Cardiovascular US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Cardiovascular with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Cardiovascular Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 151: Which immune cell(s) secretes IL-12?
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Answer: Macrophages
Extra:
Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/inflammatory-response?index=8]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 152: Does a vasectomy change the volume of ejaculate substantially?
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Answer: No
Extra:
https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 153: What type of nerve fibers sense sharp pain & cold in the lateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord?
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Answer: III and A-delta
Extra:
Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=8]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 154: Does loss of the lacrimation reflex prevent formation of emotional tears?
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Answer: No
Extra:
Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=15]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 155: _____ cells function as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems
Answer: Dendritic
Extra:
Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=4]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 156: Does the adrenal medulla have postganglionic sympathetic fibers?
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Answer: No
Extra:
Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]
Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=10]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Sympathetic innervation of the adrenal medulla
Innervation (left) and synaptic signaling of chromaffin cells (right) in the adrenal medulla.
1 and 2: Preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the thoracic spine directly innervate the chromaffin cells, which are neuroendocrine cells similar in structure to sympathetic neurons.
3. An action potential opens a voltage-gated calcium channel.
4. The increased calcium ion concentration within the synaptic cell triggers the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from vesicles into the synaptic cleft.
5. The nicotinic ACh receptors on the chromaffin cells are ligand-gated ion channels. The influx of sodium ions triggers depolarization of the cell, which leads to the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels.
6. The increased calcium ion concentration within the chromaffin cell triggers the secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine from the secretory granules into the bloodstream. Approx. 80% of chromaffin cells produce epinephrine, while only 20% produce norepinephrine.
7. The predominant serum catecholamine is norepinephrine (80%). This increase in serum norepinephrine occurs because norepinephrine is also secreted as a neurotransmitter by the postganglionic fibers from the sympathetic trunk, while epinephrine is produced almost exclusively by the adrenal gland.
Flashcard 157: Which electrolyte disturbances cause arrhythmias, muscle cramps, spasm, and weakness?
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Answer: Low and high K+
Extra:
Watch Potassium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-potassium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=4]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/potassium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 158: Which interleukin is primarily responsible for attenuating the inflammatory response?
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Answer: IL-10
Extra:
Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=6]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 159: In general, leukotrienes cause _____ vascular permeability
Answer: increased
Extra:
https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 160: Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B-cell maturation?
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Answer: Bone marrow
Extra:
Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/lymphoid-tissue?index=2]
https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/b-cell-maturation/acquire?ref=anki
Atlas:
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