Viruses — Flashcards

Viruses US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards

Master Viruses with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.

Viruses Flashcard Deck - 710 Cards

Flashcard 1: Which virus is associated with outbreaks on cruise ships? _____

Answer: Norovirus (norwalk virus)

Extra: Watch Norovirus/Norwalk virus (Caliciviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-norovirusnorwalk-virus-caliciviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 2: Which DNA virus preferentially infects erythroid progenitors? _____

Answer: Parvovirus B19

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 3: _____ Virus can result in pharyngitis with tonsillar exudates

Answer: Epstein-Barr

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 4: Filoviruses (ebola, marburg) may be transmitted via _____ or bats

Answer: primates (apes)

Extra: Watch Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus (Filoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-ebolavirus-marburgvirus-filoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 5: Which immunoglobulin is released into secretions (tears, saliva, mucus)? _____

Answer: IgA

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/antibodies?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 6: Enveloped viruses can have either an icosahedral or _____ shape (whereas naked viruses are all icosahedral)

Answer: helical

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 7: Which type of immunity includes NK cells? _____

Answer: Innate immunity

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 8: Which virus causes croup? _____

Answer: Parainfluenza virus

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-fundamentals?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 9: Which Herpesvirus inhibits expression of MHC I in infected cells? _____

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 10: When IgA is released into the mucosa, the poly Ig receptor becomes the _____, which protects IgA from luminal proteases

Answer: secretory component

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 11: Which type of genome do papilloma viruses have? _____

Answer: Circular

Extra: Watch Human papillomavirus (Papillomaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-human-papillomavirus-papillomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 12: Which herpesviruses can cause roseola? _____

Answer: HHV-6; HHV-7

Extra: Watch HHV 6, roseola (Herpesviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-hhv-6-roseola-herpesviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 13: Differentiation of helper T cells to Th2 is inhibited by _____

Answer: IFN-γ

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 14: The _____ cycle is when a phage injects nuclear material into preexisting bacterial DNA and it is incorporated into the host DNA

Answer: Lysogenic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 15: Most RNA virus genomes are _-stranded and _

Answer: single

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 16: Which immunoglobulin binds directly to mast cells and basophils? _____

Answer: IgE

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/antibodies?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/b-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 17: What is the route of transmission of most picornaviruses? _____

Answer: Fecal-oral

Extra: Watch PicoRNAviridae overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-picornaviridae-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 18: The N protein of coronavirus forms the nucleocapsid in the _____ after associating with newly synthesized genomic RNA

Answer: cytoplasm

Extra: Watch Coronavirus (Coronaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-coronavirus-coronaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Coronavirus (Coronaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-coronavirus-coronaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 19: Outbreaks of Zika virus are more common in _____ climates

Answer: tropical

Extra: Watch Flaviviridae overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-flaviviridae-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 20: The idio-type of an antibody is determined by the _____ region

Answer: Fab

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/antibodies?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 21: Molluscum contagiosum is a(n) _____ that causes localized skin infections

Answer: poxvirus

Extra: Watch Smallpox virus, Cowpox virus, Molluscum contagiosum virus (Poxviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-smallpox-virus-cowpox-virus-molluscum-contagiosum-virus-poxviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 22: _____ causes monospot positive infectious mononucleosis

Answer: Epstein-Barr Virus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 23: _____ infection with dengue fever is associated with severe illness

Answer: Secondary

Flashcard 24: What type of viruses are Bunyaviruses? _____

Answer: Negative sense RNA

Extra: Watch Hantavirus, California encephalitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus (Bunyaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-hantavirus-california-encephalitis-virus-rift-valley-fever-virus-bunyaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 25: Is Parvovirus B19 enveloped? _____

Answer: No (naked)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 26: _____ is a Herpesvirus that causes interstitial pneumonia in HIV patients

Answer: CMV

Extra: Watch Cytomegalovirus (Herpesviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-cytomegalovirus-herpesviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 27: The lipid membrane of a host cell can be acquired by the virus and is used as the viral _____

Answer: envelope

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 28: Which type of immunization is acquired by receiving preformed antibodies? _____

Answer: Passive immunization

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/vaccines/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 29: Epstein-Barr Virus is _____

Answer: icosahedral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 30: Coronavirus is transmitted by _ or _ transmission

Answer: airborne

Flashcard 31: Bunyaviruses that are also arboviruses include _____, Rift Valley Fever, Sandfly fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

Answer: California encephalitis

Flashcard 32: Which viral virulence factor binds sialic acid promoting viral entry? _____

Answer: Hemagglutinin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 33: _____ is the cause of SARS

Answer: SARS-CoV

Flashcard 34: Transmission of rabies virus occurs via _____ or aerosol transmission

Answer: animal bites

Extra: Watch Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rabies-virus-rhabdoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 35: Which family of viruses is mumps a member of? _____

Answer: Paramyxoviridae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 36: Which animal is the most common carrier of rabies virus (rhabdovirus) in the United States? _____

Answer: Bats

Flashcard 37: Is Rhinovirus enveloped? _____

Answer: No (naked)

Extra: Watch Rhinovirus (PicoRNAviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-rhinovirus-picornaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 38: _____ is the cause of MERS

Answer: MERS-CoV

Flashcard 39: Which type of vaccine has the potential to revert to a virulent form? _____

Answer: Live, attenuated vaccines

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 40: The key member of the replication-transcription complex of coronavirus is the _____

Answer: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP)

Flashcard 41: What viruses can be diagnosed with a Tzanck smear? _____

Answer: VZV and HSV

Extra: Watch Varicella zoster virus (Herpesviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-varicella-zoster-virus-herpesviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/infectious-diseases-of-the-skin?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 42: Ebola virus is diagnosed via _____ of blood or other bodily fluids

Answer: RT-PCR

Flashcard 43: Hantavirus (Sin nombre) belongs to the _____ family

Answer: bunyaviridae

Flashcard 44: Is Coxsackievirus enveloped? _____

Answer: No (naked)

Extra: Watch Coxsackievirus A & B (PicoRNAviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-coxsackievirus-a-and-b-picornaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 45: Which CD marker(s) (CD4, CD8) does the T-cell express in the thymic medulla? _____

Answer: Either CD4 or CD8

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-maturation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 46: Which envelope protein of Influenza facilitates viral endocytosis into cells? _____

Answer: Hemagglutinin

Extra: Watch Influenzavirus (Orthomyxoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-influenzavirus-orthomyxoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 47: Rhinovirus is part of the _____ family

Answer: picornaviridae

Flashcard 48: HHV-6 infects _____ cells

Answer: CD4+ T

Flashcard 49: The _____ of coronavirus is heavily glycosylated

Answer: S glycoprotein

Flashcard 50: A(n) _____ is a virus that infects bacteria

Answer: bacteriophage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 51: Coronavirus binds to _____ on type II alveolar cells in the respiratory tract via the S glycoprotein

Answer: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)

Flashcard 52: Which paramyxovirus can result in pancreatitis? _____

Answer: Mumps

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 53: Which viral virulence factor is RSV associated with? _____

Answer: F (fusion) protein

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 54: What virus is the most common cause of the common cold? _____

Answer: Rhinovirus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 55: _____ is a negative sense RNA virus that presents with a rash that starts on the face and moves down-wards

Answer: Measles (rubeola)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 56: Do Flaviviruses have an envelope? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 57: Which virus causes slapped-cheek fever? _____

Answer: Parvovirus B19

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 58: Which animal is the most common carrier of rabies virus (rhabdovirus) in developing countries? _____

Answer: Dogs

Flashcard 59: What type of virus is Rhinovirus? _____

Answer: Positive sense RNA

Flashcard 60: How is CMV detected in organ transplant patients? _____

Answer: Buffy coat culture (WBCs)

Flashcard 61: What is the most common cause of condyloma accuminata? _____

Answer: HPV (esp. types 6 and 11)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 62: Which virus replicates in ileal peyer's patches and oropharyngeal tonsils? _____

Answer: Poliovirus

Extra: Watch Poliovirus (PicoRNAviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-poliovirus-picornaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 63: _____ are influenza viral proteins that ensure proper intracellular pH for viral uncoating

Answer: M2 channel proteins

Flashcard 64: Does hepatitis E have an envelope? _____

Answer: No (naked)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/viral-hepatitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 65: Antigenic shift is associated with _____-demics

Answer: pan

Flashcard 66: During viral reassortment, will the viral progeny display changes? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 67: Which polyomavirus can cause nephropathy? _____

Answer: BK virus

Extra: Watch JC polyomavirus, BK polyomavirus (Polyomaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-jc-polyomavirus-bk-polyomavirus-polyomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 68: Poliovirus replicates in the oropharynx and small intestine before spreading via bloodstream to the _____

Answer: CNS

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/spinal-cord-lesions/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 69: Poliomyelitis is caused by _____ infection

Answer: poliovirus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/spinal-cord-lesions/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 70: Which two causes of viral gastroenteritis are associated with daycares and kindergartens? _____

Answer: Rotavirus and Norovirus

Extra: Watch Rotavirus, Colorado tick fever virus (Reoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rotavirus-colorado-tick-fever-virus-reoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 71: Which interferons enhance activity of natural killer cells? _____

Answer: Interferon-α and Interferon-β

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 72: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is _____

Answer: linear

Flashcard 73: The antigen receptors of B lymphocytes have two _ and _ chains (bivalent)

Answer: heavy

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/b-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 74: _____ is a viral envelope protein that allows for mature virion release

Answer: Neuraminidase

Flashcard 75: Rabies virus can spread to the peripheral neurons and enter _____ glands

Answer: salivary

Extra: Watch Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rabies-virus-rhabdoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 76: Which group of viruses are ambisense? _____

Answer: Arenaviruses

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 77: Which type of immunity responds to antigens with activated cytotoxic T-cells? _____

Answer: Cell-mediated immunity

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 78: JC virus presents in _____ patients

Answer: immunocompromised (HIV/AIDS)

Extra: Watch JC polyomavirus, BK polyomavirus (Polyomaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-jc-polyomavirus-bk-polyomavirus-polyomaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 79: Most RNA viruses are _____-stranded

Answer: single

Flashcard 80: Is Coronavirus enveloped? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 81: HSV-_____ is usually confined to the lower half of the body

Answer: 2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 82: Differentiation of helper T cells to Th1 is inhibited by _ and _ (from Th2 cells)

Answer: IL-4

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 83: Which viruses have a grainy (sand) appearance on electron microscopy? _____

Answer: Arenaviruses

Extra: Watch Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (Arenaviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-lymphocytic-choriomeningitis-virus-arenaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 84: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a(n) _____ linear enveloped dsDNA virus

Answer: icosahedral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 85: Which Herpesvirus causes Mononucleosis with a positive Monospot test? _____

Answer: EBV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 86: Where is EBV latent? _____

Answer: B cells

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/leukemias-and-lymphomas?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 87: Which immunoglobulin is the main antibody produced during the secondary response to antigen? _____

Answer: IgG

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/antibodies?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/b-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 88: Paramyxoviruses can express the virulence factor _____ which binds sialic acid, promoting viral entry into cells

Answer: hemagglutinin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 89: Arenavirus has a(n) _____ capsid

Answer: helical

Flashcard 90: _____ is the most common caliciviridae

Answer: Norovirus (norwalk virus)

Flashcard 91: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a(n) _____NA virus

Answer: dsD

Flashcard 92: Caliciviruses replicate in the _____

Answer: cytoplasm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 93: The arenaviruses include lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and _____

Answer: lassa fever

Flashcard 94: _____ is the gold standard used in the diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus

Answer: PCR

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 95: Besides respiratory droplets, Parvovirus B19 can be transmitted _____ and through blood products

Answer: vertically (transplacentally)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 96: What is the route of transmission of influenza? _____

Answer: Respiratory droplets

Flashcard 97: Are Bunyaviruses enveloped? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 98: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is _____

Answer: icosahedral

Flashcard 99: CMV is a virus that binds to cellular _____

Answer: integrins (heparan sulfate)

Flashcard 100: Which immune cell has the cell surface protein CD28? _____

Answer: T cells

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/b-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 101: Any virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes, fleas, or ticks is said to be a(n) _____

Answer: arbovirus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 102: Reoviruses include rotavirus and _____

Answer: coltivirus

Flashcard 103: Ether and other organic solvents can disrupt the _____ of a virus, resulting in loss of infectivity

Answer: envelope

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 104: _____ is the only DNA virus that has a single-stranded genome

Answer: Parvovirus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 105: T-cells that are self-reactive in the periphery are inactivated by clonal _____

Answer: anergy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-maturation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 106: What is the most common cause of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)? _____

Answer: Parainfluenza virus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki para = away

Flashcard 107: Lassa fever is endemic to _____

Answer: West Africa

Flashcard 108: Class switching to IgA is promoted by _____ and TGF-β

Answer: IL-5

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/antibodies?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 109: California encephalitis is transmitted via the _____ vector

Answer: Aedes mosquito

Flashcard 110: Do killed/inactivated vaccines induce cellular or humoral responses? _____

Answer: Humoral

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 111: Which viral virulence factors is Measles associated with? _____

Answer: Hemagglutinin; F (fusion) protein

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 112: Which type of immunization has a rapid onset? _____

Answer: Passive immunization

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/vaccines/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 113: The three negative RNA virus families with helical capsids include _____, rhabdovirus, and arenavirus

Answer: filovirus

Flashcard 114: Risk factors for Ebola and Marburg virus infection include recent travel to _____

Answer: Africa

Flashcard 115: Which viral genetic phenomenon can cause antigenic shift? _____

Answer: Reassortment

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 116: Cell-mediated immunity is used to defend against _____-cellular agents

Answer: intra

Extra: Watch B Cell Disorders & DiGeorge Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-b-cell-disorders-and-digeorge-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 117: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is part of the _____ family

Answer: herpesviridae

Flashcard 118: Which viral virulence factor promotes the release of progeny virions? _____

Answer: Neuraminidase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/antivirals/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 119: Which immune cell has the cell surface protein B7 (CD80/86)? _____

Answer: APCs (B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/b-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 120: In addition to hepatitis virus, viral hepatitis may also be caused by _____ and CMV

Answer: EBV

Flashcard 121: Which viral genetic phenomenon is characterized by virus A and virus B exchanging genomic segments intracellularly? _____

Answer: Reassortment

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 122: HSV-_____ is usually confined to the upper half of the body

Answer: 1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 123: Do live attenuated vaccines induce cellular or humoral responses? _____

Answer: Both cellular and humoral :)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 124: Which matonavirus is a childhood exanthem? _____

Answer: Rubella

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 125: Arboviruses that are also togaviruses include ___, _, and ___

Answer: eastern

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 126: The _____ of coronavirus is a(n) N protein bound to RNA genome

Answer: helical nucleocapsid

Flashcard 127: How many strains of influenza are there? _____

Answer: Three (A, B, C)

Flashcard 128: What class of microorganism is often the cause of retinitis? _____

Answer: Viruses (e.g. CMV, HSV, VZV)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 129: Which types of vaccine induce a relatively weak immune response? _____

Answer: Inactivated/killed vaccines and Subunit vaccine

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 130: Rubella is a positive sense virus that causes tender _ and _ lymphadenopathy

Answer: postauricular

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 131: Diagnosis of Zika virus is made via _____ or serology

Answer: RT-PCR

Flashcard 132: Parvovirus B19 is transmitted via _____ most often

Answer: respiratory droplets

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 133: Which virus causes erythema infectiosum? _____

Answer: Parvovirus B19

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 134: Common viral causes of meningitis include _____ and HSV-2

Answer: enteroviruses (especially coxsackievirus)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 135: Rhinovirus causes a(n) _____ infection

Answer: upper respiratory tract

Flashcard 136: Where does Coronavirus replicate? _____

Answer: Cytoplasm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 137: Which paramyxovirus infects respiratory cells via the G-protein? _____

Answer: RSV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 138: Reoviruses have _____ segments

Answer: 10 - 12

Flashcard 139: Which viral genetic phenomenon is characterized by virus A receiving nucleocapsid proteins from virus B intracellularly? _____

Answer: Phenotypic mixing

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 140: RSV attaches to the _____ in order to infect respiratory epithelial cells

Answer: G protein

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 141: Besides respiratory droplets, Parvovirus B19 can be transmitted vertically (transplacentally) and through _____

Answer: blood products (transfusions, transplants)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 142: Adenovirus will enter and lyse _____ cells

Answer: mucosal

Extra: Watch Adenovirus (Adenoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-adenovirus-adenoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 143: Which family of viruses includes influenza? _____

Answer: Orthomyxoviridae

Flashcard 144: What is the reservoir of ebola and marburg virus (filoviruses)? _____

Answer: Bats

Flashcard 145: Parvovirus B19 is the _____ DNA virus

Answer: smallest

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 146: Antigenic _____ explains why we need a flu shot each year

Answer: drift

Flashcard 147: Transmission of Adenovirus includes respiratory droplets, fecal-oral route, or _____ contact

Answer: direct

Flashcard 148: Coxsackie A is associated with acute hemorrhagic _____

Answer: conjunctivitis

Flashcard 149: What is the reservoir of Arenaviruses? _____

Answer: Rodents (mice, hamsters)

Flashcard 150: Which virus produces Warthin-Finkeldey cells due to its surface fusion (F) proteins? _____

Answer: Measles (rubeola)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 151: What is the mode of transmission of Rubella? _____

Answer: Respiratory droplets; Transplacentally

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 152: _____ and Marburg virus both belong to the filoviridae family

Answer: Ebola

Flashcard 153: Consumption of IgA in breast milk is an example of _____ immunization

Answer: passive

Extra: Watch B Cell Disorders & DiGeorge Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-b-cell-disorders-and-digeorge-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 154: Poliovirus is a common cause of _____ meningitis

Answer: aseptic (viral)

Extra: Watch Poliovirus (PicoRNAviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-poliovirus-picornaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 155: Are Reoviruses enveloped? _____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 156: Which viral virulence factor causes respiratory cell fusion and multinucleated giant cell production? _____

Answer: F (fusion) protein

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 157: What type of virus is poliovirus? _____

Answer: Positive sense RNA

Flashcard 158: Bunyaviruses are a class of RNA viruses that obtain their envelope from host cell's _____

Answer: golgi apparatus (golgi body complex)

Flashcard 159: _____ is a viral envelope protein that binds sialic acid

Answer: Hemagglutinin

Flashcard 160: When viruses enter cells, they can trigger the host (via capsule / viral products) to produce Type I Interferons by activation of cytosolic _____

Answer: pattern recognition receptors

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 161: Which type of immunity includes T cells and B cells? _____

Answer: Adaptive immunity

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 162: Are Orthomyxoviruses enveloped? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 163: Arboviruses are a class of viruses that have _____ vectors

Answer: arthropod

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 164: Poliovirus may be recovered from the _____ or throat, even before the onset of illness

Answer: stool

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/spinal-cord-lesions/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:

Flashcard 165: What virus commonly causes conjunctivitis? _____

Answer: Adenovirus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 166: What is the route of transmission of VZV? _____

Answer: Respiratory droplets

Flashcard 167: V(D)J recombination in heavy chains begins with _____ joining, followed by V-D/J joining

Answer: D-J

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 168: Poliovirus replicates in the _____ of the oropharynx

Answer: tonsils

Flashcard 169: Low-pathogenicity coronavirus strains can cause the _____

Answer: common cold

Flashcard 170: The _____ virus is transmitted through contact with infected cow udders

Answer: Cowpox

Flashcard 171: What family of viruses does Dengue fever belong to? _____

Answer: Flaviviridae

Flashcard 172: What viruses classically cause Reye syndrome when treated with aspirin? _____ and VZV

Answer: Influenza B

Extra: Watch Alcoholic & Non alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-alcoholic-and-non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/rheumatology/vasculitis/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 173: The two most common shapes of viral capsids are _ and _

Answer: icosahedral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 174: Which type of immunity has limited diversity? _____

Answer: Innate immunity

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 175: Is Poliovirus enveloped? _____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 176: Does hepatitis A have an envelope? _____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 177: What are the three common Enteroviruses (picornaviridae family)? _____

Answer: Coxsackie A/B; Polioviruses; Echovirus

Flashcard 178: Which virulence factor is responsible for multinucleated giant cell formation in paramyxoviruses? _____

Answer: Surface F (fusion) proteins

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 179: Epstein-Barr Virus remains latent in _____

Answer: B-cells

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 180: Antigen-independent antibody diversity in _____ chains is generated by VJ gene recombination

Answer: light

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/antibodies?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 181: Hantavirus (Sin nombre) is transmitted through rodent _____

Answer: urine/feces

Flashcard 182: The signal transduction region of B lymphocytes includes a heterodimer of _ and _

Answer: Ig-α

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/b-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 183: Administration of vaccines is an example of _____ immunization

Answer: active

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 184: _____ is an immunologic test used to detect the presence of either a specific antigen or antibody in a patient's blood sample

Answer: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/laboratory-techniques?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 185: Epstein-Barr Virus is _____

Answer: linear

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 186: Which virus is displayed below? _____

Answer: Rhabdovirus (rabies) bullet-shaped

Extra: Watch Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rabies-virus-rhabdoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 187: Which form of poliovirus vaccine forms IgG antibodies, only? _____

Answer: Salk

Extra: Watch Poliovirus (PicoRNAviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-poliovirus-picornaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 188: Previous coronavirus infections are detected using _____

Answer: serologic assays

Flashcard 189: Antigenic variation of influenza viruses occurs with changes to viral _ and _

Answer: hemagglutinin (HA)

Flashcard 190: Is innate immunity specific or nonspecific? _____

Answer: Non-specific

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 191: After cleavage of the coronavirus long polyprotein by viral protease, these proteins assemble into the _____ complex

Answer: replication-transcription

Flashcard 192: Which virus makes its own envelope, unlike most viruses? _____

Answer: Poxvirus

Flashcard 193: What are the 4 places that mumps is known to replicate? _____

Answer: Parotid gland, testes, CNS, pancreas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 194: What type of viruses are Filoviruses? _____

Answer: Negative sense RNA

Flashcard 195: Along with Bats, Rabies virus is also commonly carried by _ and _ in the eastern U.S.

Answer: raccoons

Flashcard 196: Which virus causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)? _____

Answer: Hantavirus (sin nombre)

Flashcard 197: Picornavirus have viral _____ which cleave the large translated polypeptide into functional viral proteins

Answer: proteases

Flashcard 198: Togaviruses produce one polypeptide product that is cleaved via _____

Answer: viral proteases

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 199: Is Rubella enveloped? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 200: The grainy particles within Arenaviruses on microscopy are host cell _____

Answer: ribosomes

Flashcard 201: Natural infection is an example of _____ immunization

Answer: active

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/b-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 202: Which MHC class is associated with the gene products of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C? _____

Answer: MHC I

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 203: What is the route of transmission of Rhinovirus? _____

Answer: Respiratory; Fomites

Flashcard 204: _____ is the only DNA virus that completely replicates in the cytoplasm

Answer: Poxvirus

Flashcard 205: Polyomaviruses have _____ DNA genomes

Answer: circular

Flashcard 206: What virus is associated with bilateral inflammation of the parotid glands? _____

Answer: Mumps virus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 207: Coxsackie A is a virus that causes _____ disease

Answer: hand-foot-and-mouth

Flashcard 208: What type of virus is Hepatitis A? _____

Answer: Positive sense RNA

Extra: Watch Hepatitis A virus (PicoRNAviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-hepatitis-a-virus-picornaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/viral-hepatitis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 209: Does VZV have an envelope? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 210: The _____ B cell is characterized by surface IgM, but no surface IgD

Answer: immature

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/b-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/b-cell-maturation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 211: Are Caliciviruses enveloped? _____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 212: What is the reservoir for Hantavirus (Sin nombre)? _____

Answer: Deer mouse

Flashcard 213: Zika virus is from the _____ family

Answer: flaviviridae

Flashcard 214: Bunyaviruses have _____ circular segments

Answer: 3

Flashcard 215: Interferons stimulate antitumor activity by activating _____ Cells

Answer: Natural Killer

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 216: The _____ of an antibody refers to the number of sites available to bind epitopes

Answer: valence

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 217: Do viruses have metabolic activity? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 218: The segmented virus families include bunyavirus, orthomyxovirus, _____, and reovirus

Answer: arenavirus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 219: _____ is the virus that causes rabies

Answer: Rhabdovirus

Extra: Watch Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rabies-virus-rhabdoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 220: Which receptor does EBV use to enter B cells? _____

Answer: CD21 (C3d; CR2)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 221: Which Herpesvirus causes Mononucleosis with a negative Monospot test? _____

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 222: Do thymus-dependent antigens result in immunologic memory? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 223: What class of helper T cell promotes cell-mediated immunity? _____

Answer: Th1

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 224: Which influenza vaccine can result in CD8+ T-cell response? _____

Answer: Live, intranasal vaccine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 225: Which immunoglobulin(s) cross the placenta? _____

Answer: IgG

Extra: Watch B Cell Disorders & DiGeorge Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-b-cell-disorders-and-digeorge-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/antibodies?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 226: What family of viruses does Yellow fever belong to? _____

Answer: Flaviviridae

Flashcard 227: What is the most common cause of the common cold? _____

Answer: Rhinovirus

Flashcard 228: Are Arenaviruses enveloped? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 229: Which type of virus is parainfluenza (croup)? _____

Answer: Paramyxovirus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 230: Most DNA viruses replicate in the _____

Answer: nucleus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 231: _____ utilize the enzyme reverse transcriptase to convert their diploid linear stranded RNA genome to dsDNA

Answer: Retroviruses (e.g. HIV)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 232: All naked viruses have _____ capsids

Answer: icosahedral

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 233: Which virus causes middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS)? _____

Answer: Coronavirus

Flashcard 234: Which form of poliovirus vaccine forms IgG and IgA antibodies? _____

Answer: Sabin

Extra: Watch Poliovirus (PicoRNAviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-positive-sense-poliovirus-picornaviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 235: _____ is a viral envelope protein that cleaves the HA-sialic acid interaction

Answer: Neuraminidase

Flashcard 236: Quick note about this deck There are waaaaaayyyy too many viruses for me to spend my time on here. I trust sketchy chose the most high-yield of the arboviruses. Feel free to fill in the gaps. _____

Answer: :)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 237: Hemagglutinin (HA) _____ are designated H1, H2, H3, etc.

Answer: antigens

Flashcard 238: Diagnosis of Adenovirus is made via _____ or cell culture

Answer: serology

Flashcard 239: Filoviruses have a(n) _____ capsid

Answer: helical

Flashcard 240: Which viral virulence factors is Mumps associated with? _____

Answer: Hemagglutinin; F (fusion) protein; Neuraminidase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 241: What family of viruses does HAV belong to? _____

Answer: Picornaviridae

Flashcard 242: The arenaviruses include _____ and lassa fever

Answer: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)

Flashcard 243: The segmented virus families include bunyavirus, _____, arenavirus, and reovirus

Answer: orthomyxovirus

Flashcard 244: Classic allergic asthma is mediated by Ig_____, produced in response to exposure to foreign antigens (i.e. dust, dander, pollen)

Answer: E

Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Respiratory (Asthma) Watch Asthma therapy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle/videos/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle-allergy-and-pulmonary-asthma-therapy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/smooth-muscle/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 245: In addition to vector-borne transmission, how can Zika virus be transmitted? _____

Answer: Sexual; Vertical (transplacentally)

Flashcard 246: Antigen loading onto MHC I occurs in the RER after breakdown of endogenous antigen by the _____ in the cytosol, and delivery to the RER via TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing)

Answer: proteasome

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 247: Epstein-Barr Virus first infects the _____ epithelium

Answer: oropharynx

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 248: Which virus is also known as German measles (3-day measles)? _____

Answer: Rubella

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 249: Rhabdovirus has a(n) _____ capsid

Answer: helical

Extra: Watch Rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-rna-viruses-negative-sense-rabies-virus-rhabdoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 250: What cause of viral gastroenteritis is more commonly seen in adults? _____

Answer: Norovirus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 251: Active coronavirus infection is detected using _____

Answer: nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT)

Flashcard 252: The segmented virus families include _____, orthomyxovirus, arenavirus, and reovirus

Answer: bunyavirus

Flashcard 253: What type of viruses are togaviruses? _____

Answer: Positive sense RNA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 254: Poliovirus is part of the _____ family

Answer: picornaviridae

Flashcard 255: What is the cause of Chickenpox? _____

Answer: VZV (Varicella-Zoster)

Extra: Watch Varicella zoster virus (Herpesviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-varicella-zoster-virus-herpesviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 256: Positive sense RNA viruses carry RNA that is structurally similar to _____

Answer: mRNA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 257: Which bunyavirus is also a robovirus? _____

Answer: Hantavirus (Sin nombre)

Flashcard 258: Laryngeal papillomatosis and condyloma acuminata are caused by what strains of HPV? _____

Answer: HPV 6, HPV 11

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 259: Coxsackie B is associated with _____

Answer: hepatitis

Flashcard 260: Which enterovirus most commonly causes meningitis? _____

Answer: Coxsackievirus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 261: What type of viruses are polyomaviruses? _____

Answer: Double-stranded DNA

Flashcard 262: Which envelope protein of Influenza determines cell tropism? _____

Answer: Hemagglutinin

Flashcard 263: Poliovirus is acid-_____

Answer: stable

Flashcard 264: Negative sense RNA viruses produce their own _____ to transcribe into positive sense RNA

Answer: RNA polymerase

Flashcard 265: Which viral genetic phenomenon is characterized by virus A and virus B exchanging genes between two chromosomes? _____

Answer: Recombination

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 266: What type of viruses are orthomyxoviruses? _____

Answer: Negative sense RNA

Flashcard 267: Norovirus is associated with consumption of _____

Answer: shellfish (e.g. oysters)

Flashcard 268: Which paramyxovirus can result in aseptic meningitis? _____

Answer: Mumps

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 269: What type of virus is HHV-6? _____

Answer: Double-stranded DNA

Flashcard 270: Viral gastroenteritis is most commonly caused by _____ and rotavirus

Answer: norovirus

Flashcard 271: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can be inactivated by _____ and irradiation

Answer: heat

Flashcard 272: What strains of HPV cause Condylomata Acuminatum? _____

Answer: HPV6; HPV11

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 273: Which paramyxovirus can result in parotitis? _____

Answer: Mumps

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 274: Polyomaviruses include _____ and BK virus

Answer: JC (John Cunningham)

Flashcard 275: Which type of immunity includes complement? _____

Answer: Innate immunity

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 276: Alcohol disrupts the _____ of viruses

Answer: envelope

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 277: Epstein-Barr Virus is primarily transmitted through _____ or respiratory secretions

Answer: saliva

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 278: All RNA viruses replicate in the _____ except for influenza and retroviruses

Answer: cytoplasm

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 279: Transmission of Adenovirus includes _____, fecal-oral route, or direct contact

Answer: respiratory droplets

Flashcard 280: What type of virus is HTLV-1? _____

Answer: Positive sense RNA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 281: Which herpesvirus is the most common cause of roseola? _____

Answer: HHV-6

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 282: Poxvirus has its own _____ which allows it to replicate in the cytoplasm

Answer: DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Flashcard 283: Langerhans cells present antigen to naive _____ cells

Answer: T

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki Other:

Flashcard 284: The fully functional virions of coronavirus from the Golgi are transported through a series of membranous vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released via _____

Answer: exocytosis

Flashcard 285: A definitive diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis is made by serologic testing for the EBV _____ antigen

Answer: viral capsid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 286: Which immunoglobulin is produced first in response to an infection? _____

Answer: IgM

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/antibodies?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/b-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 287: What group of viruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis? _____

Answer: Enteroviruses (picornaviridae family)

Flashcard 288: The _____ chain only contributes to the Fab region of an antibody

Answer: light

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/antibodies?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 289: What urogenital disorder is associated with low-risk HPV subtypes? _____

Answer: Condylomas/warts

Flashcard 290: Which virus caused by bats and raccoons commonly causes dysphagia, muscle spasms, and coma? _____

Answer: Rabies (rhabdovirus)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 291: What is the route of transmission of Coxsackievirus? _____

Answer: Fecal-oral

Flashcard 292: During viral recombination, will the viral progeny display changes? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 293: Epstein-Barr Virus is _____

Answer: enveloped

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 294: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is transmitted by _____

Answer: saliva ("kissing disease")

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 295: Reactivation of VZV results in _____

Answer: herpes zoster (shingles)

Flashcard 296: Along with Bats, Rabies virus is also commonly carried by _____ in the western U.S.

Answer: skunks

Flashcard 297: _____ commonly causes herpes genitalis

Answer: HSV-2

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 298: The mature, naive T cell expresses a single _____ receptor on its surface

Answer: T-cell

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-maturation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 299: What type of viruses are paramyxoviruses? _____

Answer: Negative sense RNA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 300: CMV causes heterophile-_____ mononucleosis

Answer: negative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 301: What type of viruses are Reoviruses? _____

Answer: Double-stranded RNA

Flashcard 302: _____ sense RNA viruses are translated to proteins directly by host cell ribosomes

Answer: Positive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 303: Envelope proteins of coronavirus include _____

Answer: M, E, and S

Flashcard 304: pp65 antigen is a serum marker of _____ infection

Answer: CMV

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 305: _____ is a ssDNA virus that causes RBC destruction in fetus, thereby leading to hydrops fetalis and death

Answer: Parvovirus B19

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/peds-infectious-rashes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 306: Congenital CMV is usually transmitted to mother via _____

Answer: body fluids (e.g. saliva)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 307: Coxsackie A is a virus that causes _____ disease

Answer: hand-foot-and-mouth

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/peds-infectious-rashes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 308: Coxsackie A is a virus that causes _____ disease

Answer: hand-foot-and-mouth

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/peds-infectious-rashes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 309: EBV envelope glycoprotein binds _____ to infect B-cells

Answer: CD21

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/lymphoma/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 310: What are the three most common viral etiologies of acute bronchitis? _____

Answer: Influenza A/B Parainfluenza Adenovirus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 311: Condylomata acuminata (genital warts) is associated with HPV strains _ and _

Answer: 6

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 312: Test of choice for HSV = _____

Answer: PCR

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 313: SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis) is seen 5-15 years after infection with _____

Answer: measles (rubeola)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/peds-infectious-rashes/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 314: Coxsackie A is associated with _____ (mouth blisters in the posterior pharynx)

Answer: herpangina

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 315: _____ is a dsRNA reovirus that is a major cause of acute watery diarrhea in the USA during the winter, especially in day-care centers and kindergartens (babies/toddlers)

Answer: Rotavirus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 316: Which interleukins enhance activity of natural killer cells? _____

Answer: IL-12

Flashcard 317: Which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) includes T cells and B cells? _____

Answer: Adaptive immunity

Flashcard 318: Is humoral immunity primarily mediated by B-cells or T-cells?_____

Answer: B-cells

Flashcard 319: Which class of helper T cell promotes cell-mediated immunity?_____

Answer: Th1

Flashcard 320: Which immunoglobulin is released into secretions (tears, saliva, mucus)? _____

Answer: IgA

Flashcard 321: IFN-y _____ NK cells and NKT cells

Answer: stimulates

Flashcard 322: Which type of immunity (humoral or cell-mediated) responds to antigens with activated cytotoxic T-cells? _____

Answer: Cell-mediated immunity

Flashcard 323: Class switching of IgM is mediated by CD40L and cytokines from _____ cells

Answer: Th2 (specific)

Flashcard 324: The intranasal influenza vaccine induces a _____ response (humoral and/or cell-mediated)

Answer: humoral and cell-mediated

Flashcard 325: Which class of helper T cell secretes TGF-B, IL-10, and IL-35? _____

Answer: Regulatory T cell

Flashcard 326: Which class of helper T cell activates macrophages and cytotoxic T cells?_____

Answer: Th1

Flashcard 327: Does adaptive immunity have a memory response?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 328: The B-cell CD21 is the receptor for complement protein _____

Answer: C3d

Flashcard 329: Natural infection is an example of _____ immunization

Answer: active

Flashcard 330: Which MHC class is expressed on antigen presenting cells (APCs), only? _____

Answer: MHC II

Flashcard 331: _____ is an immunologic test used to detect the presence of either a specific antigen or antibody in a patient's blood sample

Answer: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (not coombes)

Flashcard 332: The _____ B cell is characterized by surface IgM, but no surface IgD

Answer: immature

Flashcard 333: Which MHC class has a smaller peptide binding groove (8 - 10 AA)? _____

Answer: MHC I

Flashcard 334: Which class of helper T cell helps maintain specific immune tolerance by suppressing CD4 and CD8 T-cell effector functions? _____

Answer: Regulatory T (TReg) cells

Flashcard 335: IgM exists as a _____ on the surface of B cells

Answer: monomer

Flashcard 336: How many identical antigens can a single IgM molecule bind?_____

Answer: 10

Flashcard 337: IL-12 deficiency presents with decreased levels of _____

Answer: IFN- (signal)

Flashcard 338: Where does negative selection of T cells occur? _____

Answer: Thymic medulla

Flashcard 339: Which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) develops over long periods?_____

Answer: Adaptive immunity

Flashcard 340: Which interleukin is primarily responsible for stimulating IgA production?_____

Answer: IL-5

Flashcard 341: Which immune cell has the cell surface protein CD16 and CD56? _____

Answer: NK cells

Flashcard 342: Is adaptive immunity specific or nonspecific? _____

Answer: Highly specific

Flashcard 343: _____ present antigen fragments to T cells and bind T-cell receptors (TCRs)

Answer: Major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)

Flashcard 344: Which immunoglobulin is released into breast milk (colostrum)? _____

Answer: IgA

Flashcard 345: What is the most abundant immunoglobulin isotype in serum?_____

Answer: IgG

Flashcard 346: Do thymus-dependent antigens result in immunologic memory? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 347: Which immunoglobulin(s) cross the placenta? _____

Answer: IgG

Flashcard 348: Which interleukin is responsible for activating NK cells and inducing differentiation of T cells into Th1 cells?_____

Answer: IL-12

Flashcard 349: Which class of helper T cell secretes IL-17, -21, and -22? _____ *What does each do?

Answer: Th17

Flashcard 350: IL-_____ receptor deficiency is characterized by a decreased Th1 response

Answer: 12

Flashcard 351: Does IgM cross the placenta?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 352: Which Herpesvirus causes Mononucleosis with a positive Monospot test?_____

Answer: EBV

Flashcard 353: Which Herpesvirus inhibits expression of MHC I in infected cells?_____

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 354: What is the etiology of Shingles?_____

Answer: VZV (Varicella-zoster)

Flashcard 355: Cutaneous common wart (verruca vulgaris) are caused by what strains of HPV? _____

Answer: HPV 1, 2 and 4

Flashcard 356: Which circular DNA virus causes hemorrhagic cystitis?_____

Answer: BK virus

Flashcard 357: Are Filoviruses enveloped?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 358: Which form of poliovirus vaccine forms IgG and IgA antibodies?_____

Answer: Sabin

Flashcard 359: _____ sense RNA can be used immediately by the cell for gene translation and protein synthesis

Answer: Positive

Flashcard 360: _____ causes monospot positive infectious mononucleosis

Answer: Epstein-Barr Virus

Flashcard 361: B-cell activation begins with presentation of foreign antigen on _____, which is recognized by a T-cell receptor

Answer: MHC II

Flashcard 362: Transmission of Adenovirus includes respiratory droplets, _____ route, or direct contact

Answer: fecal-oral

Flashcard 363: The _____ chain only contributes to the Fab region of an antibody

Answer: light

Flashcard 364: What are the 4 places that mumps is known to replicate?_____

Answer: Parotid gland, testes, CNS, pancreas

Flashcard 365: What type of virus is Rhinovirus? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc)_____

Answer: Positive sense RNA

Flashcard 366: Which type of vaccine includes only the antigens which best stimulate the immune system? _____

Answer: Subunit

Flashcard 367: Cell-mediated immunity is used to defend against _____-cellular agents

Answer: intra

Flashcard 368: Which group of viruses are ambisense?_____

Answer: Arenaviruses

Flashcard 369: Which immune cell has the cell surface protein B7 (CD80/86)? _____

Answer: APCs (B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells)

Flashcard 370: Which immunoglobulin has the highest affinity? _____

Answer: IgG

Flashcard 371: _____ allows for non-toxic strains of DNA to obtain bacterial toxins

Answer: Lysogeny

Flashcard 372: Which immunoglobulin has the highest avidity? _____

Answer: IgM

Flashcard 373: During viral reassortment, will the viral progeny display changes?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 374: Is Rhabdovirus enveloped?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 375: Rhinovirus causes a(n) _____ infection

Answer: upper respiratory tract

Flashcard 376: Which virus is also known as German measles (3-day measles)?_____

Answer: Rubella

Flashcard 377: HHV-8 is part of the _____ family

Answer: herpesvirus

Flashcard 378: Filoviruses (ebola, marburg) may be transmitted via _____ or bats

Answer: primates (apes)

Flashcard 379: Caliciviruses produce one polypeptide product that is cleaved via _____

Answer: viral proteases

Flashcard 380: What is the route of transmission of VZV?_____

Answer: Respiratory droplets

Flashcard 381: Infection of Rabies virus occurs within _____ cells

Answer: striated muscle

Flashcard 382: Diagnosis of Zika virus is made via _____ or serology

Answer: RT-PCR

Flashcard 383: Which envelope protein of Influenza facilitates viral spread from cells?_____

Answer: Neuraminidase

Flashcard 384: Which immunoglobulin is the main antibody produced during the primary response to antigen? _____

Answer: IgM

Flashcard 385: Epstein-Barr Virus is a _____NA virus

Answer: dsD

Flashcard 386: Which type of immunization is acquired by exposure to foreign antigens? _____

Answer: Active immunization

Flashcard 387: Which type of virus is RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)?_____

Answer: Paramyxovirus (negative sense RNA)

Flashcard 388: Togaviruses produce one polypeptide product that is cleaved via _____

Answer: viral proteases

Flashcard 389: What group of viruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis?_____

Answer: Enteroviruses (picornavirus family)

Flashcard 390: Arboviruses, including West Nile virus, most commonly occur in the _____ months

Answer: summer

Flashcard 391: Rhabdovirus has a(n) _____ capsid

Answer: helical

Flashcard 392: Rubella is part of the _____ family

Answer: togavirus

Flashcard 393: What type of viruses are caliciviruses? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc)_____

Answer: Positive sense RNA

Flashcard 394: _____ has a "dumbell-shaped" core

Answer: Poxvirus (which virus)

Flashcard 395: Hemagglutinin (HA) _____ are designated H1, H2, H3, etc.

Answer: antigens

Flashcard 396: Ebola virus is diagnosed via _____ of blood or other bodily fluids

Answer: RT-PCR

Flashcard 397: Transmission of Adenovirus includes _____, fecal-oral route, or direct contact

Answer: respiratory droplets

Flashcard 398: The segmented virus families include bunyavirus, orthomyxovirus, _____, and reovirus

Answer: arenavirus

Flashcard 399: What viruses fall under Papilloma viruses: _____

Answer: HPV

Flashcard 400: What is the most common etiology of Mononucleosis?_____

Answer: EBV

Flashcard 401: Alcohol disrupts the _____ of viruses

Answer: envelope

Flashcard 402: Viruses contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a _____

Answer: capsid

Flashcard 403: What infection is associated with verrucae?_____

Answer: HPV

Flashcard 404: _____ sense RNA are oriented in the 5' to 3' direction

Answer: Positive

Flashcard 405: Reoviruses have _____ segments

Answer: 10 - 12 (#)

Flashcard 406: What virus commonly causes conjunctivitis? _____

Answer: Adenovirus

Flashcard 407: Which togavirus is a childhood exanthem?_____

Answer: Rubella

Flashcard 408: What type of virus is rhabdovirus? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc)_____

Answer: Negative sense RNA

Flashcard 409: Poliovirus replication within lymphoid tissue takes _____ (time)

Answer: 2-3 wks

Flashcard 410: Abnormal proteins produced endogenously by cells are typically expressed on MHC _____

Answer: I

Flashcard 411: Do Flaviviruses have an envelope?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 412: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) replicates in the _____

Answer: nucleus (cytoplasm or nucleus)

Flashcard 413: Which DNA virus preferentially infects erythroid progenitors?_____

Answer: Parvovirus B19

Flashcard 414: What type of vaccine is available for Adenovirus?_____

Answer: Live vaccine

Flashcard 415: What is the most common cause of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)? _____

Answer: Parainfluenza virus

Flashcard 416: Which viral genetic phenomenon is characterized by virus A and virus B exchanging genes between two chromosomes?_____

Answer: Recombination

Flashcard 417: Which Herpesvirus remains latent in B & T cells (lymphocytes) and macrophages?_____

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 418: What is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in developing countries?_____

Answer: Rotavirus

Flashcard 419: What type of virus is coronavirus? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc)_____

Answer: Positive sense RNA

Flashcard 420: Reoviruses include rotavirus and _____

Answer: coltivirus

Flashcard 421: Which viral virulence factor binds sialic acid promoting viral entry?_____

Answer: Hemagglutinin

Flashcard 422: What family of viruses does HAV belong to?_____

Answer: Picornavirus

Flashcard 423: What is the cause of Chickenpox?_____

Answer: VZV (Varicella-Zoster)

Flashcard 424: What type of viruses are Reoviruses? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc.)_____

Answer: Double-stranded RNA

Flashcard 425: What unique antibodies in plasma do patients with the A blood type have?_____

Answer: (name and isotype)

Flashcard 426: Which virus remains latent in dorsal root ganglia (DRG)?_____

Answer: VZV

Flashcard 427: Are Polyomaviruses enveloped?_____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 428: Replication of Rabies virus occurs within _____ cells

Answer: striated muscle and motor neuronal

Flashcard 429: Which virus/viral family will have nuclear, eosinophilic inclusions within cells?_____

Answer: Herpesvirus familyCowdry bodies

Flashcard 430: What is the incubation period of rabies virus?_____

Answer: Weeks to months

Flashcard 431: Besides respiratory droplets, Parvovirus B19 can be transmitted vertically (transplacentally) and through _____

Answer: blood products (transfusions, transplants)

Flashcard 432: What viruses (2) can be diagnosed with a Tzank smear?_____

Answer: VZV and HSV

Flashcard 433: Besides respiratory droplets, Parvovirus B19 can be transmitted _____ and through blood products

Answer: vertically (transplacentally)

Flashcard 434: What virus can predispose individuals to oral hairy leukoplakia in the setting of immunosuppression (ie: HIV)?_____

Answer: EBV

Flashcard 435: Which virus is associated with outbreaks on cruise ships?_____

Answer: Norovirus (norwalk virus)

Flashcard 436: RSV attaches to the _____ in order to infect respiratory epithelial cells

Answer: G protein

Flashcard 437: Poliovirus replicates in the _____ of the ileum

Answer: peyer's patches

Flashcard 438: Where do Positive sense RNA viruses usually replicate?_____

Answer: Cytoplasm

Flashcard 439: Are Caliciviruses enveloped?_____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 440: The inactivated influenza vaccine results in antibody production that inhibits viral _____ via binding to hemagglutinin

Answer: entry (into host cells)

Flashcard 441: Demographics affected by Adenovirus include children, military recruits, and _____

Answer: swimmers in public pools

Flashcard 442: Which two causes of viral gastroenteritis are associated with daycares and kindergartens?_____

Answer: Rotavirus and Norovirus

Flashcard 443: Does IgG fix complement?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 444: Most RNA viruses replicate in the _____

Answer: cytoplasm

Flashcard 445: Which herpesvirus is the most common cause of roseola?_____

Answer: HHV-6

Flashcard 446: Rabies virus travels _____-grade along peripheral nerves

Answer: retro

Flashcard 447: Which viral virulence factor is RSV associated with?_____

Answer: F (fusion) protein

Flashcard 448: Is Adenovirus enveloped?_____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 449: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is part of the _____ family

Answer: herpesvirus

Flashcard 450: What do the vaccines for HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, target?_____ of the virus

Answer: Capsid proteins

Flashcard 451: The _____ chain contributes to the Fab and Fc region of an antibody

Answer: heavy

Flashcard 452: Does hepatitis A have an envelope?_____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 453: Antigen-independent antibody diversity is generated via insertion of random nucleotides during V(D)J recombination by the enzyme _____

Answer: terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (Tdt)

Flashcard 454: Which viral genetic phenomenon is characterized by virus A receiving nucleocapsid proteins from virus B intracellularly?_____

Answer: Phenotypic mixing

Flashcard 455: Which paramyxovirus can result in aseptic meningitis?_____

Answer: Mumps

Flashcard 456: Coxsackievirus infection commonly occurs during the _____ months

Answer: summer

Flashcard 457: Which immune cell is a lymphocyte member of the innate immune system? _____

Answer: Natural killer (NK) cells

Flashcard 458: Which MHC class is formed by 1 long chain and 1 short chain? _____

Answer: MHC I

Flashcard 459: Which MHC class is associated with the gene products of HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR? _____

Answer: MHC II

Flashcard 460: Which flavivirus is associated with flaccid paralysis?_____

Answer: West nile virus

Flashcard 461: Infectious mononucleosis less commonly occurs due to a _____ infection

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 462: Do paramyxoviruses have an envelope?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 463: Do picornaviruses have an envelope?_____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 464: Rhinovirus is part of the _____ family

Answer: picornavirus

Flashcard 465: What is the route of transmission of Coxsackievirus?_____

Answer: Fecal-oral

Flashcard 466: Which envelope protein of Influenza facilitates viral endocytosis into cells?_____

Answer: Hemagglutinin

Flashcard 467: _____ is a negative sense RNA virus that presents with a rash that starts on the face and moves down-wards

Answer: Measles (rubeola)

Flashcard 468: Zika virus is from the _____ family

Answer: flavivirus

Flashcard 469: _____ is a Herpesvirus that causes interstitial pneumonia in HIV patients.

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 470: What type of virus is HHV-6? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc.)_____

Answer: Double-stranded DNA

Flashcard 471: Most RNA viruses are _____-stranded

Answer: single

Flashcard 472: Does IgA fix complement?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 473: Which class of helper T cell secretes IL-4, -5, -6, -10, and -13? _____

Answer: Th2

Flashcard 474: CMV infects white blood cells and blocks expression of _____, inhibiting cytotoxic T-cell killing.

Answer: MHC I

Flashcard 475: Which herpesvirus infects CD4+ T cells?_____

Answer: HHV-6

Flashcard 476: Filoviruses have a _____ capsid

Answer: helical

Flashcard 477: What is a source of hepatitis A virus in developed countries?_____

Answer: Contaminated shellfish

Flashcard 478: California encephalitis is transmitted via the _____ vector

Answer: Aedes mosquito

Flashcard 479: Which virus produces Warthin-Finkeldey cells due to its surface fusion (F) proteins?_____

Answer: Measles (rubeola)

Flashcard 480: Which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) includes NK cells? _____

Answer: Innate immunity

Flashcard 481: What is the reservoir for Hantavirus (Sin nombre)?_____

Answer: Deer mouse (specific)

Flashcard 482: Caliciviruses replicate in the _____

Answer: cytoplasm

Flashcard 483: Administration of antitoxin or monoclonal antibody is an example of _____ immunization

Answer: passive

Flashcard 484: Hantavirus (Sin nombre) is transmitted through rodent _____

Answer: urine/feces

Flashcard 485: How many strains of influenza are there?_____

Answer: Three (A, B, C)

Flashcard 486: Epstein-Barr Virus first infects the _____ epithelium

Answer: oropharynx

Flashcard 487: Most DNA viruses replicate in the _____

Answer: nucleus (cytoplasm or nucleus)

Flashcard 488: Which virus replicates in ileal peyer's patches and oropharyngeal tonsils?_____

Answer: Poliovirus

Flashcard 489: Are Orthomyxoviruses enveloped?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 490: Which type of immunization is acquired by receiving preformed antibodies? _____

Answer: Passive immunization

Flashcard 491: Which virus causes SARS?_____

Answer: Coronavirus

Flashcard 492: Which family of viruses does Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) belong to?_____

Answer: Herpesvirus family (HHV-3)

Flashcard 493: Antigens that lack a _____ component are not recognizable by T cells and thus stimulate B cells directly

Answer: peptide

Flashcard 494: Which cause(s) of painful genital ulceration present with intranuclear inclusions?_____

Answer: HSV

Flashcard 495: What is the reservoir of West nile virus?_____

Answer: Birds

Flashcard 496: Which virus causes croup?_____

Answer: Parainfluenza virus

Flashcard 497: What is the carcinoma risk associated with HPV6 and HPV11?_____

Answer: Low

Flashcard 498: Coltivirus is also known as _____ virus

Answer: Colorado tick

Flashcard 499: Coxsackievirus is a common cause of _____ meningitis

Answer: aseptic (viral)

Flashcard 500: Adenovirus will enter and lyse _____ cells

Answer: mucosal

Flashcard 501: Epstein-Barr Virus is primarily transmitted through _____ or respiratory secretions

Answer: saliva

Flashcard 502: Which immune cell has the cell surface protein CD28? _____

Answer: T cells

Flashcard 503: The monospot test for EBV looks for heterophile _____ antibodies

Answer: anti-sheep/horse RBC

Flashcard 504: Is Coronavirus enveloped?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 505: Are Arenaviruses enveloped?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 506: Which paramyxovirus infects respiratory cells by attaching to the G-protein?_____

Answer: RSV

Flashcard 507: HSV-_____ is usually confined to the upper half of the body

Answer: 1

Flashcard 508: Which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) utilizes C-Reactive Protein and Complement?_____

Answer: Innate immunity

Flashcard 509: Is Coxsackievirus enveloped?_____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 510: Viruses can either be "naked" or "_____"

Answer: enveloped

Flashcard 511: What is the reservoir of Arenaviruses?_____

Answer: Rodents (mice, hamsters)

Flashcard 512: Which DNA viruses are ubiquitous in humans?_____

Answer: Polyomaviruses (JC, BK)

Flashcard 513: _____ commonly causes herpes genitalis

Answer: HSV-2

Flashcard 514: Upon cytosolic recognition of viral _____, enzymes upregulated by IFN-/B presensitization lead to apoptosis of the virus infected cell

Answer: dsRNA

Flashcard 515: Which immunoglobulin isotypes can exist as a monomer? _____

Answer: All Ig types

Flashcard 516: Which vector transmits Dengue?_____

Answer: Mosquito, specifically the Aedes

Flashcard 517: Rhinovirus has _____ different serotypes

Answer: 113

Flashcard 518: Which picornavirus can cause hepatosplenomegaly?_____

Answer: HAV

Flashcard 519: Which viral genetic phenomenon is characterized by virus A and virus B exchanging genomic segments intracellularly?_____

Answer: Reassortment

Flashcard 520: Poliovirus replicates in the _____ of the oropharynx

Answer: tonsils

Flashcard 521: Do thymus-independent antigens result in immunologic memory? _____

Answer: No

Flashcard 522: In which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) does microbial resistance persist through generations?_____

Answer: Innate immunity

Flashcard 523: What is the shape of the HDV genome?_____

Answer: Circular

Flashcard 524: What is the least abundant immunoglobulin isotype in serum?_____

Answer: IgE

Flashcard 525: Which group of viruses have a positive and a negative strand of RNA?_____

Answer: Arenaviruses

Flashcard 526: Polyomavirus (JC, BK) transmission occurs via _____ exposure during childhood

Answer: respiratory

Flashcard 527: Rabies virus can spread to the peripheral neurons and enter _____ glands

Answer: salivary

Flashcard 528: Adenovirus can bind cells via _____

Answer: hemagglutinin

Flashcard 529: Which viruses have a grainy (sand) appearance on electron microscopy?_____

Answer: Arenaviruses

Flashcard 530: Major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) are encoded by _____ genes

Answer: HLA

Flashcard 531: What are the three most common causes of aseptic meningitis?_____

Answer: Poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus (enteroviruses)

Flashcard 532: Is Poliovirus enveloped?_____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 533: _____ cells are mature, differentiated B cells characterized by surface IgG, IgA, or IgE

Answer: Memory B

Flashcard 534: What is the transmission of rotavirus?_____

Answer: Fecal-oral

Flashcard 535: What class of microorganism is often the cause of retinitis?_____

Answer: Viruses (e.g. CMV, HSV, VZV)

Flashcard 536: Which type of immunization has a long-lasting protection (memory)? _____

Answer: Active immunization

Flashcard 537: Which virus affects LMNs of the anterior horn?_____

Answer: Poliovirus

Flashcard 538: What is the second most common cause of the common cold?_____

Answer: Coronavirus

Flashcard 539: _____ is the only single-stranded DNA virus

Answer: Parvovirus B19

Flashcard 540: Epstein-Barr Virus is part of the _____ family

Answer: herpesvirus

Flashcard 541: _____ is a viral envelope protein that allows for mature virion release

Answer: Neuraminidase

Flashcard 542: Molluscum contagiosum is a _____ that causes localized skin infections.

Answer: poxvirus

Flashcard 543: What is the vector of West nile virus?_____

Answer: Mosquitos

Flashcard 544: Does VZV display vertical transmission?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 545: Which family of viruses includes measles?_____

Answer: Paramyxovirus

Flashcard 546: What virus is the most common cause of the common cold?_____

Answer: Rhinovirus

Flashcard 547: What virus is associated with laryngeal papilloma? _____

Answer: HPV (strains 6, 11)

Flashcard 548: Which viral genetic phenomenon is characterized by virus A providing a functional protein to replace the nonfunctional virus B protein?_____

Answer: Complementation

Flashcard 549: What type of virus is coxsackievirus? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc)_____

Answer: Positive sense RNA

Flashcard 550: Outbreaks of Zika virus are more common in _____ climates

Answer: tropical

Flashcard 551: Norovirus is associated with consumption of _____

Answer: shellfish (ie: oysters)

Flashcard 552: What type of virus is parvovirus B19? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc)_____

Answer: Single-stranded DNA

Flashcard 553: What type of viruses are Flaviviruses? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc.)_____

Answer: Positive sense RNA

Flashcard 554: Which virus causes middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS)?_____

Answer: Coronavirus

Flashcard 555: Positive sense RNA viruses carry RNA that is structurally similar to _____

Answer: mRNA

Flashcard 556: What infection can cause this spinal cord lesion? _____

Answer: Poliovirus

Flashcard 557: Antigenic _____ explains why we need a flu shot each year

Answer: drift

Flashcard 558: Picornavirus have viral _____ which cleave the large translated polypeptide into functional viral proteins

Answer: proteases

Flashcard 559: The segmented virus families include bunyavirus, _____, arenavirus, and reovirus

Answer: orthomyxovirus

Flashcard 560: Hemagglutinin is a virulence factor that binds _____ promoting viral entry into cells

Answer: sialic acid

Flashcard 561: Where does class switching of IgM take place?_____

Answer: Germinal centers of lymph nodes

Flashcard 562: Which type of virus is parainfluenza (croup)?_____

Answer: Paramyxovirus

Flashcard 563: Which envelope protein of Influenza determines cell tropism?_____

Answer: Hemagglutinin

Flashcard 564: What type of viruses are polyomaviruses? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc.)_____

Answer: Double-stranded DNA

Flashcard 565: Which linear DNA virus causes hemorrhagic cystitis?_____

Answer: Adenovirus

Flashcard 566: Are Bunyaviruses enveloped?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 567: Which viral genetic phenomenon is exhibited by acquisition of a new viral surface protein (ie: sialic acid receptors)?_____

Answer: Phenotypic mixing

Flashcard 568: What type of virus is HHV-8? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc.)_____

Answer: Double-stranded DNA

Flashcard 569: What infection is associated with molluscum contagiosum?_____

Answer: Poxvirus

Flashcard 570: Which virus is said to be wheel-shaped?_____

Answer: Rotavirus

Flashcard 571: Transmission of Adenovirus includes respiratory droplets, fecal-oral route, or _____ contact

Answer: direct

Flashcard 572: A definitive diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis is made by serologic testing for the EBV _____ antigen

Answer: viral capsid

Flashcard 573: How many classes of MHC I are expressed on a single cell?_____

Answer: Six

Flashcard 574: The _____ cycle is when a phage injects nuclear material into preexisting bacterial DNA, multiples and then lyses the cell, releasing the new viruses

Answer: Lytic (Lytic or Lysogenic)

Flashcard 575: What type of viruses are picornaviruses? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc)_____

Answer: Positive sense RNA

Flashcard 576: Orthomyxovirus has _____ segments

Answer: 8 (#)

Flashcard 577: Which virus causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)?_____

Answer: Hantavirus (sin nombre)

Flashcard 578: Which viral virulence factor causes respiratory cell fusion and multinucleated giant cell production?_____

Answer: F (fusion) protein

Flashcard 579: Do live attenuated vaccines induce cellular or humoral responses?_____

Answer: Both cellular and humoral

Flashcard 580: Picornaviruses produce a large _____ (inactive) that is cleaved into smaller subunits (active)

Answer: polyprotein product

Flashcard 581: _____ is a Herpesvirus that is latent in mononuclear cells.

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 582: Which serological antigen from EBV is produced if the infection is active and productive?_____

Answer: Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA)

Flashcard 583: Which animal is the most common carrier of rabies virus (rhabdovirus) in the United States?_____

Answer: Bats

Flashcard 584: Are Reoviruses enveloped?_____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 585: RNA viruses usually replicate in the _____

Answer: cytoplasm

Flashcard 586: Parvovirus B19 is transmitted via _____ most often

Answer: respiratory droplets

Flashcard 587: The arenaviruses include _____ and lassa fever

Answer: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)

Flashcard 588: Rhinosinusitis is most commonly caused by a _____ (bacterial or viral) upper respiratory infection (URI)

Answer: viral

Flashcard 589: What virus causes agglutination of sheep or horse RBCs?_____

Answer: Epstein-Barr Virus

Flashcard 590: The _____ cycle is when a phage injects nuclear material into preexisting bacterial DNA and it is incorporated into the host DNA

Answer: Lysogenic (Lytic or Lysogenic)

Flashcard 591: Phages that replicate via both the lytic and lysogenic cycle are known as _____

Answer: temperate

Flashcard 592: Is Rhinovirus enveloped?_____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 593: Which togavirus can travel transplacentally?_____

Answer: Rubella

Flashcard 594: Which type of immunization has a rapid onset? _____

Answer: Passive immunization

Flashcard 595: Which family of viruses includes influenza?_____

Answer: Orthomyxoviruses

Flashcard 596: Which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) includes macrophages and monocytes? _____

Answer: Innate immunity

Flashcard 597: Polyomaviruses have _____ DNA genomes

Answer: circular (circular/linear)

Flashcard 598: During viral recombination, will the viral progeny display changes?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 599: Which type of virus is human metapneumovirus?_____

Answer: Paramyxovirus

Flashcard 600: Is Parvovirus B19 enveloped?_____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 601: What type of viruses are togaviruses? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc)_____

Answer: Positive sense RNA

Flashcard 602: Which type of viral genome (dsDNA, (+) RNA, (-) RNA) is not infectious by itself?_____

Answer: (-) RNA

Flashcard 603: HPV 1, 2 and 4 causes _____

Answer: verruca vulgaris (cutaneous common wart) (what symptom)

Flashcard 604: Zika virus is commonly transmitted by the _____ vector

Answer: Aedes mosquito

Flashcard 605: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a _____NA virus

Answer: dsD

Flashcard 606: Are flaviviruses segmented or non-segmented?_____

Answer: Non-segmented

Flashcard 607: What virus can present with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis?_____

Answer: Measles (rubeola)

Flashcard 608: The _____ of an antibody refers to the number of sites available to bind epitopes

Answer: avidity

Flashcard 609: RSV contains the virulence factor _____, which allows the production of multinucleated giant cells

Answer: F (fusion) protein

Flashcard 610: What is the reservoir of ebola and marburg virus (filoviruses)?_____

Answer: Bats

Flashcard 611: Which type of meningitis is caused by a non-bacterial organism?_____

Answer: Aseptic meningitis

Flashcard 612: Which immunoglobulin is the main antibody produced during the secondary response to antigen? _____

Answer: IgG

Flashcard 613: The _____ virus is transmitted through contact with infected cow udders

Answer: Cowpox

Flashcard 614: Which type of immunization has a short span of duration? _____

Answer: Passive immunization

Flashcard 615: _____ is a common cause of atypical pneumonia in post-transplant patients on immunosuppressive therapy

Answer: Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Flashcard 616: Which RNA virus family is double-stranded?_____

Answer: Reovirus

Flashcard 617: What family of viruses does Dengue fever belong to?_____

Answer: Flavivirus

Flashcard 618: What is the most common cause of the common cold?_____

Answer: Rhinovirus

Flashcard 619: Does hepatitis E have an envelope?_____

Answer: No (naked)

Flashcard 620: Which bunyavirus is also a robovirus?_____

Answer: Hantavirus (Sin nombre)

Flashcard 621: Dengue fever has _____ different serotypes

Answer: 4 (#)

Flashcard 622: Reoviruses include _____ and coltivirus

Answer: rotavirus

Flashcard 623: Rhinovirus is acid-_____

Answer: labile

Flashcard 624: Coxsackievirus is part of the _____ family

Answer: picornavirus

Flashcard 625: Polyomaviruses (JC, BK) are hypothesized to seed the _____ resulting in a clinically latent infection

Answer: kidney

Flashcard 626: Which serological antigen from EBV is seen in latent infection?_____

Answer: Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA)

Flashcard 627: What is the route of transmission of paramyxoviruses?_____

Answer: Respiratory droplets

Flashcard 628: After motor endplate infection, Rabies virus crosses the synaptic cleft by binding _____, entering neurons

Answer: neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs)

Flashcard 629: Are Togaviruses enveloped?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 630: _____ sense RNA are oriented in the 3' to 5' direction

Answer: Negative

Flashcard 631: Which virulence factor is responsible for multinucleated giant cell formation in paramyxoviruses?_____

Answer: Surface F (fusion) proteins

Flashcard 632: What type of viruses are orthomyxoviruses? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc)_____

Answer: Negative sense RNA

Flashcard 633: The signal transduction region of T lymphocytes consists of a multi-chain structure known as _____

Answer: CD3

Flashcard 634: What family of viruses do Rhinoviruses belong to?_____

Answer: Picornavirus

Flashcard 635: Dengue fever and _____ viral infections typically occur simultaneously, as both are transmitted by the Aedes mosquito

Answer: chikungunya

Flashcard 636: Does IgM fix complement?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 637: Rhinovirus grows best at _____ (temperature)

Answer: 33C

Flashcard 638: Filoviruses (ebola, marburg) cause acute _____ that can progress to end-organ failure

Answer: hemorrhagic fever

Flashcard 639: Most of the Bunyaviruses are also _____

Answer: arboviruses

Flashcard 640: Which virus is said to be 'bullet-shaped'?_____

Answer: Rabies virus (rhabdovirus)

Flashcard 641: Which viral virulence factor promotes the release of progeny virions?_____

Answer: Neuraminidase

Flashcard 642: What is the most common cause of rhinitis? _____

Answer: Rhinovirus

Flashcard 643: Which enterovirus most commonly causes meningitis? _____

Answer: Coxsackievirus

Flashcard 644: Which polyomavirus can cause nephropathy?_____

Answer: BK virus

Flashcard 645: DNA viral genomes can either be circular or linear and are usually _____-stranded

Answer: double

Flashcard 646: Poliovirus is a common cause of _____ meningitis

Answer: aseptic (viral)

Flashcard 647: Hepatitis E virus is acid-_____

Answer: stable

Flashcard 648: Rift Valley Fever is transmitted via the _____ vector

Answer: Aedes mosquito

Flashcard 649: Risk of CIN depends on HPV type, which is determined by _____

Answer: DNA sequencing

Flashcard 650: Which RNA virus can result in an aversion to smoking?_____

Answer: HAV

Flashcard 651: What is the only useful immunoglobulin for diagnosing neonatal infections? _____

Answer: IgM

Flashcard 652: During viral phenotypic mixing, will the viral progeny display changes?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 653: Laryngeal papillomatosis and condyloma acuminata are caused by what strains of HPV? _____

Answer: HPV 6, HPV 11

Flashcard 654: Poliovirus is part of the _____ family

Answer: picornavirus

Flashcard 655: Poliovirus is acid-_____

Answer: stable

Flashcard 656: What animal is rabies virus (rhabdovirus) most commonly associated with?_____

Answer: Bats

Flashcard 657: Which Herpesvirus causes Mononucleosis with a negative Monospot test?_____

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 658: Which virus causes erythema infectiosum?_____

Answer: Parvovirus B19

Flashcard 659: HHV-6 infects _____ cells

Answer: CD4+ T

Flashcard 660: Which viral genetic phenomenon occurs in segmented viruses?_____

Answer: Reassortment

Flashcard 661: Which virus makes its own envelope, unlike most viruses?_____

Answer: Poxvirus

Flashcard 662: Arenaviruses are classified as _____ viruses (DNA, RNA (sense), etc.)

Answer: *negative sense RNA

Flashcard 663: What type of viruses are Filoviruses? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc.)_____

Answer: Negative sense RNA

Flashcard 664: Is Rubella enveloped?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 665: Paramyxoviruses can express the virulence factor _____ which binds sialic acid, promoting viral entry into cells

Answer: hemagglutinin

Flashcard 666: Epstein-Barr Virus remains latent in _____

Answer: B-cells

Flashcard 667: HHV-6 is part of the _____ family

Answer: herpesvirus

Flashcard 668: How is CMV detected in organ transplant patients?_____

Answer: Buffy coat culture (WBCs)

Flashcard 669: Which viral genetic phenomenon can cause antigenic shift?_____

Answer: Reassortment

Flashcard 670: What family of viruses does Yellow fever belong to?_____

Answer: Flavivirus

Flashcard 671: Where does Coronavirus replicate?_____

Answer: Cytoplasm

Flashcard 672: What is the route of transmission of influenza?_____

Answer: Respiratory droplets

Flashcard 673: Do killed/inactivated vaccines induce cellular or humoral responses?_____

Answer: Humoral

Flashcard 674: What type of virus is Hepatitis A? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc.)_____

Answer: Positive sense RNA

Flashcard 675: Phages that only replicate via the lytic cycle are known as _____

Answer: virulent

Flashcard 676: Which class of helper T cell secretes IFN- and IL-2? _____

Answer: Th1

Flashcard 677: The segmented virus families include bunyavirus, orthomyxovirus, arenavirus, and _____

Answer: reovirus

Flashcard 678: Which viral genetic phenomenon is exhibited by HBV providing HBsAg for HDV?_____

Answer: Complementation

Flashcard 679: What is the route of transmission of most picornaviruses?_____

Answer: Fecal-oral

Flashcard 680: Which immunoglobulin typically mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?_____

Answer: IgG*

Flashcard 681: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can be inactivated by _____ and irradiation

Answer: heat

Flashcard 682: What type of viruses are paramyxoviruses? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc.)_____

Answer: Negative sense RNA

Flashcard 683: What type of vaccine is the Adenovirus vaccine? _____

Answer: Live non-attenuated

Flashcard 684: _____ is the only DNA virus that has a single-stranded genome

Answer: Parvovirus

Flashcard 685: Which type of immunity (humoral or cell-mediated) responds to antigens with antibodies from plasma cells? _____

Answer: Humoral immunity

Flashcard 686: Adenovirus has a _____ DNA genome

Answer: linear (linear/circular)

Flashcard 687: Does VZV have an envelope?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 688: What type of virus is poliovirus? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc)_____

Answer: Positive sense RNA

Flashcard 689: Which MHC class is formed by 2 equal length chains? _____

Answer: MHC II

Flashcard 690: Which type of selection allows survival of T cells expressing TCRs capable of binding self-MHC on cortical epithelial cells? _____

Answer: Positive selection

Flashcard 691: What is the route of transmission of Poliovirus?_____

Answer: Fecal-oral

Flashcard 692: Which virus is the largest DNA virus?_____

Answer: Poxvirus

Flashcard 693: Negative sense RNA viruses produce their own _____ to transcribe into positive sense RNA

Answer: RNA polymerase

Flashcard 694: Incubation of Rabies virus takes longer when infection occurs in the _____ extremities

Answer: lower

Flashcard 695: What type of viruses are Bunyaviruses? (DNA, RNA (sense), etc.)_____

Answer: Negative sense RNA

Flashcard 696: Herpes virus can be transmitted via saliva, sex and vertically through the _____

Answer: placenta

Flashcard 697: What family of viruses does West nile virus belong to?_____

Answer: Flavivirus

Flashcard 698: Antigen-_____ antibody diversity is generated via random combination of heavy and light chains

Answer: independent

Flashcard 699: Which vector transmits Yellow Fever?_____

Answer: Mosquito, specifically the Aedes

Flashcard 700: Langerhans cells present antigen to naive _____ cells

Answer: T

Flashcard 701: Which immunoglobulin(s) can be secreted by plasma cells? _____

Answer: IgA, IgG, or IgE (one type per plasma cell)

Flashcard 702: Which family of viruses is mumps a member of?_____

Answer: Paramyxovirus

Flashcard 703: What family of viruses do Enteroviruses belong to?_____

Answer: Picornavirus

Flashcard 704: _____ cells function as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems

Answer: Dendritic

Flashcard 705: Which paramyxovirus can result in parotitis?_____

Answer: Mumps

Flashcard 706: Which virus causes cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS)?_____

Answer: Hantavirus (sin nombre)

Flashcard 707: Arenavirus has a _____ capsid

Answer: helical

Flashcard 708: Administration of vaccines is an example of _____ immunization

Answer: active

Flashcard 709: Which type of genome do papilloma viruses have?_____

Answer: Circular (linear or circular)

Flashcard 710: _____ is the gold standard used in the diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus

Answer: PCR

Keywords: Viruses flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards

Study by Chapter

Viral structure and classification

Flashcards

Viral replication cycles

Flashcards

Herpesviruses (HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV, HHV-6/7/8)

Flashcards

Respiratory viruses (influenza, RSV, parainfluenza)

Flashcards

Enteroviruses and parechoviruses

Flashcards

Gastroenteritis viruses (norovirus, rotavirus)

Flashcards

Arboviruses (dengue, Zika, chikungunya)

Flashcards

Viral hemorrhagic fevers

Flashcards

Rabies virus

Flashcards

Poxviruses

Flashcards

Antiviral agents and mechanisms

Flashcards

Viral vaccines

Flashcards

Viral diagnostics

Flashcards

Want unlimited flashcards?

Get full access to all flashcards, spaced repetition, and progress tracking.

Start For Free

Viruses — Flashcards

Viruses — Flashcards

On this page