Inflammation — Flashcards
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Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is characterized by "_____" of capillaries on light microscopy
Lymph node biopsy in cat scratch disease reveals _____ resembling those seen in sarcoidosis
Which type of granuloma exhibits central necrosis? _____
Is damage in the zone of hyperemia reversible (and if yes, does it need treatment)? _____
Osteoarthritis may present with a(n) _____, characterized by inflamed granulation tissue inside the joint capsule
What component of granulation tissue deposits type III collagen? _____
Granuloma formation: Th1 cells secrete _____, which converts macrophages to epithelioid histiocytes and giant cells
Histology of type 1 diabetes mellitus demonstrates islets with _____
E-selectin expression is induced by _____ and _____
What other clinical pathology is inflammatory carcinoma of the breast often mistaken with? _____
Inflammation US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Inflammation with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Inflammation Flashcard Deck - 351 Cards
Flashcard 1: Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is characterized by "_____" of capillaries on light microscopy
Answer: wire looping
Extra: Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephritic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 2: Lymph node biopsy in cat scratch disease reveals _____ resembling those seen in sarcoidosis
Answer: stellate granulomas
Extra: Watch Bartonella henselae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-bartonella-henselae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 3: Which type of granuloma exhibits central necrosis? _____
Answer: Caseating granulomas
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 4: Is damage in the zone of hyperemia reversible (and if yes, does it need treatment)? _____
Answer: Yes, without treatment
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 5: Osteoarthritis may present with a(n) _____, characterized by inflamed granulation tissue inside the joint capsule
Answer: pannus
Extra: Watch Osteoarthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-osteoarthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 6: What component of granulation tissue deposits type III collagen? _____
Answer: Fibroblasts
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 7: Granuloma formation: Th1 cells secrete _____, which converts macrophages to epithelioid histiocytes and giant cells
Answer: IFN-γ
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 8: Histology of type 1 diabetes mellitus demonstrates islets with _____
Answer: leukocytic infiltrate (inflammation)
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 9: E-selectin expression is induced by _____ and _____
Answer: IL-1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 10: What other clinical pathology is inflammatory carcinoma of the breast often mistaken with? _____
Answer: Acute mastitis
Extra: Watch Benign Breast Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-benign-breast-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/breast-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 11: Serum sickness presents with fever, urticaria, arthralgia, proteinuria, and lymphadenopathy _____ - _____ weeks after antigen exposure
Answer: 1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: most commonly caused by β-lactams and sulfa drugs; symptoms typically resolve with withdrawal of the offending agent
Flashcard 12: Osteoarthritis starts as a result of the release of _____ from chondrocytes, which exacerbates the inflammation via a positive feedback loop
Answer: cytokines
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 13: In RA, macrophages, pathogens, and synovial tissue express peptidylarginine deaminase, which converts arginine residues to citrulline leading to antigen presentation and activation of _____ cells
Answer: CD4+ helper T
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 14: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Goodpasture syndrome? _____
Answer: Type II HSR
Extra: Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 15: What component of granulation tissue provides nutrients? _____
Answer: Capillaries
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 16: What is the mode of inheritance of Familial Mediterranean fever? _____
Answer: Autosomal recessive
Extra: Watch Amyloidosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-amyloidosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by cross-linking IgE on presensitized mast cells and basophils? _____
Answer: Type I HSR
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 18: What abnormal cell (seen on blood smear) is associated with infectious mononucleosis? _____
Answer: Atypical lymphocytes (reactive CD8+ T-cells)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 19: _____ mastitis is inflammation of subareolar ducts
Answer: Periductal
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 20: How do phagocytes in CGD patients kill catalase-negative organisms? _____
Answer: Use H2O2 produced by invading organisms to produce HClO-
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 21: Which arthritis, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, is characterized by inflammatory synovial fluid (WBC > 5000/mm3)? _____
Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis
Extra: Watch Rheumatoid Arthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-rheumatoid-arthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/approach-to-joint-pain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 22: The combination of dilatation (aneurysms) and narrowing (fibrosis) in polyarteritis nodosa gives blood vessels a(n) _____ appearance on imaging
Answer: "string of pearls"
Extra: * due to different stages of inflammation in different areas * "string of beads" appearance - fibromuscular dysplasia Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 23: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is chronic autoimmune gastritis? _____
Answer: Type IV (T-cell mediated)
Extra: * This is not peculiar to autoimmune gastritis, most autoimmune diseases are also type 4 hypersensitivity reactions but they have positive antibodies in the serum which have diagnostic significance. The way I think of it, after these cells have been destroyed by the cellular immune response, intracellular antigens are taken up by B cells which differentiate and secrete antibodies against these antigens* Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 24: _____ leprosy is associated with a strong Th1-cell response, allowing for cell-mediated immunity
Answer: Tuberculoid
Extra: Watch Leprae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-mycobacteria-mycobacterium-leprae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 25: Acute inflammation typically results in resolution and healing, which is mediated by _____ and TGF-β
Answer: IL-10
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/inflammatory-response?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 26: Gallbladder distension, pressure necrosis, and perforation may occur in _____ due worsening inflammation
Answer: acute cholecystitis
Extra: * gallbladder distension increases intraluminal pressure Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/pancreatic-and-biliary-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 27: What is the most common cause of chronic inflammation? _____
Answer: Persistent infection
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 28: One cardinal sign of inflammation is _____, or loss of function
Answer: Functio laesa
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 29: _____ are liver produced factors whose serum concentrations change significantly in response to inflammation
Answer: Acute phase reactants
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 30: Acute pyelonephritis may present with _____ in the urine +/- WBC casts
Answer: WBCs
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 31: Histologically, Hashimoto thyroiditis is associated with chronic inflammation with well-developed _____
Answer: germinal centers
Extra: Watch Hypothyroidism Overview & Hashimotos Thyroiditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-overview-and-hashimotos-thyroiditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 32: What vasculitis is a granulomatous, necrotizing vasculitis with eosinophilia? _____
Answer: Churg-Strauss syndrome (eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis)
Extra: Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 33: The _____ is a cytoplasmic protein complex that recognizes products of dead cells, microbial products, and crystals
Answer: inflammasome
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 34: Type II HSRs can cause pathology by inducing _____, causing abnormal blockade or activation/inactivation of downstream cellular processes
Answer: cellular dysfunction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 35: Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by circulating immune complexes? _____
Answer: Type III HSR
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 36: Henoch-Schonlein purpura is a form of _____-vessel vasculitis
Answer: small
Extra: Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 37: Multiple sclerosis is characterized histologically by _____ inflammatory infiltrates
Answer: perivenular
Extra: Watch Multiple Sclerosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-spinal-cord-and-peripheral-nerve-multiple-sclerosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 38: One cardinal sign of inflammation is _____, or redness
Answer: rubor
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 39: What cellular adhesion molecule aids in transmigration during leukocyte extravasation? _____
Answer: PECAM-1 (CD31)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 40: During Sjrogren's syndrome, excessive lymphocytic infiltrate will interact with B cells leading to formation of _____ within salivary glands
Answer: germinal centers
Extra: * b/c germinal centers are the site of B cell maturation and are usually only found in lymphoid tissue https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 41: Inflammatory vasculitides affecting the aorta (e.g. temporal arteritis, Takayasu arteritis) can lead to _____ formation
Answer: aortic aneurysm
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 42: Granulomatous diseases are associated with _____, due to increased 1α-hydroxylase in epithelioid histiocytes
Answer: hypercalcemia
Extra: * 1-alpha-hydroxylase is produced in the granulomas Watch Sarcoidosis & Berylliosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-sarcoidosis-and-berylliosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 43: Early involvement of cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis may present with _____
Answer: palpable purpura
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: Inflammation following brain infarction (e.g. meningitis/encephalitis) may cause cerebral edema resulting in _____ intracranial hypertension
Answer: vasogenic
Extra: Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Intracranial Hypertension (ICH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 45: In the setting of chronic inflammation, macrophages can be activated to M2 macrophages by stimulation from Th2 cells, resulting in a(n) _____ phenotype
Answer: antiinflammatory
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/inflammatory-response?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 46: Lymphocytosis often occurs in response to _____ infections
Answer: viral
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 47: Which peripheral nerve layer contains inflammatory infiltrate in Guillain-Barré syndrome? _____
Answer: Endoneurium
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/nervous-system?index=24] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 48: What microscopic changes occur from 1 - 3 days post-MI? _____
Answer: Neutrophils (acute inflammation)
Extra: * may also see punctate hemorrhages on histology Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-acute-myocardial-infarction-and-post-mi-timeline?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 49: What histological findings are associated with Subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain)? _____
Answer: Granulomatous inflammation
Extra: Watch Hypothyroidism Other Causes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-other-causes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 50: The key mediators of redness and warmth in inflammation are _____, prostaglandins, bradykinin and NO
Answer: histamine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 51: Acute inflammation may result in _____ formation, which is acute inflammation surrounded by fibrosis
Answer: abscess
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 52: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is a Type _____ hypersensitivity reaction
Answer: III
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 53: Inflammation in the lung normally leads to release of _____ by neutrophils and macrophages
Answer: proteases
Extra: Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 54: Which immune cell mediates the tissue damage in Celiac disease? _____
Answer: Helper T cells
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 55: Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis is a(n) _____ vessel vasculitis that can be seen in patients with HCV
Answer: small
Extra: Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: Shigella causes _____ diarrhea
Answer: bloody
Extra: Watch Shigella spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-shigella-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 57: Cord factor of Mycobacteria tuberculosis stimulates _____ formation via induction of TNF-a
Answer: granuloma
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 58: Which cytokine is responsible for maintaining granulomas in TB infection? _____
Answer: TNF-α (from macrophages)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/inflammatory-response?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 59: _____ orchitis involves the granulomatous inflammation of the seminiferous tubules of testicles
Answer: Autoimmune
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 60: A biopsy of a patient with _____ will reveal granulomas consisting of histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells and cigar-shaped budding yeast
Answer: sporotrichosis (sporothrix schenckii)
Extra: Watch Sporothrix schenckii [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-cutaneous-mycoses-sporothrix-schenckii?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: What HLA subtype is associated with hay fever? _____
Answer: DR2
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 62: Hereditary angioedema may be diagnosed by _____ and confirmed with ↓ C1 inhibitor protein or function
Answer: ↓ C4 levels
Extra: * deficiency C1 inhibitor -> increased kallikrein activation -> increased conversion of kininogen to bradykinin Watch Complement System Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-complement-system-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/complement?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 63: Berylliosis is characterized by a(n) _____ histology and therefore is occasionally responsive to treatment with steroids
Answer: granulomatous
Extra: Watch Sarcoidosis & Berylliosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-sarcoidosis-and-berylliosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 64: Inflammation in Riedel's thyroiditis _____ to surrounding tissue
Answer: spreads
Extra: Watch Hypothyroidism Other Causes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-other-causes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 65: Granulation tissue consists of type _____ collagen, capillaries, and myofibroblasts
Answer: III
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 66: On histology, patients with postpartum thyroiditis exhibit a(n) _____ infiltrate with occasional germinal center formation
Answer: lymphocytic
Extra: * also known as subcute lymphocytic thyroiditis Watch Hypothyroidism Other Causes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-other-causes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Syndrome is an overuse injury caused by inflammation of the apophysis located on the _____
Answer: inferior pole of the patella
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 68: What are two specific symptoms of Rickettsia spp. infection? _____
Answer: Rash and Vasculitis
Extra: Watch Rickettsia overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-rickettsia-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: Patients with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis have deposition of immune complexes in the _____, peripheral nervous system, and the kidney
Answer: skin
Extra: Watch Small Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-small-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: _____ and _____ are cellular adhesion molecules that are upregulated on endothelium during leukocyte adhesion
Answer: ICAM-1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 71: Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune destruction of _____ between basal cells and the underlying basement membrane
Answer: hemidesmosomes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/bullous-diseases/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 72: Gout is caused by deposition of _____ crystals in tissues, especially the joints
Answer: monosodium urate (MSU)
Extra: Watch Gout & Pseudogout [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-gout-and-pseudogout?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/dna-structure?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 73: Areas of necrosis and diminished blood supply facilitate the growth of _____ bacteria
Answer: anaerobic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 74: Rheumatoid arthritis is a type _____ hypersensitivity reaction
Answer: III
Extra: Watch Rheumatoid Arthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-rheumatoid-arthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 75: Biopsy of a patient with giant cell (temporal) arteritis reveals an inflamed vessel with _____ cells and focal granulomatous inflammation
Answer: giant
Extra: Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 76: Nephritic syndrome is typically associated with immune-complex deposition, which activates _____
Answer: complement (e.g. C5a)
Extra: Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephritic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki Step Up to Medicine: Other:
Flashcard 77: Which interleukin is a major chemotactic for neutrophils? _____
Answer: IL-8
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 78: Histology of Lymphocytic Hypophysitis displays an abundance of _____
Answer: lymphocytes (blue nuclei)
Extra: * https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 79: Which interleukin is primarily responsible for stimulating IgA production? _____
Answer: IL-5
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/b-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 80: EBV infection results in lymphocytosis comprised of reactive CD_____+ T cells
Answer: 8
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 81: ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression are induced by _____ and _____
Answer: TNF
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 82: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is rheumatic fever? _____
Answer: Type II HSR (inflammation)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 83: Which region of the lymph node enlarges during an extreme cellular immune reponse (e.g. viral infection)? _____
Answer: Paracortex
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/lymphoid-tissue?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 84: _____ is defined as epidermal accumulation of edematous fluid in intercellular spaces (e.g. eczematous dermatitis)
Answer: Spongiosis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/general-principles?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: Which type of leukocyte has a large, kidney shaped nucleus with a "frosted glass" cytoplasm? _____
Answer: Monocyte
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 86: What component of granulation tissue mediates wound contraction? _____
Answer: Myofibroblasts
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 87: CD-_____ is a co-receptor for TLR4 found on macrophages that recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gram-negative bacteria
Answer: 14
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: Endothelial injury leads to upregulation of _____, which promote leukocyte adhesion and activation at the site of injury
Answer: leukocyte adhesion molecules
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 89: Type _____ HSRs may occur via delayed-type hypersensitivity, which involves CD4+ T-cells
Answer: IV
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: Transudate is characterized by _____ LDH compared to serum
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome-ards?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/ards/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 91: Which type of transplant rejection presents with vascular smooth muscle proliferation, parenchymal atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis? _____
Answer: Chronic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 92: What color are MSU crystals (gout) when under perpendicular light? _____
Answer: Blue
Extra: Watch Gout & Pseudogout [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-gout-and-pseudogout?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 93: Which blood transfusion reaction is caused by 1) cytokines that are created by WBCs and accumulate during the storage of blood products -or- 2) host antibodies against donor HLA antigens/WBCs? _____
Answer: Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction
Extra: FA2020: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 94: Miliary tuberculosis develops when the infection is disseminated into the _____
Answer: blood (bacteremia)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 95: Which type of transplant rejection is due to pre-existing recipient antibodies to donor antigen? _____
Answer: Hyperacute
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 96: _____ on the surface of blood cells protects against complement-mediated damage by inhibiting C3 convertase
Answer: Decay accelerating factor (DAF)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 97: Advanced rheumatoid arthritis may cause _____ (near-fused joints) and _____ (fibrovascular synovial hyperplasia)
Answer: fibrous ankylosis
Extra: Watch Rheumatoid Arthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-rheumatoid-arthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki Pannus: a mass of edamtous synovium, inflammatory cells, granulation tissue, and fibroblasts that grows over the articular cartilage and causes erosion. Basically, it is an abnormal layer of fibrovascular tissue or granulation tissue. Common sites for pannus formation include over the cornea, over a joint surface (as seen in rheumatoid arthritis), or on a prosthetic heart valve. Pannus (P) proliferates and releases cks (e.g. ILs, TNF) that eventually destroy the articular cartilage, leading to fusion of the joint by scar tissue (called ankylosis). Bone erosions are caused by osteoclasts.
Flashcard 98: Epithelioid histiocytes are _____ with abundant pink cytoplasm
Answer: macrophages
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 99: What type of hypersensitivity is type 1 DM? _____
Answer: type IV HSR
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 100: Which complement deficiency results in increased risk for Systemic lupus erythematosus / Glomerulonephritis? _____
Answer: Early Complement Deficiencies (C1-C4)
Extra: Watch Complement System Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-complement-system-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 101: Granulomas due to sarcoidosis often have characteristic _____-shaped inclusions ('asteroid bodies') within giant cells
Answer: stellate
Extra: Watch Sarcoidosis & Berylliosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-sarcoidosis-and-berylliosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 102: Chronic rhinosinusitis frequently causes _____ cysts in the maxillary sinus
Answer: mucus retention
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 103: One cardinal sign of inflammation is _____, or pain
Answer: dolor
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 104: Which complement proteins are part of the membrane attack complex (MAC)? _____
Answer: C5b-C9
Extra: Watch Complement System Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-complement-system-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 105: Which inflammatory dermatitis has a "saw-tooth" appearance histologically? _____
Answer: Lichen planus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal/inflammatory-dermatoses/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 106: Acne vulgaris is due to chronic inflammation of hair follicles and associated _____ glands, which secrete its contents through a(n) _____ mechanism
Answer: sebaceous
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/superficial-skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 107: Type I HSR occurs due to cross-linking of Ig_____ on presensitized mast cells and basophils by antigen
Answer: E
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 108: Type _____ HSRs may occur via direct cell cytotoxicity, which involves CD8+ T cells
Answer: IV
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 109: Which type(s) of hypersensitivity reactions are antibody-mediated? _____
Answer: I, II, and III
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 110: Pathogenesis of polymyositis begins with increased expression of _____ on the sarcolemma
Answer: MHC I
Extra: * "1 sample" & "Mesquite History Chicken" = MHC I; * Abundant MHC I flags on surface of striped meat: expression of MHC I on sarcolemma (mislabeled in sketchy) * Over-expression of MHC I proteins on the sarcolemma leads to infiltration with CD8+ T cells and myocyte damage Watch Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 111: Acute interstitial nephritis is characterized histologically by _____ in the connective tissue between renal tubules
Answer: inflammatory infiltrate
Extra: Watch Tubulointerstitial Nephritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-tubulointerstitial-nephritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 112: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a mixed type _____/_____ hypersensitivity reaction
Answer: III
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 113: What type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs in polyarteritis nodosa? _____
Answer: Type III (immune-complex mediated)
Extra: Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 114: Following leukocyte extravasation, pathogens or necrotic tissue are consumed by _____
Answer: phagocytosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 115: Inflammation in dermato-myositis is mediated by CD-_____+ T cells
Answer: 4
Extra: * Damages capillaries and muscle fibers Watch Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 116: Chronic gout may lead to formation of a(n) _____, which is a layer of granulation tissue inside the joint capsule due to ongoing inflammation
Answer: pannus
Extra: Watch Gout & Pseudogout [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-gout-and-pseudogout?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 117: What color are calcium pyrophosphate crystals (pseudogout) when under parallel light? _____
Answer: Blue
Extra: Watch Gout & Pseudogout [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-gout-and-pseudogout?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 118: Allergic rhinitis is characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate with _____
Answer: eosinophils
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 119: Shigella causes a(n) _____ diarrhea, with the presence of blood and leukocytes
Answer: inflammatory
Extra: Watch Shigella spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-shigella-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 120: Bacterial meningitis is associated with significantly increased _____ in the CSF
Answer: Neutrophils
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 121: Which reaction to monoclonal antibodies includes skin rash, fever, and arthralgias? _____
Answer: Serum sickness
Extra: Watch Rituximab, cetuximab, bevacizumab, alemtuzumab, trastuzumab [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics/videos/medical-pharmacology-antineoplastics-kinase-inhibitors-and-monoclonal-antibodies-rituximab-cetuximab-bevacizumab-alemtuzumab-trastuzumab?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 122: CD4+ Th cell response to M. tuberculosis is most likely to occur _____ week(s) after exposure
Answer: 2-4
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 123: Which joint pathology is caused by a synovitis leading to formation of a pannus (inflamed granulation tissue)? _____
Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis
Extra: Watch Rheumatoid Arthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-rheumatoid-arthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 124: What cytokine is produced by macrophages to recruit neutrophils for persistent acute inflammation? _____
Answer: IL-8
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 125: Microglia are activated in response to _____
Answer: tissue damage
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cellular-function?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 126: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate _____ in inflammatory conditions
Answer: increases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 127: Which leukocyte is most involved in an acute inflammatory response? _____
Answer: Neutrophils
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 128: Francisella tularensis is a zoonotic bacteria that forms caseating granulomas with regional _____
Answer: lymphadenopathy
Extra: Watch Francisella tularensis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-francisella-tularensis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 129: Alcoholic hepatitis is characterized by _____ of hepatocytes with necrosis and neutrophilic infiltration
Answer: swelling
Extra: Watch Alcoholic & Non alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-alcoholic-and-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/viral-hepatitis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 130: Which type of granuloma is characteristic of tuberculosis and fungal infections? _____
Answer: Caseating granulomas
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 131: Left shifts are usually seen with neutrophilia in the acute response to _____ or tissue necrosis
Answer: bacterial infection
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 132: Mast cells may be activated by cross-linking of cell-surface _____ by antigen
Answer: IgE
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 133: Which arthritis is characterized by joint space narrowing, erosions, and periarticular osteopenia on imaging? _____
Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis
Extra: Watch Rheumatoid Arthritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-rheumatoid-arthritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 134: The pathogenesis of Gout/Pseudogout involves Pattern Recognition Receptors detecting crystalline deposits (uric acid / calcium pyrophosphate) in joints, which in response leads to an inflammatory cascade mediated by IL-1, causing the joint to be invaded by _____
Answer: neutrophils
Extra: Watch Gout & Pseudogout [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-gout-and-pseudogout?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/mitosis-meiosis-and-the-cell-cycle?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki
Flashcard 135: In Riedel's thyroiditis, release of _____ leads to fibroblast activation and fibrosis
Answer: cytokines (e.g. TGF-β, IL-13)
Extra: Watch Hypothyroidism Other Causes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-other-causes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 136: _____ can trigger autoimmunity (e.g. cigarette smoke -> rheumatoid arthritis); environmental factors may also trigger autoimmunity
Answer: Toxins
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 137: Early lesions of polyarteritis nodosa are characterized by transmural inflammation with _____
Answer: fibrinoid necrosis
Extra: * Late lesions of polyarteritis nodosa are characterized by fibrosis Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 138: Asthma pathogenesis: TH2 cells secrete IL-_____ which mediates class switching to IgE
Answer: 4
Extra: Watch Asthma & Bronchiectasis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-asthma-and-bronchiectasis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 139: Acute interstitial nephritis may present with _____ casts in the urine
Answer: WBC
Extra: Watch Tubulointerstitial Nephritis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-acute-kidney-injury-tubulointerstitial-nephritis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/kidney-injury?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 140: Pseudogout is caused by deposition of _____ crystals in tissues, especially the joints
Answer: calcium pyrophosphate
Extra: *Hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of moveable joints is termed articular cartilage Watch Gout & Pseudogout [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-gout-and-pseudogout?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 141: _____ is defined as inflammation of the blood vessel wall
Answer: Vasculitis
Extra: Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 142: Which cells release proteolytic enzymes in response to brain abscess, causing liquefactive necrosis? _____
Answer: Neutrophils
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 143: In IgM-mediated hemolytic anemia, RBCs inactivate complement but residual C3b serves as an opsonin for splenic macrophages, resulting in _____ formation
Answer: spherocyte
Extra: * Error in sketchy- confirmed with Uworld Watch G6PD Deficiency & Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-g6pd-deficiency-and-autoimmune-hemolytic-anemia-aiha?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 144: TNF-α is a cytokine released from _____ that mediates cachexia and shock
Answer: macrophages
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/inflammatory-response?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 145: Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) on endothelial cells bind _____ on leukocytes, resulting in firm adhesion to the vessel wall
Answer: integrins
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 146: One cardinal sign of inflammation is _____, or warmth
Answer: calor
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 147: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) can present with granulomas (may contain multinucleated giant cells) in _____
Answer: any organs
Extra: Watch Phagocytic Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-phagocytic-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 148: Psoriasis may be associated with _____, which are collections of neutrophils in the stratum corneum
Answer: Munro microabscesses
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal/inflammatory-dermatoses/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 149: Serum sickness-like reactions are associated with some drugs acting as _____ and infections (ex. HBV)
Answer: haptens (ex. penicillin)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 150: Which inflammatory dermatitis presents with hypergranulosis? _____
Answer: Lichen planus
Extra: * Hypergranulosis is defined as increased thickness of the stratum granulosum (e.g. Lichen planus) Watch Vulvar & Vaginal Lesions [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-uterine-and-vulvovaginal-disorders-vulvar-and-vaginal-lesions?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-skin?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal/inflammatory-dermatoses/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 151: Dermato-myositis is characterized by _____-mysial inflammation with perifascicular atrophy on biopsy
Answer: peri
Extra: Watch Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-autoimmune-and-amyloidosis-polymyositis-and-dermatomyositis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 152: Exudate is characterized by _____ LDH compared to serum
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 153: The lesions of giant cell (temporal) arteritis are _____, therefore diagnosis requires biopsy of a long segment of the vessel
Answer: segmental
Extra: Watch Large & Medium Vessel Vasculitides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-vascular/videos/medical-pathophysiology-vascular-vasculitides-large-and-medium-vessel-vasculitides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/vascular/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 154: Pannus formation on X-ray = _____
Answer: rheumatoid arthritis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/rheumatoid-arthritis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 155: In aortic dissection, _____ may occur due to direct extension causing hemothorax or from inflammation
Answer: pleural effusion
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pleural-effusion/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 156: Enthesitis = inflammation of _____
Answer: attachments to bone
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 157: Synovial fluid analysis in patients with gout is characterized by _____-shaped crystals made of monosodium urate, that are _____-birefringent
Answer: needle
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 158: What is the pathology of pharyngitis? _____
Answer: Viral or Group A Strep Viral >> GAS
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 159: Which complement deficiency is associated with increased risk for Neisseria infection? _____
Answer: C5-C9
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 160: Needle-shaped, (-) birefringent monosodium urate crystals is suggestive of _____
Answer: Gout
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/monoarticuloarthropathy/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 161: _____ pain presents as constant and localized and fever/leukocytosis
Answer: Inflammatory
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/abdominal-pain/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 162: What type of Strep. pyogenes infection precipitates post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis? _____
Answer: Pharyngitis Impetigo
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/superficial-skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 163: What is the pathophysiology of reactive amyloidosis (secondary amyloidosis)? _____ → increased production of _____ → deposition of _____ in various organs
Answer: Chronic inflammatory process
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 164: _____ is an inflammatory infiltrate in the anterior chamber of the eye
Answer: Hypopyon
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 165: Patient presents with anaphylaxis following a blood transfusion _____
Answer: IgA deficiency
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 166: What is a pilonidal cyst? _____
Answer: Abscessed hair follicle
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/colorectal/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 167: Pathophysiology of psoriasis? _____
Answer: Autoimmune disease causing proliferation of keratinocytes w/ excessive accumulation of the stratum corneum. D/t dysregulation of T-Helper cells
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/papulosquamous/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 168: What is the general term for this? _____
Answer: An abscess is a localized collection of pus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 169: Left shifts are usually seen with neutrophilia in the acute response to _____ or tissue necrosis
Answer: bacterial infection
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 170: What is the pathophysiology of vision loss associated with giant cell arteritis (GCA)? _____
Answer: Inflammation of branches of the ICA (e.g. posterior ciliary arterial branches of the ophthalmic artery)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 171: _____ is a type of vasculitis that may be associated with erythema nodosum
Answer: Takayasu arteritis
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Flashcard 172: Contact dermatitis = _____
Answer: type IV hypersensitivity
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/eczematous-rashes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 173: (+) lactoferrin test = _____ infections
Answer: bacterial
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 174: Dermatitis herpetiformis is an autoimmune deposition of Ig_____ at the tips of dermal papillae
Answer: A
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Flashcard 175: When testing for mixed cryoglobulinemia with the cryoprecipitation test, positive results are possible within _____
Answer: 72 hours
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Flashcard 176: Lymphadenitis due to staph aureus or strep pyogenes often progresses to _____ and _____, which are identified by fluctuance on exam
Answer: suppuration
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 177: Perimysial inflammation is seen in _____ Endomysial inflammation is seen in _____
Answer: dermatomyositis
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Flashcard 178: Plantar fasciitis is characterized by _____ pain
Answer: heel
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/ortho-injuries/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 179: Lower/middle lobe granulomas and hilar lymph node swelling (Ghon complex) is characteristic of _____
Answer: primary TB infection
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/tb/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 180: What does the lichen planus look like? Symptoms? _____ Where is it usually found? _____ Etiology? _____
Answer: Intensely pruritic pink or purple flat topped papules w/ a reticulated network of fine white lines
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/papulosquamous/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 181: Couple of patients were conducted in a study. -One of the male patients is hospitalized with right knee pain and swelling. -A sample of his synovial fluid shows negatively birefringent crystals under polarized light microscopy. -To achieve rapid improvement in patient's symptoms, therapy should be directed toward inhibiting what types of cells?
Answer: Neutrophils because it's the main WBC that is causing inflammation by phagocytose uric acid crystals and create more neutrophils with different cytokines.
Flashcard 182: Which type of hypersensitivity mediates anaphylaxis (e.g. food, drug, or bee sting allergies)?_____
Answer: Type I
Flashcard 183: What color are calcium pyrophosphate crystals (pseudogout) when under parallel light? _____
Answer: Blue
Flashcard 184: Which class of helper T cell when deficient results in Hyper-IgE syndrome?_____
Answer: Th17
Flashcard 185: Which type(s) of hypersensitivity reactions are antibody-mediated? _____
Answer: I, II, and III
Flashcard 186: IgE cross-links when exposed to allergen, mediating type _____ hypersensitivity reactions
Answer: I
Flashcard 187: What HLA subtype is associated with hay fever? _____
Answer: DR2
Flashcard 188: Which is more common, serum sickness or arthus reaction? _____
Answer: Serum sickness
Flashcard 189: What type of hypersensitivity is allergic transfusion reaction?_____
Answer: Type I HSR
Flashcard 190: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is SLE? _____
Answer: Type III* HSR (immune complex deposition)
Flashcard 191: _____ leprosy is unable to be contained within macrophages, allowing for diffuse inflammatory damage
Answer: Lepromatous
Flashcard 192: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is rheumatic fever? _____
Answer: Type II HSR (inflammation)
Flashcard 193: Which type of transplant rejection occurs within minutes? _____
Answer: Hyperacute
Flashcard 194: The gross appearance of inflammatory breast cancer is often described as resembling an _____ (due to invasion of lymphatic spaces)
Answer: orange peel (Peau d'orange)
Flashcard 195: Pathogenesis of asthma involves allergens inducing a TH_____ phenotype in CD4+ T cells of genetically susceptible individuals
Answer: 2
Flashcard 196: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Pernicious anemia? _____
Answer: Type IV HSR
Flashcard 197: SCID is characterized by absent _____ on flow cytometry
Answer: T cells
Flashcard 198: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Goodpasture syndrome? _____
Answer: Type II HSR
Flashcard 199: _____ is characterized by retinal edema and necrosis, leading to scar formation
Answer: Retinitis
Flashcard 200: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is hyperacute transplant rejection? _____
Answer: Type II HSR (inflammation)
Flashcard 201: Transudate is characterized by _____ LDH compared to serum
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 202: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is polyarteritis nodosa? _____
Answer: Type III
Flashcard 203: Which type of granuloma is characteristic of tuberculosis and fungal infections? _____
Answer: Caseating granulomas
Flashcard 204: Are acute phase reactants produced by liver in acute or chronic inflammatory states?_____
Answer: Both
Flashcard 205: Which cytokine is responsible for maintaining granulomas in TB infection? _____
Answer: TNF- (from macrophages)
Flashcard 206: Cord factor of Mycobacteria tuberculosis stimulates _____ formation via induction of TNF-a
Answer: granuloma
Flashcard 207: _____ orchitis involves the granulomatous inflammation of the seminiferous tubules of testicles
Answer: Autoimmune
Flashcard 208: What microscopic changes occur from 1 - 3 days post-MI? _____
Answer: Neutrophils (acute inflammation)
Flashcard 209: One cardinal sign of inflammation is _____, or pain
Answer: dolor
Flashcard 210: Once mast cells are sensitized by _____ antibodies on their surface, they burst open when exposed to appropriate antigens
Answer: IgE
Flashcard 211: Mast cells mediate _____ reactions in local tissues
Answer: allergic
Flashcard 212: What HLA subtype is associated with psoriasis?_____
Answer: HLA-C
Flashcard 213: What cytokine is produced by macrophages to recruit neutrophils for persistent acute inflammation?_____
Answer: IL-8
Flashcard 214: _____ is inflammation of a salivary gland
Answer: Sialadenitis
Flashcard 215: Which type of hypersensitivity mediates atopic reactions (e.g. asthma, allergic rhinitis)?_____
Answer: Type I
Flashcard 216: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Goodpasture syndrome? _____
Answer: Type II HSR (inflammation)
Flashcard 217: Which peripheral nerve layer contains inflammatory infiltrate in Guillain-Barre syndrome? _____
Answer: Endoneurium
Flashcard 218: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type _____ is due to a defect in Sialyl-Lewisx
Answer: 2
Flashcard 219: Necrotizing fasciitis presents with _____ due to production of methane and CO2
Answer: crepitus
Flashcard 220: Exudate is characterized by _____ LDH compared to serum
Answer: increased
Flashcard 221: What immune cell predominates after neutrophils (2 - 3 days after inflammation begins)? _____
Answer: Macrophages
Flashcard 222: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is serum sickness? _____
Answer: Type III HSR
Flashcard 223: What dermatologic lesion is a dry exudate?_____
Answer: Crust
Flashcard 224: One cardinal sign of inflammation is _____, or swelling
Answer: tumor
Flashcard 225: Type II HSRs can cause pathology by inducing _____ by antibodies depositing on cell surfaces, which in turn activates complement
Answer: inflammation
Flashcard 226: Diagnosis of Sjogren syndrome is confirmed by presence of focal _____ on labial salivary gland biopsy
Answer: lymphocytic sialadenitis
Flashcard 227: Lab results of S. pneumoniae meningitis include _____ polymorphonuclear cells in CSF (high or low)
Answer: high
Flashcard 228: _____ is due to chronic inflammation of endometrium
Answer: Chronic endometritis
Flashcard 229: What color are MSU crystals (gout) when under perpendicular light? _____
Answer: Blue
Flashcard 230: EBV infection results in lymphocytosis comprised of reactive CD_____+ T cells
Answer: 8
Flashcard 231: What component of granulation tissue deposits type III collagen?_____
Answer: Fibroblasts
Flashcard 232: What type of hypersensitivity reaction are immune thrombocytopenic purpura and autoimmune-hemolytic anemia?_____
Answer: Type II HSR (cellular destruction)
Flashcard 233: The _____ is a cytoplasmic protein complex that recognizes products of dead cells, microbial products, and crystals
Answer: inflammasome
Flashcard 234: Acne vulgaris is due to chronic inflammation of hair follicles and associated _____ glands
Answer: sebaceous
Flashcard 235: Mast cells may be activated by tissue _____
Answer: trauma
Flashcard 236: Exudate is characterized by _____ levels of protein
Answer: high
Flashcard 237: Which class of helper T cell are believed to play a role in tissue damage associated with autoimmune disease? _____
Answer: Th17 cells
Flashcard 238: What color is the nitroblue tetrazolium test in a patient with CGD? _____
Answer: Colorless/yellow (negative test)
Flashcard 239: What class of acute phase reactant that when upregulated during chronic inflammation can lead to amyloidosis?_____
Answer: serum amyloid A proteins
Flashcard 240: Psoriasis is associated with _____ thickness of the stratum spinosum
Answer: increased
Flashcard 241: Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with synovitis with formation of a _____, which is proliferative granulation tissue
Answer: pannus
Flashcard 242: The pruritis of Scabies is worse at night due to a _____ HSR
Answer: delayed, type IV
Flashcard 243: How do neutrophil levels decrease following acute inflammation?_____
Answer: Neutrophils undergo apoptosis
Flashcard 244: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Pemphigus Vulgaris? _____
Answer: Type II HSR (cellular dysfunction)
Flashcard 245: Erythema nodosum is a painful, raised inflammatory lesion of _____, usually on the anterior shins
Answer: subcutaneous fat (septal panniculitis)
Flashcard 246: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener) is a form of _____-vessel vasculitis
Answer: small
Flashcard 247: Which hematologic complication arises from Echinococcus granulosus infection?_____
Answer: Eosinophilia
Flashcard 248: Microglia are activated in response to _____
Answer: tissue damage
Flashcard 249: Familial Mediterranean Fever is due to dysfunction of _____
Answer: neutrophils (cell type)
Flashcard 250: Which complement proteins can activate mast cells (anaphylatoxins)? _____
Answer: C3a, C4a, and C5a
Flashcard 251: Type II HSRs can cause pathology by inducing _____ by opsonizing the target with antibodies
Answer: cellular destruction
Flashcard 252: Atopic (eczematous) dermatitis is associated with increased serum Ig_____
Answer: E
Flashcard 253: Histologically, Hashimoto thyroiditis is associated with chronic inflammation with well-developed _____
Answer: germinal centers
Flashcard 254: What acute phase reactant is upregulated during inflammation to opsonize targets, fixing complement and facilitate phagocytosis?_____
Answer: C-reactive protein
Flashcard 255: Lichen simplex chronicus is associated with chronic _____ and scratching
Answer: irritation/inflammation
Flashcard 256: _____ is a type III HS that is preceded by GAS pharyngitis or skin infection.
Answer: Post-strep Glomerulonephritis
Flashcard 257: One cardinal sign of inflammation is _____, or loss of function
Answer: Functio laesa
Flashcard 258: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is characterized by _____ neutrophils at infection sites
Answer: absent
Flashcard 259: Granulomas due to sarcoidosis may have _____ bodies, which are calcium and protein inclusions inside of giant cells
Answer: Schaumann
Flashcard 260: What acute phase reactant can be measured clinically as a nonspecific sign of ongoing inflammation?_____
Answer: C-reactive protein
Flashcard 261: The CD8+ T-cell response in EBV infection leads to _____-megaly
Answer: spleno
Flashcard 262: Myeloperoxidase deficiency is associated with increased risk for _____ infection, however, most patients are asymptomatic
Answer: Candida
Flashcard 263: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is contact dermatitis (e.g. poison ivy, nickel allergy)? _____
Answer: Type IV HSR (CD4 & CD8 Mediated)
Flashcard 264: Porcelain gallbladder is a shrunken, hard gallbladder due to chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and dystrophic _____
Answer: calcification
Flashcard 265: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid?_____
Answer: Type II HSR
Flashcard 266: An increase in lymph node size due to infection is known as _____
Answer: reactive hyperplasia
Flashcard 267: Which interleukin is primarily responsible for attenuating the inflammatory response?_____
Answer: IL-10
Flashcard 268: What color is the nitroblue tetrazolium test in a patient without CGD? _____
Answer: Blue (positive test)
Flashcard 269: Baker cyst forms in the setting of _____ disease.
Answer: chronic degenerative or inflammatory joint
Flashcard 270: What type of hypersensitivity is type 1 DM? _____
Answer: type IV HSR
Flashcard 271: What type of colonic polyp is a result of mucosal erosion from inflammatory bowel disease? _____
Answer: Inflammatory pseudopolyp (specific)
Flashcard 272: _____ is defined as acute inflammation of the appendix
Answer: Appendicitis
Flashcard 273: Psoriasis is associated with _____ thickness of the stratum granulosum
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 274: What component of granulation tissue mediates wound contraction?_____
Answer: Myofibroblasts
Flashcard 275: _____ is a local subacute antibody-mediated HSR to antigen in intradermal injection
Answer: Arthus reaction
Flashcard 276: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)? _____
Answer: Type III
Flashcard 277: Multiple sclerosis is characterized histologically by _____ inflammatory infiltrates
Answer: perivenular
Flashcard 278: What is the most common cause of chronic inflammation? _____
Answer: Persistent infection
Flashcard 279: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Sjogren syndrome? _____
Answer: Type IV (lymphocyte-mediated damage)
Flashcard 280: _____ are protrusions of edematous, inflamed nasal mucosa
Answer: Nasal polyps
Flashcard 281: Histology of type 1 diabetes mellitus demonstrates islets with _____
Answer: leukocytic infiltrate (inflammation)
Flashcard 282: Which hematologic complication arises from Drancunculus medinensis infection?_____
Answer: Eosinophilia
Flashcard 283: What type of hypersensitivity is acute hemolytic transfusion reaction?_____
Answer: Type II HSR
Flashcard 284: Cachexia is mediated by what four cellular factors?_____
Answer: TNF, IFN-, IL-1, IL-6
Flashcard 285: What other clinical pathology is inflammatory carcinoma of the breast often mistaken with? _____
Answer: Acute mastitis
Flashcard 286: One benign cause of a 'coin-lesion' on CXR is _____ (e.g.TB or fungus)
Answer: granuloma
Flashcard 287: What is another name for the c-ANCA antibody? _____
Answer: Proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA
Flashcard 288: What test is used to diagnose type II hypersensitivity reactions against RBCs? _____
Answer: Coombs test
Flashcard 289: In an asthmatic response, inflammatory mediators, especially _____ from eosinophils, damages cells and perpetuates bronchoconstriction (late-phase reaction)
Answer: major basic protein
Flashcard 290: Salmonella enteritidis produces an inflammatory diarrhea, with _____ present in stool
Answer: leukocytes
Flashcard 291: Acute inflammation may result in _____ formation, which is acute inflammation surrounded by fibrosis
Answer: abscess
Flashcard 292: What acute phase reactant is upregulated during inflammation that correlates with ESR_____
Answer: Fibrinogen
Flashcard 293: Granuloma formation: Interaction between macrophages and Th cells causes macrophages to secrete _____, which induces Th1 differentiation
Answer: IL-12
Flashcard 294: Allergic rhinitis is characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate with _____ (WBC type)
Answer: eosinophils
Flashcard 295: Eosinophilic granuloma is often seen in _____ (age group)
Answer: adolescents
Flashcard 296: Activation of the inflammasome leads to increased production of _____ and IL-18
Answer: IL-1B
Flashcard 297: What type of hypersensivitity reaction is the Arthus reaction? _____
Answer: Type III HSR
Flashcard 298: Which interleukin is a major chemotactic for neutrophils?_____
Answer: IL-8
Flashcard 299: Type II HSRs can cause pathology by inducing _____, causing abnormal blockade or activation/inactivation of downstream cellular processes
Answer: cellular dysfunction
Flashcard 300: Fever in inflammation is mediated by _____, which raises the temperature setpoint
Answer: PGE2
Flashcard 301: One cardinal sign of inflammation is _____, or redness
Answer: rubor
Flashcard 302: _____ is an immune complex disease in which antibodies to foreign serum proteins are produced
Answer: Serum sickness
Flashcard 303: Mast cells may be activated by cross-linking of cell-surface _____ by antigen
Answer: IgE
Flashcard 304: Arthus reaction leads to immune complex formation in the _____; characterized by edema, necrosis, and activation of complement
Answer: skin
Flashcard 305: Histamine mediates type _____ hypersensitivity reactions via activation of H1 receptors
Answer: 1
Flashcard 306: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? _____
Answer: Type III (immune complex-mediated)
Flashcard 307: Inhibition of _____ (ie: immunosuppresion, drugs) results inlack of granuloma formation and resultant reactivation of tuberculosis
Answer: TNF-a
Flashcard 308: CD_____ is a marker of the monocyte-macrophage cell lineage
Answer: 14
Flashcard 309: What color are MSU crystals (gout) when under parallel light? _____
Answer: Yellow
Flashcard 310: Serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA) is an acute phase reactant that is increased in chronic inflammatory states, malignancy, and _____
Answer: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)
Flashcard 311: Klebsiella can result in _____ formation in the lung
Answer: abscess
Flashcard 312: Less common causes of intraparenchymal hemorrhage include _____ and neoplasm
Answer: vasculitis
Flashcard 313: Caseating granulomas with a central necrosis and _____ cells are characteristic of secondary tuberculosis
Answer: Langhans giant (specific)
Flashcard 314: Which type of granuloma exhibits central necrosis? _____
Answer: Caseating granulomas
Flashcard 315: Mammary duct ectasia is associated with chronic inflammation with _____ cells seen on biopsy
Answer: plasma
Flashcard 316: West nile virus can result in _____
Answer: meningoencephalitis
Flashcard 317: _____ is defined as epidermal accumulation of edematous fluid in intercellular spaces (e.g. eczematous dermatitis)
Answer: Spongiosis
Flashcard 318: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Graves disease and Myasthenia Gravis? _____
Answer: Type II HSR (cellular dysfunction)
Flashcard 319: One cardinal sign of inflammation is _____, or warmth
Answer: calor
Flashcard 320: Acute inflammation is characterized by the presence of edema and _____ in tissue
Answer: neutrophils (cell type)
Flashcard 321: What immunofluorescence findings are associated with membranous nephropathy? _____
Answer: Granular deposits (immune complex deposition)
Flashcard 322: Actinomyces-like organisms appear as clusters of _____ that resemble "cotton candy" on a pap smear
Answer: basophilic thin filaments
Flashcard 323: What histological findings are associated with Subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain)?_____
Answer: Granulomatous inflammation
Flashcard 324: Myocarditis, secondary to coxsackie B infection, is characterized by a _____ infiltrate in the myocardium
Answer: lymphocytic
Flashcard 325: Cutaenous healing by _____ intention results in scar formation
Answer: secondary
Flashcard 326: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is characterized by _____ circulating neutrophils
Answer: increased
Flashcard 327: A _____ shift is an increase in neutrophil precursors, such as band cells and metamyelocytes, in peripheral blood
Answer: left
Flashcard 328: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is graft-versus-host-disease? _____
Answer: Type IV HSR (delayed-type hypersensitivity)
Flashcard 329: Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by binding of antibodies to cell-surface antigens? _____
Answer: Type II HSR
Flashcard 330: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is patch test? _____
Answer: Type IV HSR (CD4 Mediated)
Flashcard 331: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate _____ in inflammatory conditions
Answer: increases
Flashcard 332: Which inflammatory dermatitis presents with hypergranulosis?_____
Answer: Lichen planus
Flashcard 333: One cause of cretinism is _____ mediated maternal hypothyroidism
Answer: antibody
Flashcard 334: Which inflammatory dermatitis has a "saw-tooth" appearance histologically?_____
Answer: Lichen planus
Flashcard 335: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is chronic autoimmune gastritis? _____
Answer: Type IV (T-cell mediated)
Flashcard 336: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is the Candida extract test? _____
Answer: Type IV HSR (CD4 Mediated)
Flashcard 337: Sulfur granules of Actinomyces stain _____ on H&E stain
Answer: basophilic
Flashcard 338: Multiple sclerosis is characterized by increased levels of Ig_____ in the CSF
Answer: G
Flashcard 339: Rupture of Echinococcus granulosus cysts results in _____ and spread of infection
Answer: anaphylaxis
Flashcard 340: Granuloma formation: Th1 cells secrete _____, which converts macrophages to epithelioid histiocytes and giant cells
Answer: IFN-
Flashcard 341: Following leukocyte extravasation, pathogens or necrotic tissue are consumed by _____
Answer: phagocytosis
Flashcard 342: Infected CD4+ T cells (and macrophages, dendritic cells) are killed by _____ in HIV
Answer: CD8+ T-cells
Flashcard 343: Deposition of MSU crystals (gout) results in activation of _____
Answer: neutrophils
Flashcard 344: What type of cast may be seen with transplant rejection and tubulointerstitial inflammation? _____
Answer: WBC casts
Flashcard 345: Epithelioid histiocytes are _____ with abundant pink cytoplasm
Answer: macrophages
Flashcard 346: Biopsy of nephritic syndrome reveals _____-cellular, inflamed glomeruli
Answer: hyper
Flashcard 347: Which causes (2) of pauci-immune glomerulonephritis are associated with p-ANCA (MPO-ANCA)? _____
Answer: Microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-strauss syndrome
Flashcard 348: Which arthritis, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, is characterized by inflammatory synovial fluid (WBC > 5000/mm3)? _____
Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis
Flashcard 349: Granuloma formation: Macrophages present antigen via MHC II to CD_____+ helper T cells
Answer: 4
Flashcard 350: Bartonella henselae bacillary angiomatosis will have _____ inflammation on biopsy
Answer: neutrophilic
Flashcard 351: What component of granulation tissue provides nutrients?_____
Answer: Capillaries
Keywords: Inflammation flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Acute inflammation mechanisms
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Vascular changes in inflammation
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Chemical mediators of inflammation
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Cellular components of inflammation
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Resolution of acute inflammation
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Chronic inflammation
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Granulomatous inflammation
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Systemic effects of inflammation
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Patterns of inflammatory response
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Inflammatory markers in laboratory testing
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Anti-inflammatory therapies
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Wound healing and repair
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Abnormalities in wound healing
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