Cardiovascular — Flashcards

Flashcard 661: Why are left-sided valvular lesions not seen in a patient with carcinoid heart disease?_____

Answer: blood passes through the lung, which contains MAO, thus converting 5-HT to 5-HIAA before reaching the left heart

Flashcard 662: Which primary lymphoid organ is the site for immune cell production? (Bonus: What is the survival signal?)

Answer: Bone marrow Bonus: IL-7

Extra: Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) are the sites where lymphocytes are produced and undergo maturation. 1. **Bone marrow**: The site of hematopoiesis (production of all immune cells) and the site of B-cell maturation. 2. **Thymus**: The site of T-cell maturation (T-cells are produced in the bone marrow but migrate to the thymus). 3. **IL-7**: A critical cytokine produced by stromal cells in the primary lymphoid organs that acts as a survival and proliferation signal for lymphoid progenitors.

Flashcard 663: Pregnancy is characterized by steadily _____ levels of estrogen and progesterone

Answer: increasing

Flashcard 664: What neurotransmitter is released by the globus pallidus internus in the basal ganglia pathway (direct and indirect)? _____

Answer: GABA (Inhibitory)

Flashcard 665: What cellular adhesion molecule aids in transmigration during leukocyte extravasation?

Answer: PECAM-1 (CD31)

Flashcard 666: Decreased activity of which dopaminergic pathway produces prolactin excess? _____

Answer: Tuberoinfundibular pathway

Flashcard 667: Pulsus alternans refers to the beat-to-beat variation in pulse amplitude due to a change in _____ blood pressure

Answer: systolic

Flashcard 668: What effect does beta-2 adrenergic activation have on serum K+ levels?

Answer: Decreased (hypokalemia)

Flashcard 669: _____ are young RBCs released from the bone marrow

Answer: Reticulocytes

Flashcard 670: The bipolar cells of the retina synapse with _____ cells, which are the output cells of the retina

Answer: ganglion