Study Design — Flashcards

Flashcard 81: Infant botulism (due to environmental spore ingestion) has a particularly high incidence in _____, Pennsylvania, and Utah

Answer: California

Extra: Infant botulism results from the ingestion of Clostridium botulinum spores (often found in soil or honey), which then germinate and produce toxin in the infant's gastrointestinal tract. These three states (California, Pennsylvania, and Utah) are known for having higher soil concentrations of these spores.

Flashcard 82: An observer expecting treatment group to show signs of recovery is more likely to document positive outcomes; this is an example of the _____ effect

Answer: Pygmalion

Extra:  https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/bias/acquire?ref=anki 

Flashcard 83: Accuracy is decreased by _____ error in a test

Answer: systematic

Flashcard 84: A(n) _____ study refers to the additional blinding of the researchers analyzing the data

Answer: triple-blind

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/biostatistics/videos/research-study-designs?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 85: What is the equation for the **Odds Ratio (OR)** in a standard 2x2 table? | | Disease (+) | Disease (-) | |---|---|---| | **Exposed** | a | b | | **Non-exposed** | c | d | OR = _____

Answer: ad / bc

Extra: The Odds Ratio (OR) is used in **case-control** studies to compare the odds of exposure in cases vs. controls. OR = (a/c) / (b/d) = **ad / bc**

Flashcard 86: Patients in treatment group spend more time in highly specialized hospital units is an example of which type of bias? _____

Answer: Procedure

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/biostatistics/videos/bias-and-study-errors?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/bias/acquire?ref=anki 

Flashcard 87: A slowly progressive cancer is more likely detected by a screening test than a rapidly progressive cancer. This is an example of _____ bias.

Answer: length-time

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/bias/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 88: The exposed group undergoes increased monitoring leading to increased probability of identifying a disease = _____ bias

Answer: surveillance

Extra:  https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 89: The _____ is a statistical test used to compare the difference between a continuous outcome variable of 2 predictor group(s) at 1 point(s) in time

Answer: unpaired two-sample t-test

Extra:  https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 90: The power of a study is calculated by _____

Answer: 1 - β

Extra:  https://onlinemeded.org/spa/epidemiology-and-stats/hypothesis-testing/acquire?ref=anki