & Constrictive Pericarditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-pericarditis-and-constrictive-pericarditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pericardial-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 167: Endothelial cells prevent thrombosis by secreting _____ molecules, which augment antithrombin III (ATIII)
Answer: heparin-like
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 168: What effect may adenosine have on blood pressure? _____
Answer: Decreased (hypotension)
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular (Antiarrhythmics) Watch Class V [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-antiarrhythmics-class-v?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Antiarrhythmics?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 169: Cortisol (glucocorticoids) up-regulates _____ receptors on arterioles, increasing their sensitivity to catecholamines (i.e. norepinephrine and epinephrine)
Answer: α1
Extra: Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-internal-medicine-endocrinology-adrenal-disease-cushing-syndrome-soap?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/cortisol/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 170: When a blood vessel is added to a system in parallel, the total resistance _____
Answer: decreases
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Flashcard 171: Serious burns can lead to _____ shock
Answer: hypovolemic
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Flashcard 172: Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is a good approximation of _____ pressure
Answer: left atrial
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Flashcard 173: The Cushing reaction is a triad of _____, bradycardia, and respiratory depression due to increased intracranial pressure
Answer: hypertension
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Flashcard 174: Vasodilators = reflex _____cardia
Answer: tachy
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Flashcard 175: Can obstructive sleep apnea cause hypertension? _____
Answer: Yes; hypercapnia causes an increased sympathetic response
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Flashcard 176: Anorexia = _____ LH/FSH/estrogen
Answer: ↓
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Flashcard 177: Aortic stenosis = _____ pulse pressure Aortic regurgitation = _____ pulse pressure
Answer: ↓
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Flashcard 178: Sepsis/anaphylaxis = _____ skin
Answer: warm
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/sepsis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 179: _____ syncope is caused by a result of vagus nerve overstimulation which leads to bradycardia and hypotension, which then causes enough cerebral hypoperfusion to cause syncope
Answer: Vasovagal
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/syncope/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 180: Blood pressure in pregnancy _____
Answer: decreases
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Flashcard 181: AV fistula: Preload: _____ Afterload: _____ CO: _____
Answer: Increased
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Flashcard 182: Tension pneumothorax = _____ venous return and preload
Answer: decreased
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Flashcard 183: Hypocapnia (↓ pCO2) = cerebral vaso_____ Hypoxia (pO2 < 50 mmHg) = cerebral vaso_____
Answer: constriction
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Flashcard 184: Pulmonary embolism is characterized by _____ RA pressure, _____ pulmonary artery pressure, and _____ PCWP
Answer: increased
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Flashcard 185: How does cardiogenic shock affect the following? PCWP: _____ Cardiac index: _____ TPR: _____ MvO2: _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 186: Edema may be caused by _____ capillary pressure (Pc)
Answer: increased
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Flashcard 187: What is the pathophysiology of GERD? _____
Answer: Weakened LES allows reflux of gastric contents
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 188: Peripheral cyanosis typically involves the distal extremies and is caused by increased _____ due to sluggish blood flow
Answer: O2 extraction
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Flashcard 189: Preload in high-output cardiac failure? _____
Answer: High
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Flashcard 190: _____ is the most predictive variable for onset of heart failure in A-V fistulas
Answer: Size
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Flashcard 191: Relative polycythemia (hemoconcentration) is characterized by _____ plasma volume
Answer: decreased
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Flashcard 192: What is normal blood pressure for an adult? _____
Answer: < 120/80 mmHg
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Flashcard 193: The symptoms of anemia center around low oxygen delivery, which is based on _____, _____, and _____
Answer: hemoglobin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/anemia-approach/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 194: What is the effect of distributive shock on pulse pressure? _____
Answer: Increased
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Flashcard 195: _____ is a good approximation of left atrial pressure
Answer: Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)
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Flashcard 196: What is the effect of acute mitral regurgitation on left ventricular size? _____
Answer: No effect
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Flashcard 197: In the setting of hypovolemic shock, mechanical ventilation can cause an increase in _____ pressure, cutting off venous inflow and causing a(n) decrease in right ventricular preload
Answer: intrathoracic
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Flashcard 198: Autonomic dysfunction is one cause of _____ hypotension and syncope
Answer: orthostatic
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Flashcard 199: What is the effect of hyperthyroidism on systemic vascular resistance? _____
Answer: Decreased
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Flashcard 200: What is the underlying pathophysiology of hypotension after administration of epidural anesthesia? _____
Answer: Vasodilation and venous pooling
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics/ob-operations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 201: Maneuvers that _____ venous blood return to the heart typically reduce the intensity of innocent murmurs
Answer: decrease
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Flashcard 202: Pathophysiology behind situational syncope? _____
Answer: Parasympathetic hyperactivity → peripheral vascular dilation and bradycardia → hypotension and ↓ cerebral perfusion
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/syncope/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 203: Cardiac output decreases during hypovolemic shock due to decreased _____
Answer: preload
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Flashcard 204: How does the heart change during pregnancy? _____ Heart rate and _____ stroke volume, resulting in _____ cardiac output
Answer: ↑
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Flashcard 205: Cardiogenic and hypovolemic shock = _____ skin
Answer: cold
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 206: Coronary steal syndrome occurs when administration of coronary artery vasodilators such as adenosine and dipyridamole shunts blood towards well-perfused areas, increasing ischemia in post-_____ regions
Answer: stenotic
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Flashcard 207: One of the signs of the Cushing reaction is hypertension, which is caused by increased _____ tone
Answer: sympathetic
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Flashcard 208: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Red cell volume (Male)?
Answer: From 20 to 36 mL/kg
Flashcard 209: What is the normal range of CSF: Pressure?
Answer: From 70 to 180 mm H2O
Flashcard 210: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Hemoglobin, plasma?
Answer: From 1 to 4 mg/dL
Flashcard 211: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Leukocyte count: Monocytes?
Answer: From 3 to 7 %
Flashcard 212: A 69 y/o woman with Alsheimer disease is grought to the ER after her son found her in a local park. -Patient has not eaten or drunk anything for over 24 hours. -Physical exam: mildly confusion and dehydration. -Lab: Blood glucse level is whithin normal range despite prolonged fasting. -What hormones contributes to this patient's lab findings by binding to an intracellular receptor?
Answer: Cortisol because cortisol are usually release in response to hypoglycemia, they will bind to intracellular receptor & move inside the nucleus & alter gene transcription to enhance glucose production and limit peripheral glucose utilization. Other hormones that could release in relation to hypoglycemia are: -GH -Epinephrine, Glucagon: G-protein couple receptor that incrases cAMP.
Flashcard 213: Does IgA cross the placenta? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 214: Binding between GPIIb/IIIa and fibrinogen results in formation of a _____
Answer: weak platelet plug
Flashcard 215: In the muscle stretch reflex, some Ia and II afferent fibers stimulate _____ muscles (agonist or antagonist) causing muscle contraction
Answer: agonist
Flashcard 216: How does plasma protein concentration change with sweating in a desert? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 217: Is the pupillary sphincter muscle under parasympathetic or sympathetic control?_____
Answer: Parasympathetic
Flashcard 218: Shear is lowest at the _____ of a blood vessel
Answer: center
Flashcard 219: The Starling equation is used to determine fluid flow (Jv) and states that Jv = _____
Answer: Kf [(Pc - Pi) - (c i)]
Flashcard 220: What neurotransmitter is increased during REM sleep? _____
Answer: Acetylcholine (thus increased vagal tone)
Flashcard 221: Shear is highest at the _____ of a blood vessel
Answer: wall
Flashcard 222: Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol) are essential in maintaining _____ to catecholamines
Answer: vascular responsiveness
Flashcard 223: What equation may be used to calculate the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)? PVR = _____
Answer: (Ppulm artery - PL atrium) / cardiac output
Flashcard 224: How does hematocrit change with isosmotic diarrhea? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 225: TXA2 causes vaso-_____
Answer: constriction
Flashcard 226: _____ is a consequence of adjacent layers of blood traveling at different velocities within a blood vessel
Answer: Shear
Flashcard 227: How does plasma protein concentration change with diarrhea? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 228: In response to decreased afferent baroreceptor firing, there is _____ efferent sympathetic firing (baroreceptor reflex)
Answer: increased
Flashcard 229: How do PCWP and preload change during hypovolemic shock?_____
Answer: Severely decreased
Flashcard 230: Any factor that causes increased _____ pressure will cause coronary sinus dilation
Answer: right atrial
Flashcard 231: How do SVR and afterload change during hypovolemic shock?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 232: The Na+-K+ ATPase pump is located in the plasma membrane with the ATP site on the _____ side
Answer: cytosolic
Flashcard 233: What is the effect of polycythemia on blood viscosity?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 234: Activation of 2 adrenergic receptors causes _____ systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 235: A(n) _____ in velocity of blood causes an increase in Reynolds' number
Answer: increase
Flashcard 236: In response to sleep deprivation, ghrelin secretion is _____
Answer: increased
Flashcard 237: Nitric oxide increases levels of _____ in vascular smooth muscle cells
Answer: cGMP
Flashcard 238: Which receptor does antidiuretic hormone bind to regulate blood pressure?_____
Answer: V1 receptors
Flashcard 239: Which part of the brain "fine-tunes" movement and aids in coordination/balance? _____
Answer: Cerebellum
Flashcard 240: How does increased efferent sympathetic firing (e.g. baroreceptor reflex) affect venoconstriction?_____
Answer: Increased venoconstriction
Flashcard 241: What is the effect of increased afterload (increased aortic pressure) on cardiac O2 consumption? _____
Answer: Increased O2 consumption
Flashcard 242: The magnitude of fluid movement is determined by the _____ of the capillary wall
Answer: hydraulic conductance (Kf)
Flashcard 243: What equation may be used to calculate the velocity of blood flow (v) given the flow rate (Q)?_____
Answer: v = Q/A
Flashcard 244: The likelihood of turbulent flow may be calculated using Reynolds' number, which states NR = _____
Answer: dv/
Flashcard 245: Norepinephrine causes _____ systolic pressure
Answer: increased
Flashcard 246: How does EDV change in heart failure with systolic dysfunction? _____
Answer: Increased EDV
Flashcard 247: What effect does increased aortic pressure (afterload) have on cardiac wall stress?_____
Answer: Increased wall stress
Flashcard 248: _____ number predicts whether blood flow will be laminar or turbulent
Answer: Reynolds'
Flashcard 249: What type of resistance is illustrated by the arrangement of blood vessels in systemic circulation? _____
Answer: Parallel resistance
Flashcard 250: What is the major factor determing autoregulation of blood flow to the resting skeletal muscle?_____
Answer: Sympathetic innervation
Flashcard 251: How does increased efferent sympathetic firing (e.g. baroreceptor reflex) affect TPR?_____
Answer: Increased TPR (via increased arteriolar vasoconstriction)
Flashcard 252: What effect does increased preload have on ejection fraction? _____
Answer: Increased EF
Flashcard 253: What is the approximate normal pressure in the pulmonary artery (systolic and diastolic)? _____
Answer: 25/10 mmHg
Flashcard 254: What effect does increased afterload have on end-systolic volume? _____
Answer: Increased ESV
Flashcard 255: Relative polycythemia is characterized by _____ plasma volume
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 256: What equation may be used to calculate mean arteriole pressure given a patient's blood pressure?_____
Answer: MAP = 2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure
Flashcard 257: In addition to it's actions on serum osmolarity, ADH (vasopressin) may also cause _____
Answer: contraction of vascular smooth muscle (regulate blood pressure)
Flashcard 258: The Kussmaul sign (increased JVP on inspiration) occurs due to failure of negative intrathoracic pressure to be transmitted to the _____ during inspiration
Answer: heart
Flashcard 259: How do SVR and afterload change during distributive shock?_____
Answer: Severely decreased
Flashcard 260: When a blood vessel is added to a system in parallel, the total resistance _____
Answer: decreases
Flashcard 261: How does cardiac output change during distributive shock due to CNS injury?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 262: Blood flow (Q) is _____ proportional to the resistance of blood vessels
Answer: inversely
Flashcard 263: Which baroreceptors are responsive to increases in arterial pressure only? _____
Answer: Aortic arch receptors
Flashcard 264: The receptor for ADH on vascular smooth muscle is a _____ receptor
Answer: V1
Flashcard 265: What type of blood vessel has the lowest flow velocity? _____
Answer: Capillaries
Flashcard 266: Epinephrine causes _____ pulse pressure
Answer: increased
Flashcard 267: Cerebral perfusion pressure is decreased with _____ ICP
Answer: increased
Flashcard 268: _____ contractions serve to mix intestinal contents; "back-and-forth movement"
Answer: Segmentation
Flashcard 269: Which region of the stomach (orad or caudad) is responsible for the strong contractions that mix food with gastric secretions? _____
Answer: Caudad
Flashcard 270: Patients with _____ hypersensitivity are at increased risk of syncope / lightheadedness when pressure is applied around the neck (ex. a tight shirt collar)
Answer: carotid sinus
Flashcard 271: Pulmonary blood flow is equal to the _____ of the right heart
Answer: cardiac output
Flashcard 272: What is the end result of ADH binding to V1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle?_____
Answer: Contraction of vascular smooth muscle
Flashcard 273: In general, leukotrienes cause _____ vascular permeability
Answer: increased
Flashcard 274: Compared to the systemic vasculature, the pressures in the pulmonary vasculature are much _____
Answer: lower
Flashcard 275: What effect does increased blood volume have on mean systemic pressure? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 276: What is the effect of cardiac tamponade on heart rate? _____
Answer: Increased HR
Flashcard 277: What does Kf represent in regards to capillary fluid exchange?_____
Answer: Permeability to fluid (water)
Flashcard 278: The _____ of the cardiac and vascular function curves is the operating point of the heart
Answer: intersection
Flashcard 279: What is the major factor determing autoregulation of blood flow to the exercising skeletal muscle?_____
Answer: Local metabolites
Flashcard 280: In response to increased Pco2 in the brain, there is intense peripheral _____
Answer: vasoconstriction
Flashcard 281: _____ is an increase in blood flow in response to a prior period of decreased blood flow
Answer: Reactive hyperemia
Flashcard 282: TNF- is a cytokine released from _____ that mediates cachexia and shock
Answer: macrophages
Flashcard 283: Arteriolar resistance is regulated by the _____ nervous system
Answer: sympathetic
Flashcard 284: Burns can cause massive volume loss by alteration of _____
Answer: capillary permeability (Kf)
Flashcard 285: Viscosity of blood depends mostly on _____
Answer: hematocrit
Flashcard 286: The resistance of a vessel may be calculated using Poiseuille's equation, which states R = _____
Answer: 8l/r4
Flashcard 287: What is the effect of cardiac tamponade on cardiac output? _____
Answer: Decreased CO
Flashcard 288: Edema may be caused by _____ capillary pressure (Pc)
Answer: increased
Flashcard 289: Serotonin causes arteriolar _____
Answer: constriction
Flashcard 290: What is the major factor determining autoregulation of blood flow to the skin?_____
Answer: Sympathetic innervation
Flashcard 291: Transudate is characterized by _____ levels of protein
Answer: low
Flashcard 292: Mannitol-induced expanded ECF volume can cause pulmonary _____
Answer: edema
Flashcard 293: What type of receptor acts as a pressure sensor?_____
Answer: Baroreceptor
Flashcard 294: Plasma contains _____ proteins than interstitial fluid
Answer: more
Flashcard 295: What is the effect of exercise on pulse pressure? _____
Answer: Increased pulse pressure, transiently
Flashcard 296: The primary function of autoregulation of blood flow to the skin is _____ regulation
Answer: temperature
Flashcard 297: What equation may be used to calculate O2 delivery to tissues? O2 delivery = _____
Answer: cardiac output * O2 content of blood
Flashcard 298: What is the effect of cardiac tamponade on pulse pressure?_____
Answer: Decreased pulse pressure
Flashcard 299: Which liver zone is affected first by ingested toxins (e.g. cocaine)? _____
Answer: Zone I (periportal)
Flashcard 300: What is the effect of hyperthyroidism on pulse pressure?_____
Answer: Increased pulse pressure
Flashcard 301: What is the effect of aortic regurgitation on systolic pressure? _____
Answer: Increased pressure
Flashcard 302: Secondary pulmonary hypertension due to Heart Disease may arise due to increased _____ in the pulmonary circuit (e.g. left heart failure, congenital heart disease)
Answer: volume
Flashcard 303: What type of receptors (2) are found on the arterioles of skeletal muscle?_____
Answer: 1- and 2-adrenergic receptors
Flashcard 304: _____ pulse pressures are seen in conditions that decrease left ventricular stroke volume
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 305: What is the effect of blood vessel narrowing (e.g. thrombus) on Reynolds' number? _____
Answer: increased
Flashcard 306: What is the approximate normal pressure in the aorta (systolic and diastolic)? _____
Answer: 130/90 mmHg
Flashcard 307: The F-series prostaglandins are vaso-_____
Answer: constrictors
Flashcard 308: Norepinephrine causes _____ diastolic pressure
Answer: increased
Flashcard 309: How does cardiac output change during hypovolemic shock?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 310: What does c represent in regards to capillary fluid exchange?_____
Answer: capillary oncotic pressure
Flashcard 311: Do left-to-right shunts result in hypoxemia? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 312: The _____ is a fast, neurally mediated mechanism of regulating arterial pressure
Answer: baroreceptor reflex
Flashcard 313: A dicrotic pulse has 2 distinct peaks (one during systole, other during diastole) due to an accentuated _____ after the dicrotic notch
Answer: diastolic dicrotic wave
Flashcard 314: Edema may be caused by _____ plasma proteins (c)
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 315: The rate at which blood is returned to the atria is called the _____
Answer: venous return
Flashcard 316: Norepinephrine causes _____ pulse pressure
Answer: increased
Flashcard 317: In atherosclerotic patients, M3 receptor activation directly causes vaso-_____
Answer: constriction
Flashcard 318: Which baroreceptors are responsive to both increases and decreases in arterial pressure? _____
Answer: Carotid sinus receptors
Flashcard 319: What is the effect of aortic stiffening on pulse pressure?_____
Answer: Increased pulse pressure
Flashcard 320: What effect does increased contractility have on end-systolic volume? _____
Answer: Decreased ESV
Flashcard 321: If blood flow is laminar, the highest velocity occurs at the _____ of the blood vessel
Answer: center
Flashcard 322: Afterload is approximated by _____
Answer: mean arterial pressure
Flashcard 323: What is the effect of hypocortisolism on blood pressure? _____
Answer: Decreased (hypotension)
Flashcard 324: Mean arterial pressure is maintained at a constant level of approximately _____ mmHg
Answer: 100
Flashcard 325: What is the approximate normal pressure in the left atrium? _____
Answer: < 12 mmHg
Flashcard 326: The _____ is the point at which the vascular function curve intersects the x-axis
Answer: mean systemic pressure
Flashcard 327: What is the effect of increased ventricular diameter on cardiac O2 consumption? _____
Answer: Increased O2 consumption
Flashcard 328: ADH activation of the _____ receptor on vascular smooth muscle causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
Answer: V1
Flashcard 329: What effect does increased preload have on stroke volume? _____
Answer: Increased SV
Flashcard 330: Compared to the systemic vasculature, the resistance in the pulmonary vasculature is much _____
Answer: lower
Flashcard 331: What unique antibodies in plasma do patients with the AB blood type have?_____
Answer: none
Flashcard 332: What equation is used to calculate mean arterial pressure using a patient's cardiac output?_____
Answer: MAP = CO x TPR
Flashcard 333: What effect does increased venous tone (decreased compliance) have on mean systemic pressure? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 334: Ideally, blood flow in the cardiovascular system is _____, or streamlined
Answer: laminar
Flashcard 335: Which type of sensory receptor (slowly or quickly adapting) sends a continous signal?_____
Answer: Slowly adapting
Flashcard 336: Cocaine causes vaso-_____ (dilation or constriction)
Answer: constriction
Flashcard 337: Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is directly proportional to PCO2 until PCO2 is > _____ mmHg
Answer: 90
Flashcard 338: When vessels are arranged in _____, the total resistance is less than the resistance of any of the individual arteries
Answer: parallel
Flashcard 339: The slope of the vascular function curve is determined primarily by _____
Answer: total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Flashcard 340: What equation may be used to calculate the blood flow (Q) given pressure and resistance?_____
Answer: Q = P/R
Flashcard 341: The pain is migraines is mediated by vasoactive peptides on meningeal vessels, which cause vaso-_____
Answer: dilation
Flashcard 342: What is the effect of obstructive sleep apnea on pulse pressure?_____
Answer: Increased pulse pressure
Flashcard 343: What effect may adenosine have on blood pressure?_____
Answer: Decreased (hypotension)
Flashcard 344: In response to decreased afferent baroreceptor firing, there is _____ efferent parasympathetic firing (baroreceptor reflex)
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 345: Which substance is released by the SNS to inhibit an erection (detumesecence)?_____
Answer: Norepinephrine
Flashcard 346: Somatostatin secretion is _____ in response to vagal stimulation
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 347: Pulse pressure is _____ proportional to stroke volume
Answer: directly
Flashcard 348: How does plasma protein concentration change with hyposmotic volume expansion (e.g. SIADH)? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 349: How does hematocrit change with hyposmotic volume contraction (e.g. adrenal insufficiency)? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 350: The velocity of shortening of cardiac muscle is maximal when afterload is _____
Answer: zero
Flashcard 351: How does exercise affect total peripheral resistance? _____
Answer: Decreased TPR
Flashcard 352: Stimulation of the lateral area of the hypothalamus is stimulated by _____
Answer: ghrelin
Flashcard 353: Velocity of blood (v) is _____ proportional to the total cross-sectional area
Answer: inversely
Flashcard 354: What does represent in regards to capillary fluid exchange?_____
Answer: Reflection coefficient
Flashcard 355: When a blood vessel is added to a system in series, the total resistance _____
Answer: increases
Flashcard 356: Abnormal secondary hemostasis may occur due to _____ failure, which causes decreased production of coagulation factors
Answer: liver
Flashcard 357: What is the effect of anemia on blood viscosity? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 358: Which organ of the body has the most effective oxygen extraction?_____
Answer: Heart
Flashcard 359: Vasodilation (e.g. following hypertensive therapy) reduces _____-load
Answer: after
Flashcard 360: The blood volume contained in the arteries is called the _____
Answer: stressed volume
Flashcard 361: What is the major factor determing autoregulation of blood flow to the heart?_____
Answer: Local metabolites
Flashcard 362: Kwashiorkor may present with edema (due to decreased plasma _____ pressure) and skin lesions
Answer: oncotic
Flashcard 363: REM sleep is characterized by _____ brain O2 use and variable pulse and blood pressure
Answer: increased
Flashcard 364: Atrial natriuretic peptide generally causes _____ of arterioles
Answer: dilation
Flashcard 365: What effect does increased afterload have on stroke volume? _____
Answer: Decreased SV
Flashcard 366: Increased _____ pressure as a result of mitral stenosis may lead to pulmonary congestion with edema and alveolar hemorrhage
Answer: LA
Flashcard 367: Which coagulation factor(s) are part of the common coagulation cascade? _____
Answer: Factor 10, 5, 2 (thrombin), 1 (fibrinogen)
Flashcard 368: The mean systemic pressure is equal to the right atrial pressure when the venous return is _____
Answer: zero
Flashcard 369: Which type of blood vessel has the greatest capacitance? _____
Answer: Veins
Flashcard 370: _____ is the concept that blood flow to an organ is proportional to its metabolic activity
Answer: Active hyperemia
Flashcard 371: What type of resistance is illustrated by the arrangement of blood vessels within a given organ? _____
Answer: Series resistance
Flashcard 372: In most organs, hypoxia leads to compensatory vaso-_____
Answer: dilation
Flashcard 373: Which type of blood vessel causes the greatest decrease in pressure in a vascular system arranged in series? _____
Answer: Arterioles
Flashcard 374: The magnitude of blood flow (Q) is _____ proportional to the size of the pressure difference between blood vessels
Answer: directly
Flashcard 375: What two factors influence the value for mean systemic pressure? _____
Answer: Blood volume, venous tone
Flashcard 376: Gastrin increases acid secretion primarily through its effects on _____ cells (parietal or ECL)
Answer: ECL
Flashcard 377: What effect does increased heart rate have on cardiac contractility?_____
Answer: Increased contractility (to an extent)
Flashcard 378: How does Aortic Stenosis affect LV EDP and PCWP?_____
Answer: Both are increased
Flashcard 379: Raynaud phenomenon is decreased blood flow to the skin due to arteriolar _____ in response to cold or stress
Answer: vasospasm
Flashcard 380: A _____ in viscosity of blood causes an increase in Reynolds' number
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 381: What does i represent in regards to capillary fluid exchange?_____
Answer: interstitial oncotic pressure
Flashcard 382: Cerebral perfusion is primarily driven by changes in _____
Answer: PCO2
Flashcard 383: An enteropeptidase deficiency will lead to diarrhea, failure to thrive, and edema (due to _____)
Answer: hypoproteinemia
Flashcard 384: Cerebral perfusion pressure is decreased with _____ MAP
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 385: What is the effect of increased temperature on sperm production?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 386: What receptors sense a decrease in plasma volume, providing stimuli to increase ADH secretion?_____
Answer: Baroreceptors
Flashcard 387: What is the approximate normal pressure in the right atrium? _____
Answer: < 5 mmHg
Flashcard 388: What is the effect of acidosis on contractility (and SV)?_____
Answer: Decreased contractility
Keywords: Hemodynamics flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Principles of blood flow (Poiseuille's law)
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Vascular resistance concepts
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Laminar vs. turbulent flow
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Pressure gradients across circulation
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Compliance of blood vessels
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Arterial pressure waveform
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Venous pressure and return
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Pulmonary circulation hemodynamics
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Autoregulation mechanisms
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Orthostatic changes in hemodynamics
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Shock states pathophysiology
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Hemodynamic monitoring principles
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Microcirculation physiology
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