General Pathology — Flashcards
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fat necrosis (breast)
The subtypes of fibrocystic disease of the breast are _____, _____, _____, and _____.
aplasia (organogenesis)
death
How do Duchenne's and Becker's muscular dystrophies differ genetically?
Robertsonian translocation (genetics)
Which chromosomes can undergo Robertsonian translocation?
What are FISH assays most useful for?
Explain how kayrotyping works.
What is karyotyping used for?
General Pathology US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master General Pathology with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
General Pathology Flashcard Deck - 303 Cards
Flashcard 1: fat necrosis (breast)
Answer: fat necrosis and saponification following trauma (often mild or unremarkable trauma)
Extra: painless breast lump
Flashcard 2: The subtypes of fibrocystic disease of the breast are _____, _____, _____, and _____.
Answer: fibrosis
Flashcard 3: aplasia (organogenesis)
Answer: absent organ despite present primordial tissue
Flashcard 4: death
Answer: prolonged nutrient depletion and waste build-up leads to death
Extra: D
Flashcard 5: How do Duchenne's and Becker's muscular dystrophies differ genetically?
Answer: DMD is a frameshift mutation effectively deleting the gene. BMD is a partial loss of function mutation.
Flashcard 6: Robertsonian translocation (genetics)
Answer: nonreciprocal translocation between two acrocentric chromosomes; long arms fuse and short arms are lost note: may be considered reciprocal since short arms are not lost during translocation event, but during successive cell divisions
Flashcard 7: Which chromosomes can undergo Robertsonian translocation?
Answer: acrocentric chromosomes: 13, 14, 15, 21, 22
Flashcard 8: What are FISH assays most useful for?
Answer: localization of genes on chromosome, detection of chromosomal anomalies (especially those too small to see on karyotype)
Flashcard 9: Explain how kayrotyping works.
Answer: Metaphase chromosomes are fixed, stained, and examined based on visible characteristics (size, shape, banding).
Flashcard 10: What is karyotyping used for?
Answer: detecting large chromosomal abnormalities or chromosomal imbalances (cannot detect microscopic changes)
Flashcard 11: I-cell disease (inclusion cell disease)
Answer:
Extra: lysosomal proteins never get to lysosome coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes AR mannose-6-phosphate tagging pathway
Flashcard 12: _____ tests or Blood (ELISA) tests for allergen-specific IgE are typically used to diagnose type I hypersensivity reactions
Answer: Skin Pinprick
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 13: Scleroderma is characterized by _____ activation with resultant collagen deposition
Answer: fibroblast
Extra: * Fibroblasts activated by IL-13 & TGF-β https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/other-connective-tissue/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 14: Hereditary spherocytosis will show _____ mean fluorescence of RBCs in eosin 5-maleimide (EMA) binding test
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 15: In addition to RBCs, megaloblastic anemia also leads to megaloblastic change in cells that are _____
Answer: rapidly-dividing
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:
Flashcard 16: Which cellular change is characterized by an increased number of cells? _____
Answer: Hyperplasia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: Histoplasma will characteristically present on histology as _____ with _____ bodies
Answer: macrophages
Extra: Watch Histoplasma capsulatum [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-fungi/videos/medical-microbiology-fungi-systemic-mycoses-histoplasma-capsulatum?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/fungi/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 18: _____-cytosis refers to cells of varying sizes
Answer: Aniso
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 19: Oligodendrocytes have a "_____" appearance histologically
Answer: fried egg
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cellular-function?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 20: What type of scar extends beyond the borders of the original wound? _____
Answer: Keloid scar
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 21: The Warthin-Starry stain is a type of _____ stain
Answer: silver
Extra: Watch Bartonella henselae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-bartonella-henselae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 22: What type of hypersensitivity is Graves disease? _____
Answer: Type II (antibody-mediated)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 23: Proliferation of the T cell compartment of lymph nodes causes _____ hyperplasia (e.g. viral infections)
Answer: paracortex
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/lymphoid-tissue?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 24: Hereditary Spherocytosis is an autosomal dominant hematological disorder that involves spheroid erythrocytes due to a _____ or _____ defect
Answer: spectrin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 25: Myeloperoxidase deficiency (MPO) is a(n) _____ primary immunodeficiency
Answer: autosomal recessive
Extra: Watch Phagocytic Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-phagocytic-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 26: In Osgood Schlatter, healed microavulsions can be noted on physical exam by the presence of a pronounced/enlarged _____
Answer: tibial tubercle
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 27: What type of scar is confined to the borders of the original wound? _____
Answer: Hypertrophic scar
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 28: The splenomegaly seen with infectious mononucleosis is due to T-cell hyperplasia in the _____ of the spleen
Answer: periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 29: Cystine kidney stones may form _____ calculi
Answer: staghorn
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/kidney-stones/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 30: Flow Cytometry Example: Cells in the right lower quadrant are CD3_____ and CD8_____
Answer: -
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 31: Keloid scars are characterized by very increased type _____ and _____ collagen synthesis
Answer: I
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 32: Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by increased % Hb_____, but decreased total Hb
Answer: F
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 33: _____ is a zoonotic bacteria that forms caseating granulomas within the lymph nodes of the reticuloendothelial system
Answer: Francisella tularensis
Extra: Watch Francisella tularensis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-francisella-tularensis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 34: Alkaptonuria is associated with bluish-black connective tissue and sclerae, which is termed _____
Answer: ochronosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dna-to-protein/amino-acids/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 35: Which error in morphogenesis is characterized by incomplete organ development (primordial tissue present)? _____
Answer: Hypoplasia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 36: What is the mode of inheritance of Hemoglobin C disease? _____
Answer: Autosomal recessive
Extra: Watch Autosomal Recessive Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics/videos/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics-autosomal-recessive-diseases-autosomal-recessive-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Sickle Cell Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-sickle-cell-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/sickle-cell-disease/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 37: What type of Anthrax presents with cutaneous ulcers with black eschars? _____
Answer: Cutaneous Anthrax
Extra: Watch Bacillus anthracis & cereus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-bacillus-anthracis-and-cereus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 38: Vitamin B12 deficiency is characterized by _____ neutrophils
Answer: hypersegmented
Extra: * WBCs also cannot divide effectively due to decreased DNA synthesis; results in hypersegmentation of lobes (means > 6 lobes) Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/macrocytic-anemia?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/macrocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 39: Paget disease of bone is characterized by _____ serum PTH
Answer: normal
Extra: * Normal serum Ca2+ and phosphorus, as well. **ALK elevated Watch Osteoporosis & Paget Disease of Bone [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-osteoporosis-and-paget-disease-of-bone?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki Paget disease of bone X-ray (lateral view) The calvaria is thickened (white arrowheads) and shows sclerosis and osteolytic (red overlay) and osteoblastic (green overlay) lesions, which confirm the diagnosis. Atlas:
Flashcard 40: When HLA typing, the purpose of the Microcytotoxicity test is to test for MHC class _____
Answer: I (ex HLA-A, HLA-B)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 41: Hereditary spherocytosis demonstrates increased spherocyte fragility in _____-tonic solution (osmotic fragility test)
Answer: hypo
Extra: Watch Extravascular Hemolysis Overview & RBC Membrane Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-extravascular-hemolysis-overview-and-rbc-membrane-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki Atlas: Other:
Flashcard 42: What cell type never enters G0 and divides rapidly with a short G1? _____
Answer: Labile
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 43: Myotonic Dystrophy involves an abnormal expression of _____
Answer: myotonin protein kinase
Extra: * due to mutation in the DMPK gene https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: What laboratory technique is used to diagnose chromosomal imbalances? _____
Answer: Karyotyping
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/laboratory-techniques?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 45: The _____ Coombs test adds donor blood and anti-Ig antibody (Coombs reagent) to the patient's serum
Answer: indirect
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 46: Autoimmunity can be triggered by release of normally sequestered _____
Answer: antigens
Extra: * e.g. intracellular antigens exposed as a result of cell damage https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 47: Cutaneous healing by _____ intention results in scar formation
Answer: secondary
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 48: The constant cycles of demyelination and remyelination seen in Charcot-marie-tooth result in unique histologic findings, including a(n) "_____" appearance around nerves that innervate muscles
Answer: onion bulb
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 49: Amyloidosis is characterized by _____ under polarized light after staining with Congo red
Answer: apple-green birefringence
Extra: Watch Nephrotic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephrotic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Amyloidosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephrotic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephrotic-syndromes?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephrotic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 50: Which type of calcification occurs in normal, non-necrotic tissues? _____
Answer: Metastatic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 51: GVHD of the liver presents with similar histologic findings to what immune disorder? _____
Answer: Primary biliary cholangitis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 52: What RBC abnormalities are seen on blood smear post-splenectomy? _____
Answer: Howell-Jolly bodies and target cells
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 53: What ABO type is the universal donor of plasma? _____
Answer: Type AB
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/blood-transfusion-reactions?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 54: What is the mode of inheritance of Liddle syndrome? _____
Answer: Autosomal dominant
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 55: Tay-Sachs disease is characterized by an "_____" appearance to the lysosomes
Answer: onion-skin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: Which error in morphogenesis is characterized by absent organ despite the presence of primordial tissue? _____
Answer: Aplasia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 57: Mycobacteria tuberculosis primarily resides and proliferates in _____
Answer: macrophages
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 58: Type II HSRs can cause pathology by inducing _____ by antibodies depositing on cell surfaces, which in turn activates complement
Answer: inflammation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 59: Which type of cell has a "clock-face" chromatin distribution and an eccentric nucleus? _____
Answer: Plasma cell
Extra: Watch Plasma Cell Neoplasms [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-plasma-cell-neoplasms?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/blood-and-blood-formation?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/plasma-cell-dyscrasias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 60: In addition to the brain, what other organ may undergo liquefactive necrosis? _____
Answer: Pancreas
Extra: * decreased blood flow to the acinar cells -> further autodigestion Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: Molluscum contagiosum is characterized histologically by _____ inclusions (molluscum bodies)
Answer: cytoplasmic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/infectious-diseases-of-the-skin?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 62: Which type of hypersensitivity mediates anaphylaxis (e.g. food, drug, or bee sting allergies)? _____
Answer: Type I
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 63: In lymph nodes, _____ follicles have pale, central germinal centers and are active
Answer: secondary
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/lymphoid-tissue?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 64: What is the most common cause (95%) of Down syndrome? _____
Answer: Meiotic nondisjunction
Extra: Watch Down Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics/videos/medical-biochemistry-clinical-genetics-trisomy-diseases-downs-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/mitosis-meiosis-and-the-cell-cycle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 65: What pathology is associated with decreased telomerase activity? _____
Answer: Progeria (premature aging)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 66: An infection with a proliferation of B-cell kappa and lambda light chain phenotypes would cause the 3:1 ratio to _____
Answer: stay the same
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: _____ process is a pathologic process that replaces bone marrow (e.g. metastatic cancer)
Answer: Myelophthisic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas: Other:
Flashcard 68: _____-cytosis refers to cells of varying shapes
Answer: Poikilo
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: _____ is the replacement of damaged tissue with native tissue
Answer: Regeneration
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: Ocular albinism is inherited in a(n) _____ fashion
Answer: X-linked recessive
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 71: Residual chronic findings of multiple sclerosis include hypertrophy and hyperplasia of _____
Answer: astrocytes
Extra: Watch Multiple Sclerosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-spinal-cord-and-peripheral-nerve-multiple-sclerosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: Direct Coombs Positive Hemolytic Anemia that develops as a result of Penicillin administration is a type _____ hypersensitivity reaction
Answer: II
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 73: Disorders of fibrinolysis typically present with _____ PT and _____ PTT
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 74: Diagnosis of amyloidosis requires _____; the abdominal fat pad and rectum are easily accessible targets
Answer: tissue biopsy
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 75: Histology of type 2 diabetes mellitus demonstrates islets with _____
Answer: amyloid deposits
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 76: _____ refers to a decreased number of circulating eosinophils
Answer: Eosinopenia
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 77: What pathology is associated with microcephaly, intellectual disability, and a high-pitched cry? _____
Answer: Cri-du-chat syndrome
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/high-yield-genetic-disorders?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/peds-neurodevelopmental/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 78: While neoplasia is monoclonal, hyperplasia is _____
Answer: polyclonal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/principles-of-oncology-and-therapeutics?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 79: _____ is defined as hyperkeratosis with retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum (e.g. psoriasis)
Answer: Parakeratosis
Extra: Watch Actinic Keratosis, Squamous Cell Carcinoma & Basal Cell Carcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-derm-actinic-keratosis-squamous-cell-carcinoma-and-basal-cell-carcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/general-principles?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal/inflammatory-dermatoses/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 80: A(n) _____ is an overgrowth of tissues in their native location
Answer: hamartoma
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 81: The normal kappa to lambda light chain ratio in a tissue sample is _____
Answer: 3:1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 82: Do keloid scars have a genetic predisposition? If so, who? _____
Answer: Yes (more common in African Americans and Asians)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 83: Bacterial meningitis is associated with _____ protein in the CSF
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 84: Hyperkeratosis is defined as increased thickness of the stratum _____ (e.g. psoriasis, calluses)
Answer: corneum
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/general-principles?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal/inflammatory-dermatoses/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: Do hypertrophic scars have a genetic predisposition? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 86: The PAS stain is useful for staining _____
Answer: glycogen
Extra: Watch Glycogen Storage Diseases [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-glycogen-storage-diseases?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism/glycogen-storage-diseases/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 87: Increased vessel permeability and fluid accumulation outside of brain cells (interstitium) leads to _____ intracranial hypertension
Answer: vasogenic
Extra: Watch Intracranial Hypertension (ICH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-intracranial-hypertension-ich?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: What is the mode of inheritance of Krabbe disease? _____
Answer: Autosomal recessive
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Flashcard 89: The presence of _____ in a pap smear indicates adequate sampling
Answer: glandular endocervical cells
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/female-reproductive-system?index=13] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/cervical-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: In the late phase of liquefactive necrosis of the _____, cystic spaces and cavitation may be seen
Answer: brain
Extra: * important distinguishing feature from coagulative necrosis Watch Ischemic & Hemorrhagic Stroke [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-cerebrovascular-ischemic-and-hemorrhagic-stroke?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/necrosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 91: Black necrotic skin lesions seen in Pseudomonas patients are indicative of _____
Answer: ecthyma gangrenosum
Extra: Watch Pseudomonas aeruginosa [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-pseudomonas-aeruginosa?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 92: Loss of eyebrows is characteristic of _____ leprosy
Answer: Lepromatous
Extra: Watch Leprae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-mycobacteria-mycobacterium-leprae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 93: An increase in lymph node size due to infection is known as _____
Answer: reactive hyperplasia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 94: _____ is characterized by retinal edema and necrosis, leading to scar formation
Answer: Retinitis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 95: PSGN is characterized by _____ immune complex "humps" on electron microscopy
Answer: subepithelial
Extra: *different from Membranous Nephropathy which displays "spike and dome" subepithelial IC deposits Watch Nephritic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-glomerulopathy-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephritic-syndromes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/nephritic-syndrome/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 96: What color are MSU crystals (gout) when under parallel light? _____
Answer: Yellow
Extra: Watch Gout & Pseudogout [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-joint-gout-and-pseudogout?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 97: Langerhans cells are derived from bone marrow _____
Answer: monocytes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 98: What unique antibodies in plasma do patients with the A blood type have? _____
Answer:
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Flashcard 99: Hyper-IgM syndrome is most commonly due to mutated _____ on Th cells
Answer: CD40L
Extra: Watch Combined B & T Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-combined-b-and-t-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 100: In flow cytometry, antibodies are tagged with a unique _____, which is detected and counted during analysis
Answer: fluorescent dye
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Flashcard 101: Which immunodeficiency is characterized by impaired phagolysosome formation? _____
Answer: Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
Extra: Watch Phagocytic Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-phagocytic-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 102: In flow cytometry, cells are tagged with _____ specific to surface or intracellular proteins
Answer: antibodies
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Flashcard 103: Which error in morphogenesis is characterized by absent organ due to absent primordial tissue? _____
Answer: Agenesis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 104: _____ can form in the middle ear after hemorrhage and appear as bluish-black gelatinous material behind the tympanic membrane
Answer: Cholesterol granulomas
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 105: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Graves disease and Myasthenia Gravis? _____
Answer: Type II HSR (cellular dysfunction)
Extra: Watch Hyperthyroidism Overview & Graves Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hyperthyroidism-overview-and-graves-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Myasthenia Gravis & Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki Type II hypersensitivity reaction IgM or IgG recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of a cell. This antigen-antibody crosslinking activates the complement cascade resulting in inflammation and a type II hypersensitivity reaction (e.g. acute hemolytic transfusion reaction, autoimmune hemolytic anemia) - Antigen-bound IgM is a potent complement activator and leads to the generation of membrane attack complex (MAC), a terminal product of the complement cascade. MAC creates holes in the cell membrane and causes cytolysis of the antigen-bearing cell. - Antigen-bound IgG binds to the Fc receptors (FcR) on the surface of neutrophils and macrophages, inducing cytolysis and phagocytosis respectively. Antigen-bound IgG also activates the complement cascade that generates several activated complement proteins, including C3b that binds to the antigen-bound cell membrane, tagging it to be phagocytosed by macrophages (i.e. opsonization). IgG is also involved in complement-independent reactions, such as apoptosis, and along with IgM, altering cellular signaling that leads to cell dysfunction and death.
Flashcard 106: Disorders of fibrinolysis are due to _____ overactivity, resulting in excessive cleavage of serum fibrinogen
Answer: plasmin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 107: Is a hexokinase gene mutation associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)? _____
Answer: No
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Flashcard 108: Wound _____ may occur when there is unusually pronounced MMP activity and myofibroblast accumulation in wound margins
Answer: contractures
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/wound-healing/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 109: Which neurological pathology should be suspected in a patient with bilateral trigeminal neuralgia? _____
Answer: Multiple sclerosis
Extra: * axon becomes completely demyelinated, macrophages disappear, axons and oligodendrocytes are lost Watch Multiple Sclerosis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-spinal-cord-and-peripheral-nerve-multiple-sclerosis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 110: Chédiak-Higashi syndrome is associated with defective _____ hemostasis
Answer: primary
Extra: Watch Phagocytic Cell Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-phagocytic-cell-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 111: Which error in morphogenesis is characterized by extrinsic disruption (after the embryonic period)? _____
Answer: Deformation
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Flashcard 112: Type II HSRs can cause pathology by inducing _____ by opsonizing the target with antibodies
Answer: cellular destruction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 113: Which type of calcification occurs secondary to hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia? _____
Answer: Metastatic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 114: Reticulocytes are identified on blood smear as _____ RBCs with a(n) bluish cytoplasm
Answer: large
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 115: What two types of variations in DNA are detected when using microarrays? (DNA markers) _____
Answer: - Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) - Copy number variations (CNVs)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/laboratory-techniques?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 116: What type of hypersensivitity reaction is the Arthus reaction? _____
Answer: Type III HSR
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 117: Sulfur granules of Actinomyces stain _____ on H&E stain
Answer: basophilic
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Flashcard 118: Trauma may cause _____ platelet dysfunction
Answer: qualitative
Extra: * Lactic acidosis and temperature dysregulation -> impaired platelet aggregation and adhesion -> "platelet-type" bleeding Watch Qualitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-qualitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 119: Which cellular change is characterized by decreased cell production during embryogenesis? _____
Answer: Hypoplasia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 120: What pathologic RBC is seen with end-stage renal disease, pyruvate kinase deficiency, and liver disease? _____
Answer: Echinocyte ("burr cell")
Extra: Watch Extravascular Hemolysis Overview & RBC Membrane Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-normocytic-and-macrocytic-anemias-extravascular-hemolysis-overview-and-rbc-membrane-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 121: The _____ is a diagnostic test used to identify HSV or VZV through a smear of an opened skin vesicle
Answer: Tzanck smear
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 122: What is the mode of inheritance of porphyria cutanea tarda? _____
Answer: Autosomal dominant
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 123: _____ involves the controlled proliferation of stem cells and differentiated cells
Answer: Hyperplasia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/cellular-adaptations/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 124: Reticulocytes have a bluish cytoplasm on Wright-Giemsa stain due to presence of residual _____
Answer: ribosomal RNA
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 125: --- Do with heme --- Type II Hypersensitivity Disorders - Cytotoxic: Transfusion Reaction - Antibody against _____ - IgM isohemagglutinins formed naturally in response to bacterial flora cause opsonization and complement activation - Leads to hemolysis **Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis fetalis) Antibody = _____ - Formed in _____ mother carrying _____ child - First pregnancy _____ (doesn't have to be viable pregnancy) - Antibody crosses placenta and injures subsequent fetuses - Prevent with _____ (anti-Rh, binds fetal red cells and prevents mothers immune system from reacting) ABO blood typing and screening for other preformed Abs; always done in case of transplants. Universal donor: type _____ Universal recipient: type _____ (Ex) Type A can donate to _____ and _____. Type A can receive donations from _____ and _____. - Anti-B antibodies prevent donation from type B and type AB. HLA Typing - Microcytotoxicity test Tests for MHC _____ Test hundreds of different haplotypes to find a potential match. Cells recognized by antibody will be attacked by complement and thus become leaky and take up dye. HLA Typing - Mixed lymphocyte reaction Tests for MHC class _____ Take donor cells and irradiate them (prevent proliferation). Irradiated cells are mixed with donor cells to see if proliferation occurs. Higher radioactivity (thymidine) signifies _____ compatibility.
Answer: ABO blood glycoproteins
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 126: What component of the breast is affected in fat necrosis? _____
Answer: Stroma (fatty and fibrous connective tissue)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 127: _____ refers to an increased number of circulating lymphocytes
Answer: Lymphocytosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 128: Asbestos bodies contain _____ and thus may be visualized using a(n) _____ stain
Answer: iron
Extra: *Screw with nuts in bottom right corner: in the macrophages, asbestos fibers are coated with an iron containing proteinaceous material -> ferruginous bodies (brown "beaded appearance" on H&E) Watch Pneumoconioses [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-pneumoconioses?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki An elongated, yellow asbestos body surrounded by an iron protein coat can be seen. Asbestosis Photomicrograph of a lung tissue biopsy sample Numerous brown, spindle-shaped bodies (green overlay), many of which are fragmented, are interspersed throughout the specimen. These structures are referred to as ferruginous bodies and are accumulations of asbestos fibers covered with iron and protein. However, the asbestos fibers themselves are not visible.
Flashcard 129: The intermediate filament Cytokeratin is found in _____ cells
Answer: Epithelial
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/cytoskeleton/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 130: Which type of calcification occurs in abnormal, necrotic tissues? _____
Answer: Dystrophic
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Flashcard 131: Babesiosis is diagnosed via _____ with a characteristic '_____' structure within cells
Answer: blood smear
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 132: Fluid aspiration of a ganglion cyst will show paucicellular _____, typically mucin
Answer: connective tissue
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 133: Which immunodeficiency is associated with albinism and peripheral neuropathy? _____
Answer: Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 134: _____ may develop as a complication of septal hematoma
Answer: Nasal septal perforation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 135: Vesicle containing pus = _____
Answer: pustule
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 136: Secondary hyperparathyroidism over time often results in parathyroid _____
Answer: hyperplasia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 137: _____ is caused by antibodies binding ACh receptor on muscles
Answer: Myasthenia gravis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 138: Microscopic hematuria: the presence of _____ RBCs per HPF
Answer: ≥ 3
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Flashcard 139: Leukemoid reaction = ↑ granulocytes and _____ LAP CML = ↑ granulocytes and _____ LAP
Answer: ↑
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 140: What is pseudothrombocytopenia? _____
Answer: Laboratory error characterized by platelet aggregation in vitro
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Flashcard 141: What's going on? _____
Answer: Vitiligo
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypopigmentation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 142: α-thalassemia due to a(n) four gene deletion is characterized by formation of _____ tetramers, known as Hb Barts
Answer: γ4
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Flashcard 143: This is an example of torus palatinus, which is a(n) _____ lesion
Answer: congenital
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Flashcard 144: Wound ulceration is more common in which spider bite? _____
Answer: Brown recluse
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Flashcard 145: Achondroplasia is characterized by _____ extremities with a relatively _____ head
Answer: short
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Flashcard 146: What is the secondary lesion? _____
Answer: Scale
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Flashcard 147: _____ is a laboratory error caused by platelet aggregation in vitro
Answer: Pseudothrombocytopenia
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Flashcard 148: Pott's disease = TB infection of _____
Answer: the vertebral bodies
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Flashcard 149: _____ anemia often presents with two populations of RBCs, hypochromic and normochromic
Answer: Sideroblastic
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Flashcard 150: Rapidly growing with ↑ bleeding, associated trauma and pregnancy? _____
Answer: Pyogenic granuloma
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Flashcard 151: Cell surface markers CD1-CD8 = _____-cell Cell surface markers CD10-CD23 = _____-cell
Answer: T
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 152: Large fluid-containing blister > 1 cm = _____
Answer: bulla
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hyperpigmentation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 153: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Thrombin time?
Answer: From 0 to 2 seconds deviation from control
Flashcard 154: What are the followings are associate with? -Mutation in type V collagen, with joint hypermobility -Mutation in type 1 collagen with spontanous fractures. -Lack of hydroxylation of proline and lysine present with bleeding gums.
Answer: Ehlers -Danlose syndrome (type 1 and 2) -Osteogenesis imperfecta -Scurvy
Flashcard 155: 10 y/o boy comes to the office for visit. -Has required several blood product transfusions due to anemia. -His parent does not have prior records available with her. -Physical exam: conjunctival pallor & moderate splenomegaly. -Lab: Hemoglobin 9.4 g/dL Platelets 240,000/mm -Enzyme assays: Low pyruvate kinase activity -What is the most likely cause of this patient's splenomegaly?
Answer: Red pulp hyperplasia. (splenomegaly) due to Pyruvate kinase deficiency, lack of ATP, which lead to deform RBC (hemolytic anemia) that lead to overworking spleen to destroy those RBC & remove them, lead to red pulp hyperplasia inside the spleen.
Flashcard 156: What is the most common mechanism of chromosomal aneuploidy? _____
Answer: Meiotic nondisjunction
Flashcard 157: Which MHC class is expressed on all nucleated cells and platelets? _____
Answer: MHC I
Flashcard 158: McCune-Albright syndrome is lethal if the mutation occurs before fertilization (affecting all cells), but survivable in patients with _____
Answer: mosaicism
Flashcard 159: The PD1 receptor is normally involved in the maintainance of _____ immunologic tolerance
Answer: peripheral
Flashcard 160: What is the mode of inheritance of metachromatic leukodystrophy?_____
Answer: Autosomal recessive
Flashcard 161: When HLA typing and testing for a Mixed lymphocyte reaction, _____ radioactivity signifies lower compatibility
Answer: higher
Flashcard 162: Which type of transplant rejection is due to pre-existing recipient antibodies to donor antigen? _____
Answer: Hyperacute
Flashcard 163: Proliferation of the B cell compartment of lymph nodes causes _____ hyperplasia (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, early stages of HIV infection)
Answer: follicular
Flashcard 164: The microthrombi of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) cause _____ cell lysis
Answer: red blood
Flashcard 165: Gaucher disease is characterized by "Gaucher cells" which are lipid-laden macrophages resembling _____
Answer: crumpled tissue paper
Flashcard 166: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is characterized by faulty collagen synthesis causing _____ skin
Answer: hyperextensible
Flashcard 167: IgA deficiency is characterized by _____ levels of IgG and IgM
Answer: normal
Flashcard 168: The PAS stain is useful for staining _____
Answer: glycogen
Flashcard 169: What type of hypersensitivity reaction are hemolytic disease of the newborn and transfusion reactions? _____
Answer: Type II HSR (cellular destruction)
Flashcard 170: What type of graft is from an identical twin or clone? _____
Answer: Syngeneic graft (isograft)
Flashcard 171: What RBC pathology is characterized by the following Hb electrophoresis findings:55% HbA, 43% HbS, and 2% HbA2 _____
Answer: Sickle cell trait
Flashcard 172: A febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction can exhibit what type of hypersensitivity reaction?_____
Answer: Type II HSR
Flashcard 173: The bleeding time test has been replaced by the _____
Answer: platelet function analyzer (PFA-100)
Flashcard 174: What type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs in polyarteritis nodosa? _____
Answer: Type III (immune-complex mediated)
Flashcard 175: What inherited pathology are cystine kidney stones associated with?_____
Answer: Cystinuria
Flashcard 176: Which type of transplant rejection presents with widespread thrombosis of graft vessels, causing ischemia/necrosis? _____
Answer: Hyperacute
Flashcard 177: Paget disease of bone is characterized by _____ serum alkaline phosphatase
Answer: elevated
Flashcard 178: Retinitis pigmentosa is an _____ retinal degeneration (acquired or inherited)
Answer: inherited
Flashcard 179: Which type of cell has a "clock-face" chromatin distribution and an eccentric nucleus? _____
Answer: Plasma cell
Flashcard 180: Which class of helper T cell when deficient results in mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease?_____
Answer: Th1
Flashcard 181: Rheumatic fever is a type _____ hypersensitivity rxn
Answer: II
Flashcard 182: Amyloid may be visualized as _____ under polarized light
Answer: apple-green birefringence
Flashcard 183: In flow cytometry, cells are tagged with _____ specific to surface or intracellular proteins
Answer: antibodies
Flashcard 184: Disorders of fibrinolysis typically present with _____ platelet count
Answer: normal
Flashcard 185: Which error in morphogenesis is characterized by instrinsic disruption (during embryonic period)?_____
Answer: Malformation
Flashcard 186: T-cells that are self-reactive in the periphery are inactivated by clonal _____
Answer: anergy
Flashcard 187: In IgM-mediated hemolytic anemia, RBCs inactivate complement but residual C3b serves as an opsonin for splenic macrophages, resulting in _____ formation
Answer: spherocyte
Flashcard 188: What unique antibodies in plasma do patients with the Rh+ blood type have?_____
Answer: none
Flashcard 189: Epithelial/ductal _____ is an increased number of cells in the terminal ductal or lobular epithelium of the breast
Answer: hyperplasia
Flashcard 190: The ratio of G6PD isoforms in _____ is still 1:1
Answer: hyperplasia
Flashcard 191: Do full thickness burns heal without scarring?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 192: Which type of calcification (dystrophic or metastatic) occurs secondary to hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia? _____
Answer: Metastatic
Flashcard 193: Disorders of fibrinolysis typically present with _____ fibrinogen
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 194: Defects in the ubiquitin-proteasome system have been implicated in some cases of juvenile _____ disease
Answer: Parkinson
Flashcard 195: What pathologic RBC is seen with end-stage renal disease, pyruvate kinase deficiency, and in premature infants after exchange transfusion?_____
Answer: Echinocyte ("burr cell") (2 names)
Flashcard 196: HPV has a predilection for what for what type of epithelium?_____
Answer: Stratified squamous epithelium
Flashcard 197: Which cellular change typically occurs after chronic exposure to an irritant, such as gastric acid or smoke? _____
Answer: Metaplasia
Flashcard 198: What pathology is also known as 'happy puppet' syndrome?_____
Answer: Angelman syndrome
Flashcard 199: What cytoskeletal component is impaired in Chediak-Higashi syndrome? _____
Answer: Microtubules
Flashcard 200: Which error in morphogenesis is characterized by secondary breakdown of previously normal tissue?_____
Answer: Disruption (e.g. amniotic band syndrome)
Flashcard 201: Granulation tissue consists of type _____ collagen, capillaries, and myofibroblasts
Answer: III
Flashcard 202: A _____ is detected with FISH as no fluorescence on a chromosome compared to fluorescence at the same locus on the second copy of that chromosome
Answer: microdeletion
Flashcard 203: _____ is a laboratory technique used to assess size, granularity, and protein expression of individual cells in a sample
Answer: Flow cytometry
Flashcard 204: Where in the kidney does amyloid deposit, causing nephrotic syndrome? _____
Answer: Mesangium
Flashcard 205: Do keloid scars have a genetic predisposition? If so, who?_____
Answer: Yes (more common in African Americans and Asians)
Flashcard 206: Which complement deficiency is associated with increased risk for Neisseria infection?_____
Answer: C5b-C9 (terminal complement deficiency - membrane attack complex)
Flashcard 207: What type of scar is characterized by disorganized collagen organization?_____
Answer: Keloid scar
Flashcard 208: Which immunoglobulins mediate type II hypersensivity reactions? _____
Answer: IgM and IgG
Flashcard 209: A _____ is the presence of normal tissue in a foreign location
Answer: choristoma
Flashcard 210: What histological stain is used to visualize iron? _____
Answer: Prussian blue
Flashcard 211: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is type I diabetes mellitus? _____
Answer: Type IV HSR (direct cell cytotoxicity)
Flashcard 212: Which MHC class is associated with the gene products of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C? _____
Answer: MHC I
Flashcard 213: Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by circulating immune complexes? _____
Answer: Type III HSR
Flashcard 214: What is the mode of inheritance of phenylketonuria (PKU)? _____
Answer: Autosomal recessive (incidence ~ 1:10,000)
Flashcard 215: _____ involves the controlled proliferation of stem cells and differentiated cells
Answer: Hyperplasia ((hypertrophy or hyperplasia))
Flashcard 216: Ischemic strokes result in the formation of a fluid-filled cystic space surrounded by _____ (reactive astrocytes that line cystic space)
Answer: gliosis
Flashcard 217: What type of pathologic RBC is seen with -thalassemia?_____
Answer: Target cells
Flashcard 218: What dermatologic lesion is a papule > 1 cm?_____
Answer: Plaque
Flashcard 219: Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is T-cell mediated? _____
Answer: Type IV
Flashcard 220: What type of chromosome is most commonly involved in a robertsonian translocation?_____
Answer: Acrocentric chromosomes
Flashcard 221: Is dysplasia reversible or irreversible? _____
Answer: Reversible
Flashcard 222: Which immunodeficiency is associated with an infiltrative lymphohistiocytosis?_____
Answer: Chediak-Higashi
Flashcard 223: Do Robertsonian translocations usually cause pathology in the individual who acquired the mutation?_____
Answer: No, it usually is a balanced translocation
Flashcard 224: _____ may appear 1-2 weeks after Herpes Simplex Virus infection
Answer: Erythema multiforme
Flashcard 225: What type of scar is confined to the borders of the original wound? _____
Answer: Hypertrophic scar
Flashcard 226: What is most commonly the effect of teratogens after week 8 of gestation?_____
Answer: Organ hypoplasia
Flashcard 227: _____ is a cutaneous disorder caused by Pseudomonas sp. that is described as rapidly progressive, necrotic cutaneous lesions.
Answer: Ecthyma Gangrenosum
Flashcard 228: _____ can be used in conjunction with PAS to demonstrate glycogen deposits
Answer: Diastase
Flashcard 229: _____ is the replacement of damaged tissue with fibrous scar
Answer: Repair
Flashcard 230: When a left shift is seen with immature RBCs it is called a _____ reaction
Answer: leukoerythroblastic
Flashcard 231: What chromosomal abnormality is associated with Patau syndrome?_____
Answer: Trisomy 13
Flashcard 232: What pathologic RBC finding is seen in a peripheral smear with lead and arsenic poisoning, sideroblastic anemia, thalassemia and myelodysplastic syndrome? _____
Answer: Basophilic stippling
Flashcard 233: Disorders of fibrinolysis typically present with _____ bleeding time
Answer: increased
Flashcard 234: Which cellular change is characterized by an increased number of cells? _____
Answer: Hyperplasia
Flashcard 235: _____ can form in the middle ear after hemorrhage and appear as bluish-black gelatinous material behind the tympanic membrane
Answer: Cholesterol granulomas
Flashcard 236: What genetic bone disorder is also known as brittle bone disease?_____
Answer: Osteogenesis imperfecta
Flashcard 237: What type of hypersensitivity is Graves disease?_____
Answer: Type II (antibody-mediated)
Flashcard 238: _____ with Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells is diagnostic of Measles (rubeola)
Answer: Lymphadenitis
Flashcard 239: Guillain-Barre syndrome can arise due to the immunologic phenomenon known as _____
Answer: molecular mimicry
Flashcard 240: What is the mode of inheritance of acute intermittent porphyria?_____
Answer: Autosomal dominant
Flashcard 241: _____ refers to a state in which an immune cell cannot become activated by exposure to its antigen
Answer: Anergy
Flashcard 242: Bacterial meningitis may cause death due to _____, secondary to cerebral edema
Answer: herniation
Flashcard 243: Compared to younger spherocytes, older spherocytes are _____ (size)
Answer: smaller
Flashcard 244: What pathologic RBC is seen with bone marrow infiltration (e.g. myelofibrosis, thalassemias)?_____
Answer: Dacrocyte ("tear drop cell")
Flashcard 245: What laboratory technique is used to diagnose chromosomal imbalances?_____
Answer: Karyotyping
Flashcard 246: Is Sturge-Weber syndrome inherited or sporadic? _____
Answer: Sporadic (somatic mosaicism)
Flashcard 247: A _____ occurs when the long arms of 2 acrocentric chromosomes fuse at the centromere and the 2 short arms are lost
Answer: Robertsonian translocation
Flashcard 248: Impaired division and enlargement of RBC precursors leads to _____, macrocytic anemia
Answer: megaloblastic
Flashcard 249: The _____ is a diagnostic test used to identify HSV or VZV through a smear of an opened skin vesicle.
Answer: Tzanck smear
Flashcard 250: What type of cells are the following examples? _____ ,smooth muscle cells
Answer: Stable (Quiescent) (Labile, Stable, or Permanent?)
Flashcard 251: -thalassemia major may be associated with _____ RBCs on blood smear
Answer: nucleated (feature)
Flashcard 252: In flow cytometry, antibodies are tagged with a unique _____, which is detected and counted during analysis
Answer: fluorescent dye
Flashcard 253: Patients with infective endocarditis can develop a nephritic syndrome due to deposition of _____
Answer: circulating immune complexes
Flashcard 254: Direct Coombs Positive Hemolytic Anemia that develops as a result of Penicillin administration is a type _____ hypersensitivity rxn
Answer: II
Flashcard 255: Which error in morphogenesis is characterized by extrinsic disruption (after the embryonic period)? _____
Answer: Deformation
Flashcard 256: What is typically the mode of inheritance of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease? _____
Answer: Autosomal dominant
Flashcard 257: Proliferation of the T cell compartment of lymph nodes causes _____ hyperplasia (e.g. viral infections)
Answer: paracortex
Flashcard 258: _____ is defined as hyperkeratosis with retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum (e.g. psoriasis)
Answer: Parakeratosis
Flashcard 259: Patients with Chediak-Higashi syndrome have increased risk for _____ infections (e.g. staphylococci and streptococci)
Answer: pyogenic
Flashcard 260: G6PD deficiency is characterized primarily by _____ hemolysis
Answer: intravascular
Flashcard 261: The initial 'proliferative' phase of wound repair is characterized by deposition of _____ tissue
Answer: granulation
Flashcard 262: Infarction and/or neoplasm of the blood-brain-barrier destroys endothelial cell tight junctions, causing _____
Answer: vasogenic edema
Flashcard 263: 4% of cases of Down syndrome are due to unbalanced _____
Answer: Robertsonian translocation
Flashcard 264: _____ is defined as separation of epidermal cells (e.g. Pemphigus vulgaris)
Answer: Acantholysis
Flashcard 265: What is the mechanism by which fetal alcohol syndrome manifests?_____
Answer: Failure of cell migration
Flashcard 266: Hereditary spherocytosis is characterized by a(n) _____ RDW
Answer: increased
Flashcard 267: Chediak-Higashi syndrome is characterized by _____ circulating neutrophils
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 268: _____ is defined as epidermal hyperplasia (increased spinosum)
Answer: Acanthosis
Flashcard 269: Acquired hydrocele ("noncommuncating") may be secondary to infection, trauma, or tumor and can involve blockage of _____ drainage (adults)
Answer: lymphatic
Flashcard 270: What type of scar is characterized by parallel collagen organization?_____
Answer: Hypertrophic scar
Flashcard 271: Accumulation of sulfatides in metachromatic leukodystrophy results in destruction and impaired production of the _____
Answer: myelin sheath
Flashcard 272: Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by cross-linking IgE on presensitized mast cells and basophils? _____
Answer: Type I HSR
Flashcard 273: Ganglion cysts arise from _____ of dense connective tissue
Answer: herniation
Flashcard 274: Do hypertrophic scars have a genetic predisposition? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 275: _____ - vascular hemolysis involves RBC destruction by the reticuloendothelial system (RES)
Answer: Extra
Flashcard 276: In Glanzmann thrombasthenia there is a defect in platelet _____
Answer: aggregation
Flashcard 277: What is the mode of inheritance of Propionic acidemia? _____
Answer: autosomal recessive
Flashcard 278: Chronic hemolysis can lead to iron deposition in the kidney (this process is known as _____)
Answer: hemosiderosis
Flashcard 279: What is the cause of painful crisis in patients with sickle cell anemia? _____
Answer: Vaso-occlusion
Flashcard 280: _____ refers to a decreased number of circulating eosinophils
Answer: Eosinopenia
Flashcard 281: Amyloid may be visualized using _____ staining
Answer: Congo red
Flashcard 282: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is tuberculin skin test (PPD)? _____
Answer: Type IV HSR (Th1 Mediated*)
Flashcard 283: Biopsy of breast tissue with fat necrosis shows necrotic fat with associated calcifications and _____ cells
Answer: giant
Flashcard 284: What type of scar extends beyond the borders of the original wound? _____
Answer: Keloid scar
Flashcard 285: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is usually _____, but can rarely can arise due to exposure to prion-infected human tissue
Answer: sporadic
Flashcard 286: Which cellular change is characterized by replacement of one cell type by another? _____
Answer: Metaplasia
Flashcard 287: Rickets may present with _____ due to osteoid deposition at the costochondral junction
Answer: rachitic rosary
Flashcard 288: When HLA typing, the purpose of the Microcytotoxicity test is to test for MHC class _____
Answer: I (ex HLA-A, HLA-B)
Flashcard 289: Which type of calcification (dystrophic or metastatic) tends to be widespread? _____
Answer: Metastatic
Flashcard 290: Vocal cord nodules are composed of degenerative _____ connective tissue
Answer: myxoid
Flashcard 291: The _____ B cell is characterized by cytoplasmic
Answer: precursor
Flashcard 292: Defects in CD-_____ on regulatory T cells are associated with multiple sclerosis and type I diabetes mellitus
Answer: 25
Flashcard 293: What laboratory technique is useful in determining CD4 cell count in HIV patients? _____
Answer: Flow cytometry
Flashcard 294: Which error in morphogenesis is characterized by absent organ despite the presence of primordial tissue?_____
Answer: Aplasia
Flashcard 295: _____ stain identifies glycogen and is thus useful in identifying glycogen storage diseases
Answer: Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
Flashcard 296: The _____ B cell lacks cytoplasmic and surface IgM/IgD
Answer: progenitor
Flashcard 297: _____ cells are mature, differentiated B cells characterized by cytoplasmic Ig
Answer: Plasma
Flashcard 298: _____ is a Herpesvirus that can give rise to atypical lymphocytes (Downey Cells) on a peripheral blood smear.
Answer: EBV
Flashcard 299: -thalassemia major may have increased _____, which refers to the presence of abnormally shaped and unequally sized RBCs on blood smear
Answer: anisopoikilocytosis
Flashcard 300: The _____ Coombs test answers the question: "Does the patient have antibodies in their serum?"
Answer: indirect
Flashcard 301: Further expansion of CAG repeats (Huntington disease) occurs during _____ in males, which leads to anticipation in future generations
Answer: spermatogenesis
Flashcard 302: Reticulocytes have a bluish cytoplasm on Wright-Giemsa stain due to presence of residual _____
Answer: ribosomal RNA
Flashcard 303: The lymphadenopathy seen with infectious mononucleosis is due to T-cell hyperplasia in the lymph node _____
Answer: paracortex
Keywords: General Pathology flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
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