Cardiovascular — Flashcards

Flashcard 151: Does a vasectomy change the volume of ejaculate substantially? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 152: What type of nerve fibers sense sharp pain & cold in the lateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord? _____

Answer: III and A-delta

Flashcard 153: _____ cells function as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems

Answer: Dendritic

Flashcard 154: Does loss of the lacrimation reflex prevent formation of emotional tears? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 155: Which electrolyte disturbances cause arrhythmias and muscle weakness? _____

Answer: Low and high K+

Extra: Hypokalemia (low K+) also commonly presents with muscle cramps and spasms.

Flashcard 156: Does the adrenal medulla have postganglionic sympathetic fibers? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Sympathetic innervation of the adrenal medulla Innervation (left) and synaptic signaling of chromaffin cells (right) in the adrenal medulla. 1 and 2: Preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the thoracic spine directly innervate the chromaffin cells, which are neuroendocrine cells similar in structure to sympathetic neurons. 3. An action potential opens a voltage-gated calcium channel. 4. The increased calcium ion concentration within the synaptic cell triggers the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from vesicles into the synaptic cleft. 5. The nicotinic ACh receptors on the chromaffin cells are ligand-gated ion channels. The influx of sodium ions triggers depolarization of the cell, which leads to the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels. 6. The increased calcium ion concentration within the chromaffin cell triggers the secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine from the secretory granules into the bloodstream. Approx. 80% of chromaffin cells produce epinephrine, while only 20% produce norepinephrine. 7. The predominant serum catecholamine is norepinephrine (80%). This increase in serum norepinephrine occurs because norepinephrine is also secreted as a neurotransmitter by the postganglionic fibers from the sympathetic trunk, while epinephrine is produced almost exclusively by the adrenal gland.

Flashcard 157: Which interleukin is primarily responsible for attenuating the inflammatory response? _____

Answer: IL-10

Flashcard 158: In general, leukotrienes cause _____ vascular permeability

Answer: increased

Flashcard 159: Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B-cell maturation? _____

Answer: Bone marrow

Extra: Atlas:

Flashcard 160: In the fetal period, the ductus arteriosus acts as a(n) _____-to-_____ shunt

Answer: right